march 01

Slide1 : Adaptive Intelligent Mobile Robotics Leslie Pack Kaelbling Artificial Intelligence Laboratory MIT


Pyramid : Pyramid Addressing problem at multiple levels


Built-in Behaviors : Built-in Behaviors Goal: general-purpose, robust visually guided local navigation optical flow for depth information finding the floor optical flow information Horswill’s ground-plane method build local occupancy grids navigate given the grid reactive methods dynamic programming


Reactive Obstacle Avoidance : Reactive Obstacle Avoidance Standard method in mobile robotics is to use potential fields attractive force toward goal repulsive forces away from obstacles robot moves in direction given by resultant force New method for non-holonomic robots: move the center of the robot so that the front point is holonomic


Human Obstacle Avoidance : Human Obstacle Avoidance Control law based on visual angle and distance to goal and obstacles Parameters set based on experiments with humans in large free-walking VR environment


Humans are Smooth! : Humans are Smooth!


Behavior Learning : Behavior Learning Typical RL methods require far too much data to be practical in an online setting. Address the problem with strong generalization techniques locally weighted regression “skeptical” Q-Learning bootstrapping from human-supplied policy need not be optimal and might be very wrong shows learner “interesting” parts of the space “bad” initial policies might be more effective


Two Learning Phases : Two Learning Phases Learning System Phase One A R O


Two Learning Phases : Two Learning Phases Learning System A R O Phase Two


New Results : New Results Drive to goal, avoiding obstacles in visual field Inputs (6 dimensions): heading and distance to goal image coordinates of two obstacles Output: steering angle Reward: +10 for getting to goal; -5 for running over obstacle Training: simple policy that avoids one obstacle


Robot’s View : Robot’s View


Local Navigation : Local Navigation


Map Learning : Map Learning Robot learns high-level structure of environment topological maps appropriate for large-scale structure low-level behaviors induce topology based on previous work using sonar vision changes problem dramatically no more problems with many states looking the same now same state always looks different!


Sonar-Based Map Learning : Sonar-Based Map Learning Data True Model


Current Issues in Map Learning : Current Issues in Map Learning segmenting space into “rooms” detecting doors and corridor openings representation of places stored images gross 3D structure features for image and structure matching


Large Simulation Domain : Large Simulation Domain Use for learning and large-scale experimentation that is impractical on a real robot built using video-game engine large multi-story building packages to deliver battery power management other agents (to survey) dynamically appearing items to collect general Bayes-net specification so it can be used widely as a test bed


Hierarchical MDP Planning : Hierarchical MDP Planning Large simulated domain has unspeakably many primitive states Use hierarchical representation for planning logarithmic improvement in planning times some loss of optimality of plans Existing work on planning and learning given a hierarchy temporal abstraction: macro actions spatial abstraction: aggregated states Where does the hierarchy come from? combined spatial and temporal abstraction top-down splitting approach


Region-Based Hierarchies : Region-Based Hierarchies Divide state space into regions each region is a single abstract state at next level polices for moving through regions are abstract actions at next level


Choosing Macros : Choosing Macros Given a choice of a region, what is a good set of macro actions for traversing it? existing approaches guarantee optimality with a number of macros exponential in the number of exit states our method is approximate, but works well when here are no large rewards inside the region


Point-Source Rewards : Point-Source Rewards Compute a value function for each possible exit state, offline Given a new valuation of all exit states online Quickly combine value functions to determine near-optimal action


Approximation is Good : Approximation is Good


How to Use the Hierarchy : How to Use the Hierarchy Off line: Decompose environment into abstract states Compute macro operators On line: Given new goal, assign values to exits at highest level Propagate values at each level In current low-level region, choose action


What Makes a Decomposition Good? : What Makes a Decomposition Good? Trade off decrease in off-line planning time decrease in on-line planning time decrease in value of actions We can articulate this criterion formally but… … we can’t solve it Current research on reasonable approximations


Next Steps : Next Steps Low-level apply JAQL to tune obstacle avoidance behaviors Map learning landmark selection and representation visual detection of openings Hierarchy algorithm for constructing decomposition test hierarchical planning on huge simulated domain