“Disease Complexes: Complex Diseases” Central Illinois Professional Horticulture Horticulture Symposium and Trade Show February 3, 1999 : “Disease Complexes: Complex Diseases” Central Illinois Professional Horticulture Horticulture Symposium and Trade Show February 3, 1999 Jim Chatfield
Ohio State University Extension
Plant diseases are complex interactions between plants, the environment, and plant pathogens. Horticulturist - heal thyself! Prevent diseases at the start with good plant selection, installation, and maintenance practices. : Plant diseases are complex interactions between plants, the environment, and plant pathogens. Horticulturist - heal thyself! Prevent diseases at the start with good plant selection, installation, and maintenance practices.
Why are trees important? : Why are trees important? Some of them give us medicine.
- Jamie Reeves
“Because they give us gas.”
- Jonathon, Rm. 26
Mother Nature
- Gary, Rm. 26
“Any disturbance of a plant that interferes with its normal structure, function or economic value.” From: “Plant Health Care for Woody Ornamentals” - Lloyd (Rane, Pataky) : “Any disturbance of a plant that interferes with its normal structure, function or economic value.” From: “Plant Health Care for Woody Ornamentals” - Lloyd (Rane, Pataky)
Plant Disease Defined : Plant Disease Defined “A malfunctioning of host cells and tissues that results from their continuous irritation by a pathogenic agent or environmental factor and leads to the development of symptoms. Disease is a condition involving abnormal changes in the form, physiology, integrity or behavior of a plant. Such changes may result in partial impairment or death of the plant or its parts.”
From: “Plant Pathology” - Agrios
Some Symptoms of Tree Decline, A Complex Disease : Some Symptoms of Tree Decline, A Complex Disease Slow growth, including poor annual twig growth
Sparse, undersized, distorted, often chlorotic foliage
Browning of leaf margins
Premature autumn color
Large “distress” crops of seeds
Subnormal storage of starch
Progressive dieback of twigs and branches
Adventitious sprouts where dieback occurred
From: “Diseases of Trees and Shrubs”
- Sinclair, Lyon & Johnson
Some Keys to Tree Decline and Complex Diseases: : Some Keys to Tree Decline and Complex Diseases: Predisposition by biotic and abiotic stress
factors.
Reduced ability to respond to favorable
factors.
Contributing effects of opportunitistic pathogens and secondary insects.
Chronic, cumulative effects may eventually result in irreversible decline.
Initial stress factor may cease, but secondary factors may perpetuate progressive decline.
From: “Diseases of Trees and Shrubs” - Sinclair, Lyon and Johnson
Ten Contributing Factors In Disease Complexes: : Ten Contributing Factors In Disease Complexes: Defoliation by diseases or insects.
Drought or excess water.
Cold injury to bark tissue.
Root injury from compaction.
Direct root damage during construction.
Root injury from soil added over root system.
Girdling roots
De-icing salts
Trunk wounds
Nutrient deficiency
Examples of Complex Plant Diseases, Broadly Defined : Examples of Complex Plant Diseases, Broadly Defined Maple decline
Ash decline
Oak decline
Taxus decline
Verticillium wild disease
Bacterial leaf scorch
Management of Tree Decline : Management of Tree Decline Match tree to site.
Proper irrigation, fertilization, pruning and other maintenance.
Limit major environmental changes.
Proper diagnosis.
Realistic prognosis and removal decisions.
From: “Plant Health Care for Woody Ornamentals” - Lloyd (Rane & Pataky)
Ten Step Program for Healthy Trees : Ten Step Program for Healthy Trees Provide a good home
Preventive medicine
Remember your roots
Provide room to grow
Nature and
nurture Avoid overseasoning
Have a weight-loss plan
Wear loose clothing
Don’t drink too much
Drink plenty of fluids
Dr. Treevorkian’s Ten Step Program for Assisted Herbicide : Dr. Treevorkian’s Ten Step Program for Assisted Herbicide Plant in the wrong site
Plant pestiferous trees
Change that grade: use my D9 Biotype
Squeeze the trees!
pHooey!
Salts are the spice of death: Season until well-done Tree Toppers Unlimited
Girdles R Us!
Employ
Dr. Treevorkians of the soil
Death eating a cracker
“The complexities of tree health and disease mandate that the practice of arboriculture must never be reduced to mere squirt-gun botany.” - Jacques le Mauvais : “The complexities of tree health and disease mandate that the practice of arboriculture must never be reduced to mere squirt-gun botany.” - Jacques le Mauvais
Ten-Step Program for Healthy Trees : Ten-Step Program for Healthy Trees Provide a good home
Preventive medicine
Remember your roots
Provide room to grow
Nature and nurture
Avoid overseasoning Have a weight-loss plan
Wear loose clothing
Don’t drink too much
Drink plenty
of fluids
Provide a good home. (Select the right plant for the site.) : Provide a good home. (Select the right plant for the site.)
