Nanocarbon1

Nanocarbon:Properties and Applications : Nanocarbon: Properties and Applications Trial lecture 17/1-2004 Kai de Lange Kristiansen


Nano : Nano Size – 10-9 m (1 nanometer) Border to quantum mechanics Form → Emergent behavior Introduction 100 10-9 10-6 10-3 103 106 109 m


Carbon : Carbon Melting point: ~ 3500oC Atomic radius: 0.077 nm Basis in all organic componds 10 mill. carbon componds Introduction


Nanocarbon : Nanocarbon Fullerene Tubes Cones Carbon black Horns Rods Foams Nanodiamonds Introduction


Nanocarbon : Nanocarbon Fullerene Tubes Cones Carbon black Horns Rods Foams Nanodiamonds Introduction


Nanocarbon : Nanocarbon Fullerene Tubes Cones Carbon black Introduction Properties & Application Electrical Mechanical Thermal Storage


Bonding : Bonding Properties Graphite – sp2 Diamond – sp3


Nanocarbon : Nanocarbon Shenderova et al. Nanotechnology 12 (2001) 191. Properties


Nanocarbon : Nanocarbon Properties 12 pentagons 6 + 6 pentagons 1 – 5 pentagons


Fullerene : Fullerene ”The most symmetrical large molecule” Discovered in 1985 - Nobel prize Chemistry 1996, Curl, Kroto, and Smalley Properties Epcot center, Paris ~1 nm Architect: R. Buckminster Fuller C60, also 70, 76 and 84. - 32 facets (12 pentagons and 20 hexagons) - prototype


Fullerene : Fullerene Symmetric shape → lubricant Large surface area → catalyst Properties


Fullerene : Fullerene Symmetric shape → lubricant Large surface area → catalyst High temperature (~500oC) High pressure Properties


Fullerene : Fullerene Symmetric shape → lubricant Large surface area → catalyst High temperature (~500oC) High pressure Hollow → caging particles Properties


Fullerene : Fullerene Symmetric shape → lubricant Large surface area → catalyst High temperature (~500oC) High pressure Hollow → caging particles Ferromagnet? - polymerized C60 - up to 220oC Properties


Fullerene : Fullerene Chemically stable as graphite - most reactive at pentagons Crystal by weak van der Waals force Kittel, Introduction to Solid State Physics, 7the ed. 1996. Properties


Fullerene : Fullerene Chemically stable as graphite - most reactive at pentagons Crystal by weak van der Waals force Superconductivity - K3C60: 19.2 K - RbCs2C60: 33 K Kittel, Introduction to Solid State Physics, 7the ed. 1996. Properties


Nanotube : Nanotube Properties Roll-up vector: Discovered 1991, Iijima


Nanotube : Nanotube Properties Roll-up vector: Discovered 1991, Iijima


Nanotube : Nanotube Electrical conductanse depending on helicity Properties If , then metallic else semiconductor


Nanotube : Nanotube Electrical conductanse depending on helicity Properties Current capacity Carbon nanotube 1 GAmps / cm2 Copper wire 1 MAmps / cm2 Heat transmission Comparable to pure diamond (3320 W / m.K) Temperature stability Carbon nanotube 750 oC (in air) Metal wires in microchips 600 – 1000 oC Caging May change electrical properties → sensor If , then metallic else semiconductor


Nanotube : Nanotube Properties Diameter: as low as 1 nm Length: typical few μm High aspect ratio: → quasi 1D solid


Nanotube : Nanotube Zheng et al. Nature Materials 3 (2004) 673. Properties SWCNT – 1.9 nm Diameter: as low as 1 nm Length: typical few μm High aspect ratio: → quasi 1D solid


Nanotubes : Nanotubes Carbon nanotubes are the strongest ever known material. Young Modulus (stiffness): Carbon nanotubes 1250 GPa Carbon fibers 425 GPa (max.) High strength steel 200 GPa Tensile strength (breaking strength) Carbon nanotubes 11- 63 GPa Carbon fibers 3.5 - 6 GPa High strength steel ~ 2 GPa Elongation to failure : ~ 20-30 % Density: Carbon nanotube (SW) 1.33 – 1.40 gram / cm3 Aluminium 2.7 gram / cm3 Properties


Slide24 : Carbon nanotubes are very flexible http://www.ipt.arc.nasa.gov/gallery.html Properties Mechanical


Cones : Cones Scale bar: 200 nm 19.2 o 38.9 o 60.0 o 84.6 o 112.9 o Krishnan, Ebbesen et al. Nature 388 (2001) 241. Properties Discovered 1994 (closed form) Ge & Sattler 1997 (open form) Ebbesen et al. Closed: same shape as HIV capsid Possible scale-up production (open form) Storage? → Hydrogen Li et al. Nature 407 (2000) 409.


