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Premium member Presentation Transcript Origins of Agriculture: Origins of Agriculture humans as hunters and gatherers Until dominated by the environment constant movement the normLiving area ?: Living area ? tropical areas: one sq.. mile per person colder climates: 20-30 sq. miles per person for 30 people: almost 1000 sq. miles life is “nasty, brutish, and short”Radical Change: Radical Change the Neolithic Age (New Stone Age) radical change in the acquisition of food humans began to consciously produce foodNeolithic differences: Neolithic differences grinding stone tools more durable than flint or chert obtained food wholly or primarily by organized agriculture and/or animal husbandry rather than hunting and gatheringSlide11: Flaked stone Polished stoneMost important change: Most important change organized agriculture sedentary life-style based on farming a few simple crops for surplusWhen and Where?: When and Where? Middle East about 10,000 B.C. near the end of the last ice ageHow did it happen?: How did it happen? some single genius? accident? in human history: never underestimate stupidity and accident the genius is the one who figures out how to really screw up productivelyWhat did humans know?: What did humans know? empirically aware of the natural cycle of plants? plants come from seeds? they need water and sunlight? same time, same place, each year?Why did it take so long?: Why did it take so long? traditional explanation: no incentive hunter and gatherers maintain small populations infanticide, abortion, lactation taboos lacking stimulus for radical change?Problems and Advantages: Problems and Advantages food supply is at the mercy of the elements food supply is more varied and healthy food supply requires less work to acquire nomadic lifestyle avoids diseaseWhy the Shift?: Why the Shift? end of the Ice Age: climate and environment change? population growthAlternative theories: Alternative theories accident accident and stupidity accident and good luckOther reasons for slow change?: Other reasons for slow change? number of plants suitable for domestication 3,000 of 200,000 plants are suitable depending on climate and local only 30 (or so) are of major importanceDomestic plants? (sedentary agriculture): Domestic plants? (sedentary agriculture) four grasses: wheat, maize, rice, sugar starches: potatoes, yam, manioc, banana legumes: lentils, peas. wetches, beans, peanuts, soybeansDomestic animals? (pastoralism): Domestic animals? (pastoralism) not many and how exactly do you domesticate them, anyway?So why did people change?: So why did people change? why leave a relatively casual hunting-and-gathering life for the seven-days-a-week life of a farmer forced to do so by climatic change? forced to do so by gradual (over the centuries) population growth ? accidental by-product of trade ?Advantages ?: Advantages ? support more people per sq. mile security Change: Change between 10,000 and 2,000 years ago most humans switched to organized agriculture in whole or in partOrigins of early spread of agriculture: Origins of early spread of agricultureAgriculture and Population Growth: Agriculture and Population GrowthLocation: early origins: Location: early origins Asia Minor Palestine Iranian PlateauSurplus Food and the Specialization of Labor: Surplus Food and the Specialization of Labor Emergence of villages and towns Discoveries at Çatal Hüyük, Turkey, occupied 7250-5400 BCE Tremendous range of manufactured products Pottery, Jewelry, Textiles, Copper tools Development of crafts Slide32: Catal Huyuk ca. 9,5000 B. C.Slide33: House in Catal HuyukSlide34: Catal Huyuk: Their viewSlide35: The Boss?Location: later, large-scale: Location: later, large-scale the Middle East China India Central America (eventually, but later stillEarly methods: Early methods slash-and-burn incipient agriculture in the Middle East: from 9,500 B.C. to about 7,500 B.C. longer in the Western hemisphereVarieties of Agriculture: Varieties of Agriculture Middle East: wheat, barley, the rye Africa: rice, millet Mediterranean: olive, barley, wheat, millet, grapes Iranian plateau and India: same as M. East China: riceVarieties of Agriculture: con’t: Varieties of Agriculture: con’t N. America: beans, squash, maize C. America: beans, squash, maize, chili peppers, avocado, tomatoes, etc.. S. America: manioc, potatoes, sweet potatoes,Areas of unfavorable climate: Areas of unfavorable climate stock raising pastoral nomads a variety of animalsImpact of Agriculture: Impact of Agriculture sedentary existence the Neolithic villageSlide42: Jarmo, Northern Iran, 6000 B.C.Slide43: Abu Hureyra Northern Syria 9600 B.C. The mound Pit housesSlide44: Neolithic house at HassunaSlide45: Hansa bowlSlide46: Halaf BowlSlide47: The Great Tower Jericho southern Palestine ca. 9000 B.C.Slide48: Wall painting from JerichoLow productivity: Low productivity gradual awareness of types of soil fertilizer crop rotationProblems: Problems poor harvests disease (human waste and garbage) relationships with pastoral nomads accurate measurement of time shortage of suitable landLife: Life life expectancy: very low (lower ?) birth rates: high (because of predictable food) higher standard of living (We have Stuff!!) pottery, extra clothing and possessions textiles: from natural fibersSocial Organization: Villages: Social Organization: Villages nuclear family: man, woman, children extended family: two or more married couples and their children clans: groups of families tribes: inhabitants of the villages of a given regionExtended Family: Extended Family more suitable for village economic life more hands to work more efficient at planting and harvest more intensive laborRelations between men and women: Relations between men and women egalitarian Catal Huyuk: women enjoyed equal status in agriculture and crafts higher status in religion? art: mother, then daughter, then son, then finally, fatherDevelopment of Religion: Development of Religion absolutely no explanation for any phenomena in the physical world causes the development of religion and magic,....... which are the same things (1) a method of explanation (2) a“technology” for controlReligion: Religion fertility specifically: fertility of women both directly and as metaphor for the world fertility figuresSlide57: Female fertility figure Neolithic ageSlide58: Female fertility figure Neolithic AgeSlide59: Stonehenge , Salisbury Plain England clock, calender, landing pad for alien spacecraft?Slide61: shamanSlide62: Newgrange, Ireland neolithic tomb ca. 3100 B.C.Slide63: A dolmen. Ireland The Historical Period: The Historical Period begins with the development of such communities Books to read: Books to read Robert J. Wenke. Patterns in Prehistory: Humankind’s First Three Million Years Charles Keith Maisels. The Emergence of Civilization: From Hunting and Gathering to Agriculture, Cities, and the State in the Near East The Cambridge Ancient History: Prolegomena and Prehistory You do not have the permission to view this presentation. In order to view it, please contact the author of the presentation.