Preventive medicine. (Select trees with good genetic pest and disease resistance.) : Preventive medicine. (Select trees with good genetic pest and disease resistance.)
Remember your roots. (Do not raise or lower soil levels around trees when planting or doing construction around trees.) : Remember your roots. (Do not raise or lower soil levels around trees when planting or doing construction around trees.)
Provide room to grow. (Provide adequate room for future root development when planting.) : Provide room to grow. (Provide adequate room for future root development when planting.)
Nature and nurture. (Plant in sites with proper soil pH and other soil characteristics for the species.) : Nature and nurture. (Plant in sites with proper soil pH and other soil characteristics for the species.)
Avoid overseasoning. (Do not overfertilize; protect sensitive species from road salts.) : Avoid overseasoning. (Do not overfertilize; protect sensitive species from road salts.)
Have a weight-loss plan. (Always prune with a purpose in mind.) : Have a weight-loss plan. (Always prune with a purpose in mind.)
Wear loose clothing. (Remove girdling wires, twines and rubber hoses.) : Wear loose clothing. (Remove girdling wires, twines and rubber hoses.)
Don’t drink too much. (Plant in well-drained soils; avoid overwatering.) : Don’t drink too much. (Plant in well-drained soils; avoid overwatering.)
Drink plenty of fluids. (Avoid underwatering.) : Drink plenty of fluids. (Avoid underwatering.)
Assisted Herb-icide : Assisted Herb-icide Poor Plant Selection
Planting Too Deep
Overmulching
Overwatering
Overfertilizing
Overmowing
Second Degree Girdling Are you guilty of the seven deadly sins of iatrogenicide?
Which of the following are acid-loving plants? : Which of the following are acid-loving plants? A. River birch
B. Pin oak
C. Red maple
D. Pachysandra
E. Rhododendron and other ericaceous plants
F. All of the above
“Dr. Treevorkian’s Seven Deadly Sins of Science” : “Dr. Treevorkian’s Seven Deadly Sins of Science” 1. Experimental error is divinely human.
2. Confound it!
3. Randomization and replication are just words.
4. Half-Bakerisms are not half-bad.
5. There are no significant others.
6. Chicken soup for the soil.
7. “Scuse me while I kiss this guy”.
Dr. Craborkian Recommends: : Dr. Craborkian Recommends: All crabapples are created equal.
Venturia uber alles
Dolgos in your doorways
Abstinence in all things.
The child is the father of the man.
Dr. Treevorkian’s Rules for Squirt Gun Botany: : Dr. Treevorkian’s Rules for Squirt Gun Botany: If a little is good, then more is better.
Spray for pay.
One size fits all.
Seen one label, seen ‘em all.
There is something for everything.
Dr. Treevorkian’s Secrets of the Soil. : Dr. Treevorkian’s Secrets of the Soil. Gypsum is exactly what it sounds like.
Fertilizer is plant food.
Size doesn’t matter.
pHooey
Soil is just a bunch of dirt.
Dr. Treevorkian’s Infectious Disease Digest. : Dr. Treevorkian’s Infectious Disease Digest. Don’t shoot until you see the whites of the ascis.
Nature and nurture don’t mix.
Fungi shall inherit the earth.
Dihydrogen oxide is just another chemical.
Strawberry Fields Forever.
Dr. Treevorkian’s Guide to Latin: : Dr. Treevorkian’s Guide to Latin: “Latin is a language, as dead as dead can be. First it killed the Romans and now it’s killing me.”
Dr. Treevorkian’s Ten Rules for Plant Selection. : Dr. Treevorkian’s Ten Rules for Plant Selection. 1. Death & Taxus - Plant in wet sites.
2. Shade your rose garden unter der lindens.
3. Promote Japanese maples as the next grate street tree.
4. Try silver maples as foundation plants.
5. Companion plant tip of the day: Walnuts and tomatoes. 6. Plant ‘No Hopa’ crabapples.
7. White pines for the white
lines.
8. Basic Rhody Cocktail: Lots
of Water with a Lime
Chaser
9. Forever Impatiens.
10. Zoysiagrass: Grave blankets of the future.
“Through its carbohydrate balance and its annual growth, a tree is the repository of its own natural history.” - Chatmandu : “Through its carbohydrate balance and its annual growth, a tree is the repository of its own natural history.” - Chatmandu
Which of the following plants best tolerate wet soils? : Which of the following plants best tolerate wet soils? . Winterberry holly or blue holly
. Taxus or Taxodium
. Red maple or Norway maple
. Flowering dogwood or corneliancherry
dogwood
Rose Black Spot : Rose Black Spot This disease is caused by a fungus that infects rose leaves only if there is moisture on these leaves for a certain number of hours. Yet, there were tremendous outbreaks of this disease in some large rose gardens this past summer several weeks following a long, intense hot and dry spell.
WHY?
