sex diff

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DEVELOPMENT OF GENDER DIFFERENCES Basic Terminology Gender – Refers to our biological sex, whether male or female.

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DEVELOPMENT OF GENDER DIFFERENCES Basic Terminology Gender – Refers to our biological sex, whether male or female.

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DEVELOPMENT OF GENDER DIFFERENCES Basic Terminology Gender – Refers to our biological sex, whether male or female. Gender Roles –

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DEVELOPMENT OF GENDER DIFFERENCES Basic Terminology Gender-Role Standard –

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DEVELOPMENT OF GENDER DIFFERENCES Gender Stereotypes Men are more Women are more Aggressive Emotional Independent Dependent Self-confident Aware of others’ feelings Dominant Interested own appear. Interested Math Interested Art/Lit. Active Tactful Competitive Able to express emotion Logical Talkative Adventurous Interested in family

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Actual Gender Differences (and similarities)

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Actual Gender Differences (and similarities)

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Actual Gender Differences Males andgt; Females Visual/spatial abilities Arithmetic reasoning Physical/verbal aggression Activity level Developmental vulnerability Risk taking Females andgt; Males Verbal abilities School Achievement Fear and timidity Emotional sensitivity/expressivity Compliance with adults Depression

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Actual Gender Similarities Males = Females Compliance with demands and directives of agemates Empathy Social interaction with peers Suggestibility Self-esteem Rote learning Higher level cognitive processing Analytic/logical reasoning Achievement motivation

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A SELECTION OF RESEARCH ON THE ACCOMPLISHMENTS OF MALES AND FEMALES Goldberg (1968) Dweck andamp; Elliott (1983) Feldman-Summers andamp; Kiesler (1974)

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DEVELOPMENTAL TRENDS IN GENDER TYPING Knowledge that one is a boy or a girl. Knowledge that one’s gender is permanent. Development of gender-role stereotypes. Development of gender-typed behaviors.

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HOW DOES GENDER TYPING OCCUR? Money and Ehrhardt’s Biosocial theory Biological factors Social factors

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HOW DOES GENDER TYPING OCCUR? Money and Ehrhardt’s Biosocial theory Biological factors Social factors Androgenized females and Testicular feminization syndrome

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HOW DOES GENDER TYPING OCCUR? Money and Ehrhardt’s Biosocial theory Androgenized females and Testicular feminization syndrome

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HOW DOES GENDER TYPING OCCUR? Social-Learning theory Direct Tuition Observational Learning

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HOW DOES GENDER TYPING OCCUR? Kohlberg’s Cognitive-Developmental theory Cognitive development Children’s active self-socialization

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HOW DOES GENDER TYPING OCCUR? Gender Schema theory In-group/out-group schema Own-sex schema

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HOW DOES GENDER TYPING OCCUR? Money and Ehrhardt’s Biosocial theory Social-Learning theory Kohlberg’s Cognitive-Developmental theory Gender Schema theory Integrative Perspective Physical gender Reinforcement Schemas Recalls gender- consistent info more readily Rely more on same-sex models

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HOW DOES GENDER TYPING OCCUR?

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ANDROGYNY Androgyny - a gender-role orientation in which the individual has incorporated a large number of both masculine and feminine attributes into his or her personality. (Overhead of attributes) Femininity Masculinity

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ADVANTAGES TO ANDROGYNY? Flexibility Self-esteem Could these results be due to masculine attributes of androgynous individuals and not to androgyny?

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ADVANTAGES TO ANDROGYNY?

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ADVANTAGES TO ANDROGYNY? Avoiding rigid stereotypes for boys or girls