Carbon black : Carbon black Properties Large industry - mill. tons each year Tires, black pigments, plastics, dry-cell batteries, UV-protection etc. Size: 10 – 400 nm


Writing : Writing Carbon – graphite C60: 1000x better resolution than ink (Xerox) Application


CNT / polymer composite : CNT / polymer composite Current technology - carbon black - 10 – 15 wt% loading - loss of mechanical properties CNT composites - 0.1 – 1 wt% loading - low perculation treshold Application


CNT / polymer composite : CNT / polymer composite Application Wu et al. Science 305 (2004) 1273. Transparent electrical conductor - Thickness: 50 – 150 nm - High flexibility


Electric devices : Electric devices Application


Transistor : Transistor Vacuum tubes - Nobel prize 1906, Thomson. IBM, 1952. Semiconductor, Si-based - Nobel prize 1956, Shockley, Bardeen, and Brattain. - 2000, Kilby. Application


Transistor : Transistor SWCNT - 2.6 GHz, T = 4 K - Logical gates Application Li et al. Nano Lett. 4 (2004) 753. Bachtold, Dekker et al. Science 294 (2001) 1317. Base Collector Emitter


Antenna : Antenna Application


Antenna : Antenna Dipole ~ 3/4 m Application Radio wave:


Antenna : Antenna Dipole ~ 3/4 m Dekker, Phys. Today May (1999) 22 Nanotube Application Radio wave: Optical wave: L


Flat screen displays : Flat screen displays Application Plasma TV


Flat screen displays : Flat screen displays Saito et al., Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 37 (1998) L346. Application Field emission


Atomic Force Microscopy : Atomic Force Microscopy Application


Atomic Force Microscopy : Atomic Force Microscopy Application Eldrid Svåsand, IFE, Kjeller


Atomic force microscopy : Atomic force microscopy Wong, Lieber et al. Nature 394 (1998) 52. Application Tube or cone Chemical probe


Yarn : Yarn Zhang, Atkinson and Baughman, Science 306 (2004) 1358. Application


Yarn : Yarn Zhang, Atkinson and Baughman, Science 306 (2004) 1358. Application MWCNT Operational -196oC < T < 450oC Electrical conducting Toughness comparable to Kevlar No rapture in knot


Hydrogen storage : Hydrogen storage 2 H2(g) + O2(g) → 2 H2O (l) + energy H2 (200 bar) Schlapbach & Züttel, Nature 414 (2001) 353 Application H2 (liquid) LaNi5H6 Mg2NiH 3.16 wt% 1.37 wt%


Hydrogen storage : Hydrogen storage Aim: 5 - 7 wt% H2 SWCNT - Dillon et al. (1997) : 8 wt% (questionable) - Tarasov et al. (2003): 2.4 wt% reversible, 25 bar H2, -150oC. Cones - Mealand & Skjeltorp, (2001) US Patent 6,290,753 Application Eldrid Svåsand, IFE Kjeller


Warnings : Warnings Environment and health No scale-up production of fullerenes and tubes No scale-up design, yet. Conclusion


Conclusion : Conclusion Nanocarbon - fullerene - ”most symmetrical” - tubes - ”strongest” - cones - ”one of the sharpest” - carbon black - ”large production” Properties - electrical, mechanical, thermal, storage, caging Applications - antenna, composite, writing, field emission, transistor, yarn, microscopy, storage Conclusion


Commercial : Commercial Companies: ~ 20 worldwide - Carbon Nanotechnologies Inc. (CNI) - SES Research - n-Tec Prices: - Tubes: pure SWCNT $500 / gram (CNI) MWCNT € 20-50 / gram (n-Tec) - C60 : pure $100-200 / gram (SES Research) - Cones: Multi € 1 / gram (n-Tec) - Gold : $10 / gram