Who well

Who Pays the Price? Exploring the regulation of erotic labour in England and Wales: 

Who Pays the Price? Exploring the regulation of erotic labour in England and Wales Mary Elizabeth Whowell Loughborough University Supervised by: Dr. Phil Hubbard and Dr. Sarah Hall

Aims: 

Aims To explore the feminisation of sex work within policy contexts To make suggestions about why men are absent from the strategy Case study: Manchester

The 2006 strategy: 

The 2006 strategy Out of date and feminised information Male and transgender/transsexual prostitution Working Men[‘s] Project case study No relevant research? Feminisation of policy

Feminisation 1 : 

Feminisation 1 Intrinsically feminised? Hester and Westmarland (2004) = Paying the Price (2004) = Prostitution Strategy (2006) Sexual Offences Act 2003 Effects?

Feminisation 2: 

Feminisation 2 Conflation of sex work with sexual exploitation Discourses of nuisance and morality (Kantola and Squires, 2003, Outshoorn, 2001) Men as traffickers Sex work equated with women's (and potentially child) exploitation   Domestic trafficking of young men

Feminisation 3: 

Feminisation 3 Stigma and ‘male’ identity (UKNSWP, 2004) Clients as ‘exploiters’ (Home Office 2004, 2006) Workers as delinquent, not vulnerable (UKNSWP 2004) Feminised packages of support Inadequate provision (Cusick and Berney 2005)

Why?: 

Why? Invisibility of male sex work in the landscape Men selling sex in public space are less visible Female more visible, and associated with dis-investment in city space ( see Kerkin 2003, Papyanis 2000) Removal re-values land No similar need to displace men if more hidden What have the effects of this been?

Invisibility 1: 

Invisibility 1 Not the same problems as women? Drug use Domestic violence Sexual exploitation Sexual identity (Clegg and Whowell, forthcoming)

Invisibility 2: 

Invisibility 2 Invisibility compounds vulnerability Localised phenomenon Importance of scale Local vs. national regulatory mechanisms How they are implemented

Where now?: 

Where now? Need more research Service needs Re-address sex work and its relationship with gender Recognise the importance of scale

Ta! Any questions?: 

Ta! Any questions? References Clegg,T. and Whowell, M. (forthcoming) ‘Research on the sexual exploitation of young men through grooming’ MSWOP 2006 Cusick, L. and Berney, L. (2005) ‘Prioritising punitive responses over public health: Commentary on the Home Office consultation document ‘Paying the Price’ Critical Social Policy LTD 25 (4) pp596-606 Hester, M. and Westmarland, N. (2004) ‘Tackling Street prostitution: Towards a holistic approach’ Home Office Research Study 279, London: Home Office Home Office (2004) ‘Paying the Price: a consultation paper on prostitution’ London: Home Office Home Office (2006) ‘ A Coordinated Prostitution strategy and a summary of responses to Paying the Price’ London: Home Office Image on slide 2, accessed from http://perso.orange.fr/la-communication/Prostitution%201.gif 02/11/06 Kantola, J. and Squires, J. (2004) ‘Discourses surrounding prostitution policies in the UK’ European Journal of Women’s Studies 11 (1) Kerkin K. (2003) Re-placing difference: planning and street sex work in a gentrifying area Urban policy and research (21) pp137-149 Outshoorn, J. (2001) ‘Debating Prostitution in parliament: A feminist analysis’ European Journal of Women’s Studies 8 (4) pp473-91 Papyanis, M. (2000) ‘Sex and the revanchist city: zoning out pornography in New York Environment and Planning D – Society and Space (18) pp341-354 United Kingdom Network of Sex Work Projects (2004) ‘Response to Paying the Price’ Manchester: UK NSWP Email me! whowellgirl@hotmail.com