Anthracnose Leaf Blights : Anthracnose Leaf Blights The time is late June. You have positive confirmation of anthracnose on samples of ash and sycamore that you sent in to the OSU Plant and Pest Diagnostic Clinic. You have tall tree spraying equipment and labeled fungicides for control of these diseases? Should you spray?
Three reasons not to spray once you see symptoms of anthracnose: : Three reasons not to spray once you see symptoms of anthracnose: 1. Disease is already present.
2. Weather is less cool and wet than
earlier.
3. Leaves are more resistant to infection.
Timing is Everything. : Timing is Everything. When do fungal infections occur with these diseases?
A. Black spot of roses.
B. Cedar quince rust on hawthorn.
C. Apple scab on crabapple.
D. Diplodia (Sphaeropsis) tip blight of pine.
Diplodia Tip Blight : Diplodia Tip Blight Never occurs on white pine and spruce
Infects new growth each year
New growth is healthy, while past seasons’ needles turn brown and drop
Removing infected shoots will control the disease
Fungicide sprays in June will help control the disease Which of the following is true about Diplodia tip blight?
10 Things You Need to Know About Diplodia Tip Blight of Pine : 10 Things You Need to Know About Diplodia Tip Blight of Pine Diplodia = Sphaeropsis
Hosts: Mostly Scots, Austrian, red, mugo pines
Infections: Greatest on 15-25 year-old trees
Infections: Just before new candle growth in spring
Symptoms: Dieback and starting of new growth.
10 Things You Need to Know About Diplodia Tip Blight of Pine - continued : 10 Things You Need to Know About Diplodia Tip Blight of Pine - continued Symptoms: Lower branch dieback, possible tree death.
Signs: black pycnidia on needles, cones
Control: Prevention: Site and plant selection
Control: Prevention: Proper plant care
Control: Prevention: Fungicides
Verticillium Wilt Diseases : Verticillium Wilt Diseases All Conifers
Birch
Crabapple
Dogwood
Holly Oak
Pear
Planetrees
Sweet Gum
Willow What about this list is relevant to a discussion of Verticillium wilt disease?
Verticillium Wilt Diseases : Verticillium Wilt Diseases Ash
Barberry
Catalpa
Elm
Magnolia Maple
Redbud
Russian Olive
Tuliptree
Viburnum What about this list?
A Publication You Should Know: : A Publication You Should Know: “Pest Resistant Ornamental Plants”
- by Deborah C. Smith-Fiola
Rutgers Cooperative Extension
1623 Whitesville Road
Toms River, NJ 08755-9720
Phone: (908) 349-1246
Rose Black Spot: Some Resistant Roses : Rose Black Spot: Some Resistant Roses Hybrid Teas: Chrysler Imperial, Tropicana
Floribundas/Grandifloras: Betty Price, Sonia
Shrub Roses: All That Jazz, Carefree Wonder
Miniatures: Gourmet Popcorn, Rose Gilardi
Rugosa Hybrids: Polyantha, The Fairy
Some Problems Have No Controls. : Some Problems Have No Controls. What do you sell your customers to control root rot of trees?
“The study, diagnosis, and treatment of plant diseases, penetrating to the very heart of darkness of nature gone wrong, is man’s most pressing calling.” - Jacques le Mauvais : “The study, diagnosis, and treatment of plant diseases, penetrating to the very heart of darkness of nature gone wrong, is man’s most pressing calling.” - Jacques le Mauvais
Sherlock Holmes & The Diagnostic Process : Sherlock Holmes & The Diagnostic Process Sherlock Holmes and Dr. Watson went on a camping trip. After a good meal and a bottle of wine they lay down for the night, and went to sleep. Some hours later, Holmes awoke and nudged his faithful friend.
Sherlock Holmes & The Diagnostic Process : Sherlock Holmes & The Diagnostic Process “Watson, look up at the sky and tell me what you see.”
Watson replied, “I see millions and millions of stars.”
Holmes asked, “What does that tell you?”
Sherlock Holmes & The Diagnostic Process : Sherlock Holmes & The Diagnostic Process Watson ponders and replies:
1. Astronomically, it tells me that there are millions of galaxies and potentially billions of planets.
2. Astrologically, I observe that Saturn is in Leo.
3. Horologically, I deduce that the time is approximately a quarter past three.
4. Theogically, I can see that God is all powerful and that we are small and insignificant.
5. Meteorologically, I suspect that we will have a beautiful day tomorrow.
Diagnostics: Putting Things Into Perspective : Diagnostics: Putting Things Into Perspective Watson concludes: “So, Holmes, what does it tell you?”
Holmes thought a minute, then spoke: “Watson you idiot! Someone has stolen our tent!”
“The true voyage of discovery lies not in finding new landscapes, but in having new eyes.” - Marcel Proust : “The true voyage of discovery lies not in finding new landscapes, but in having new eyes.” - Marcel Proust
Who said: : Who said: “The ants are my friends.”
“The girl with colitis goes by.”
“Scuse me, while I kiss this guy.”