Nanocarbon1

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By: kimo10 (36 month(s) ago)

Please Try to send me this ppt.To my e-mail kamal146@hotmail.com Best regards

 

By: shravankasam2 (39 month(s) ago)

hai ur work is so gud im going to present this topic in our college its all abt fullerenes can u help me by forwarding this clip please
shravan

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Nanocarbon: Properties and Applications: 

Nanocarbon: Properties and Applications Trial lecture 17/1-2004 Kai de Lange Kristiansen

Nano: 

Nano Size – 10-9 m (1 nanometer) Border to quantum mechanics Form → Emergent behavior Introduction 100 10-9 10-6 10-3 103 106 109 m

Carbon: 

Carbon Melting point: ~ 3500oC Atomic radius: 0.077 nm Basis in all organic componds 10 mill. carbon componds Introduction

Nanocarbon: 

Nanocarbon Fullerene Tubes Cones Carbon black Horns Rods Foams Nanodiamonds Introduction

Nanocarbon: 

Nanocarbon Fullerene Tubes Cones Carbon black Horns Rods Foams Nanodiamonds Introduction

Nanocarbon: 

Nanocarbon Fullerene Tubes Cones Carbon black Introduction Properties & Application Electrical Mechanical Thermal Storage

Bonding: 

Bonding Properties Graphite – sp2 Diamond – sp3

Nanocarbon: 

Nanocarbon Shenderova et al. Nanotechnology 12 (2001) 191. Properties

Nanocarbon: 

Nanocarbon Properties 12 pentagons 6 + 6 pentagons 1 – 5 pentagons

Fullerene: 

Fullerene ”The most symmetrical large molecule” Discovered in 1985 - Nobel prize Chemistry 1996, Curl, Kroto, and Smalley Properties Epcot center, Paris ~1 nm Architect: R. Buckminster Fuller C60, also 70, 76 and 84. - 32 facets (12 pentagons and 20 hexagons) - prototype

Fullerene: 

Fullerene Symmetric shape → lubricant Large surface area → catalyst Properties

Fullerene: 

Fullerene Symmetric shape → lubricant Large surface area → catalyst High temperature (~500oC) High pressure Properties

Fullerene: 

Fullerene Symmetric shape → lubricant Large surface area → catalyst High temperature (~500oC) High pressure Hollow → caging particles Properties

Fullerene: 

Fullerene Symmetric shape → lubricant Large surface area → catalyst High temperature (~500oC) High pressure Hollow → caging particles Ferromagnet? - polymerized C60 - up to 220oC Properties

Fullerene: 

Fullerene Chemically stable as graphite - most reactive at pentagons Crystal by weak van der Waals force Kittel, Introduction to Solid State Physics, 7the ed. 1996. Properties

Fullerene: 

Fullerene Chemically stable as graphite - most reactive at pentagons Crystal by weak van der Waals force Superconductivity - K3C60: 19.2 K - RbCs2C60: 33 K Kittel, Introduction to Solid State Physics, 7the ed. 1996. Properties

Nanotube: 

Nanotube Properties Roll-up vector: Discovered 1991, Iijima

Nanotube: 

Nanotube Properties Roll-up vector: Discovered 1991, Iijima

Nanotube: 

Nanotube Electrical conductanse depending on helicity Properties If , then metallic else semiconductor

Nanotube: 

Nanotube Electrical conductanse depending on helicity Properties Current capacity Carbon nanotube 1 GAmps / cm2 Copper wire 1 MAmps / cm2 Heat transmission Comparable to pure diamond (3320 W / m.K) Temperature stability Carbon nanotube 750 oC (in air) Metal wires in microchips 600 – 1000 oC Caging May change electrical properties → sensor If , then metallic else semiconductor

Nanotube: 

Nanotube Properties Diameter: as low as 1 nm Length: typical few μm High aspect ratio: → quasi 1D solid

Nanotube: 

Nanotube Zheng et al. Nature Materials 3 (2004) 673. Properties SWCNT – 1.9 nm Diameter: as low as 1 nm Length: typical few μm High aspect ratio: → quasi 1D solid

Nanotubes: 

Nanotubes Carbon nanotubes are the strongest ever known material. Young Modulus (stiffness): Carbon nanotubes 1250 GPa Carbon fibers 425 GPa (max.) High strength steel 200 GPa Tensile strength (breaking strength) Carbon nanotubes 11- 63 GPa Carbon fibers 3.5 - 6 GPa High strength steel ~ 2 GPa Elongation to failure : ~ 20-30 % Density: Carbon nanotube (SW) 1.33 – 1.40 gram / cm3 Aluminium 2.7 gram / cm3 Properties

Slide24: 

Carbon nanotubes are very flexible http://www.ipt.arc.nasa.gov/gallery.html Properties Mechanical

Cones: 

Cones Scale bar: 200 nm 19.2 o 38.9 o 60.0 o 84.6 o 112.9 o Krishnan, Ebbesen et al. Nature 388 (2001) 241. Properties Discovered 1994 (closed form) Ge & Sattler 1997 (open form) Ebbesen et al. Closed: same shape as HIV capsid Possible scale-up production (open form) Storage? → Hydrogen Li et al. Nature 407 (2000) 409.

