NS 102 - Sea Powerand Maritime Affairs: NS 102 - Sea Power and Maritime Affairs Lesson 16: The Navy in the Early Cold War, 1945-1953


End of World War II: End of World War II United Nations established Germany divided Allied zones of occupation USA atomic monopoly U.S. occupies Japan Communist control of Eastern Europe


Whither Sea Power?: Whither Sea Power? Operation Crossroads, Bikini Atoll Is the Fleet… …Obsolete?


1946-49: Air Power Rules!: 1946-49: Air Power Rules! “Massive Retaliation” Strategy USAF strategic bombing Massive naval reductions proposed


U.S. Navy after WW II: U.S. Navy after WW II Rapid demobilization Postwar missions World War II equipment Worldwide presence Search for role in the “nuclear age” National Security Act of 1947


Reduction in Naval Force: Reduction in Naval Force Personnel: Navy Personnel: Marines Major Combatants Aircraft 1945 1950 3,400,000 500,000 475,000 75,000 1,200 237 40,000 4,300


National Security Act of 1947: National Security Act of 1947 Created National Military Establishment Cabinet-level agency SECDEF with SECNAV, etc. underneath Later DOD (1949) Added USAF Created NSA, JCS, CIA Created Unified Geographic Commands


Unified Commands: Unified Commands


Impact on USN & USMC: Impact on USN & USMC SECNAV Forrestal becomes 1st SECDEF USAF increased stature (and funding) Naval aviation preserved Marine Corps survives Navy and Army stature diminished


Revolt of the Admirals - 1949: Revolt of the Admirals - 1949


Geopolitical Shifts: Geopolitical Shifts Instability looms… Europe: Iron curtain draws shut – c. 1946 Greece insurgency Middle East : Turkey, Iran Pacific: Communist China -1949, Vietnam, North Korea


The Cold War1947-1989: The Cold War 1947-1989 Constant global confrontation between USSR and USA. Avoidance of direct armed conflict between the two “Superpowers”.


Containment Scorecard 1947-49: Containment Scorecard 1947-49 Iron Curtain over Eastern Europe – 1946-48 Marshall Plan - June 1947 Western Europe: economic reconstruction Berlin Crisis: June 1948 - May 1949 1949 - Communist PRC established under Mao Pact signed with Soviet Union USA supports Nationalist government on Formosa (Taiwan) Japanese Constitution adopted relies on U.S. for defense


NATO: NATO Founded 1949 Military Alliance between USA, Canada, UK and Western Europe Formal command structure Warsaw Pact Established 1955 USSR + EEuropean communist states Counter to NATO


Racial Integrationin the Naval Services: Racial Integration in the Naval Services Early traditions of diversity Segregation after 1870s “Golden 13” - 1944 Navy opens all ratings in 1946 Truman issues EO 9981, July 1948


The Golden Thirteen Great Lakes IL, 1944: The Golden Thirteen Great Lakes IL, 1944


Ensign Jesse L. BrownVF-32: Ensign Jesse L. Brown VF-32 KIA Dec 1950 Distinguished Flying Cross


The Korean War, 1950-1953: The Korean War, 1950-1953 25 June 1950 - North Korea invades UN Security Council Resolution - 27 June MacArthur commands UN Force


Course of the War - 1950: Course of the War - 1950 Fall of Seoul Truman orders US/UN military response 2-3 July 1950 Navy first on the scene Pusan Perimeter Nuclear option?


Korean War Naval Trends: Korean War Naval Trends Naval decline reverses Reactivation of WW2 ships Catalyzes new generation of ships Power-projection capabilities to forefront Air power theories discredited


Pusan HarborJuly 1950U.S. Navy establishes control of SLOCs: Pusan Harbor July 1950 U.S. Navy establishes control of SLOCs


Inchon: Inchon


“Frozen” Chosin: “Frozen” Chosin 1st MARDIV advances to the Chosin Reservoir Chinese intervention Legendary retreat to Hungnam “Gentlemen, we are not retreating. We are merely advancing in another direction.” - MGen O.P. Smith ”We have the Chinese right where we want them. They’re all around us. Makes it easier for us to get them and kill them.” - COL Chesty Puller


Course of the War -- 1951-53: Course of the War -- 1951-53 Truman Refuses to use nukes Are nukes practical in limited wars? MacArthur removed by Truman - Apr 1951 Replaced by Gen. Matthew Ridgway Peace talks begin at Panmunjom 1953 Armistice DMZ near 38th parallel


Divided Korea Remains: Divided Korea Remains Republic of Korea (South Korea) U.S. Ally – Significant military presence 7th Fleet People’s Democratic Republic of Korea (North Korea) Closed society, communist dictatorship Soviet and Chinese aid


Impact of Korean War on the Navy & Marine Corps: Impact of Korean War on the Navy & Marine Corps Marines lost 4,267 dead and 23,744 wounded. 42 receive Medal of Honor MacArthur: “The Navy and Marines have never shone more brightly than this morning.” (Invasion of Inchon) Enhanced: Personnel, R&D, Procurement Groundwork for modernized navy Ends debate on “All Nuke” military Balanced forces strategy accepted


Impact of Korean War: Impact of Korean War Procurement Large Aircraft Carriers to support nuclear capable A/C Missile capable Surface ships Nuclear Submarines Nuclear Ballistic Missile Submarines A-3 Skywarrior, capable of carrying a 10,000# A-bomb


Slide32: Public Law 416, 1952 USMC separate service within DON Minimum 3 MARDIVS + 3 MAWs Primacy in Amphibious warfare Impact of Korean War