Carbon black: 

Carbon black Properties Large industry - mill. tons each year Tires, black pigments, plastics, dry-cell batteries, UV-protection etc. Size: 10 – 400 nm

Writing: 

Writing Carbon – graphite C60: 1000x better resolution than ink (Xerox) Application

CNT / polymer composite: 

CNT / polymer composite Current technology - carbon black - 10 – 15 wt% loading - loss of mechanical properties CNT composites - 0.1 – 1 wt% loading - low perculation treshold Application

CNT / polymer composite: 

CNT / polymer composite Application Wu et al. Science 305 (2004) 1273. Transparent electrical conductor - Thickness: 50 – 150 nm - High flexibility

Electric devices: 

Electric devices Application

Transistor: 

Transistor Vacuum tubes - Nobel prize 1906, Thomson. IBM, 1952. Semiconductor, Si-based - Nobel prize 1956, Shockley, Bardeen, and Brattain. - 2000, Kilby. Application

Transistor: 

Transistor SWCNT - 2.6 GHz, T = 4 K - Logical gates Application Li et al. Nano Lett. 4 (2004) 753. Bachtold, Dekker et al. Science 294 (2001) 1317. Base Collector Emitter

Antenna: 

Antenna Application

Antenna: 

Antenna Dipole ~ 3/4 m Application Radio wave:

Antenna: 

Antenna Dipole ~ 3/4 m Dekker, Phys. Today May (1999) 22 Nanotube Application Radio wave: Optical wave: L

Flat screen displays: 

Flat screen displays Application Plasma TV

Flat screen displays: 

Flat screen displays Saito et al., Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 37 (1998) L346. Application Field emission

Atomic Force Microscopy: 

Atomic Force Microscopy Application

Atomic Force Microscopy: 

Atomic Force Microscopy Application Eldrid Svåsand, IFE, Kjeller

Atomic force microscopy: 

Atomic force microscopy Wong, Lieber et al. Nature 394 (1998) 52. Application Tube or cone Chemical probe

Yarn: 

Yarn Zhang, Atkinson and Baughman, Science 306 (2004) 1358. Application

Yarn: 

Yarn Zhang, Atkinson and Baughman, Science 306 (2004) 1358. Application MWCNT Operational -196oC < T < 450oC Electrical conducting Toughness comparable to Kevlar No rapture in knot

Hydrogen storage: 

Hydrogen storage 2 H2(g) + O2(g) → 2 H2O (l) + energy H2 (200 bar) Schlapbach & Züttel, Nature 414 (2001) 353 Application H2 (liquid) LaNi5H6 Mg2NiH 3.16 wt% 1.37 wt%

Hydrogen storage: 

Hydrogen storage Aim: 5 - 7 wt% H2 SWCNT - Dillon et al. (1997) : 8 wt% (questionable) - Tarasov et al. (2003): 2.4 wt% reversible, 25 bar H2, -150oC. Cones - Mealand & Skjeltorp, (2001) US Patent 6,290,753 Application Eldrid Svåsand, IFE Kjeller

Warnings: 

Warnings Environment and health No scale-up production of fullerenes and tubes No scale-up design, yet. Conclusion

Conclusion: 

Conclusion Nanocarbon - fullerene - ”most symmetrical” - tubes - ”strongest” - cones - ”one of the sharpest” - carbon black - ”large production” Properties - electrical, mechanical, thermal, storage, caging Applications - antenna, composite, writing, field emission, transistor, yarn, microscopy, storage Conclusion

Commercial: 

Commercial Companies: ~ 20 worldwide - Carbon Nanotechnologies Inc. (CNI) - SES Research - n-Tec Prices: - Tubes: pure SWCNT $500 / gram (CNI) MWCNT € 20-50 / gram (n-Tec) - C60 : pure $100-200 / gram (SES Research) - Cones: Multi € 1 / gram (n-Tec) - Gold : $10 / gram