Neorev Flemel Download Post to : URL : Related Presentations : Share Add to Flag Embed Email Send to Blogs and Networks Add to Channel Uploaded from authorPOINTLite Insert YouTube videos in PowerPont slides with aS Desktop Copy embed code: (To copy code, click on the text box) Embed: URL: Thumbnail: WordPress Embed Customize Embed The presentation is successfully added In Your Favorites. Views: 167 Category: Education License: All Rights Reserved Like it (0) Dislike it (0) Added: February 24, 2008 This Presentation is Public Favorites: 0 Presentation Description No description available. Comments Posting comment... Premium member Presentation Transcript Origins of Agriculture: Origins of Agriculture humans as hunters and gatherers Until dominated by the environment constant movement the normLiving area ?: Living area ? tropical areas: one sq.. mile per person colder climates: 20-30 sq. miles per person for 30 people: almost 1000 sq. miles life is “nasty, brutish, and short”Radical Change: Radical Change the Neolithic Age (New Stone Age) radical change in the acquisition of food humans began to consciously produce foodNeolithic differences: Neolithic differences grinding stone tools more durable than flint or chert obtained food wholly or primarily by organized agriculture and/or animal husbandry rather than hunting and gatheringSlide11: Flaked stone Polished stoneMost important change: Most important change organized agriculture sedentary life-style based on farming a few simple crops for surplusWhen and Where?: When and Where? Middle East about 10,000 B.C. near the end of the last ice ageHow did it happen?: How did it happen? some single genius? accident? in human history: never underestimate stupidity and accident the genius is the one who figures out how to really screw up productivelyWhat did humans know?: What did humans know? empirically aware of the natural cycle of plants? plants come from seeds? they need water and sunlight? same time, same place, each year?Why did it take so long?: Why did it take so long? traditional explanation: no incentive hunter and gatherers maintain small populations infanticide, abortion, lactation taboos lacking stimulus for radical change?Problems and Advantages: Problems and Advantages food supply is at the mercy of the elements food supply is more varied and healthy food supply requires less work to acquire nomadic lifestyle avoids diseaseWhy the Shift?: Why the Shift? end of the Ice Age: climate and environment change? population growthAlternative theories: Alternative theories accident accident and stupidity accident and good luckOther reasons for slow change?: Other reasons for slow change? number of plants suitable for domestication 3,000 of 200,000 plants are suitable depending on climate and local only 30 (or so) are of major importanceDomestic plants? (sedentary agriculture): Domestic plants? (sedentary agriculture) four grasses: wheat, maize, rice, sugar starches: potatoes, yam, manioc, banana legumes: lentils, peas. wetches, beans, peanuts, soybeansDomestic animals? (pastoralism): Domestic animals? (pastoralism) not many and how exactly do you domesticate them, anyway?So why did people change?: So why did people change? why leave a relatively casual hunting-and-gathering life for the seven-days-a-week life of a farmer forced to do so by climatic change? forced to do so by gradual (over the centuries) population growth ? accidental by-product of trade ?Advantages ?: Advantages ? support more people per sq. mile security Change: Change between 10,000 and 2,000 years ago most humans switched to organized agriculture in whole or in partOrigins of early spread of agriculture: Origins of early spread of agricultureAgriculture and Population Growth: Agriculture and Population GrowthLocation: early origins: Location: early origins Asia Minor Palestine Iranian PlateauSurplus Food and the Specialization of Labor: Surplus Food and the Specialization of Labor Emergence of villages and towns Discoveries at Çatal Hüyük, Turkey, occupied 7250-5400 BCE Tremendous range of manufactured products Pottery, Jewelry, Textiles, Copper tools Development of crafts Slide32: Catal Huyuk ca. 9,5000 B. C.Slide33: House in Catal HuyukSlide34: Catal Huyuk: Their viewSlide35: The Boss?Location: later, large-scale: Location: later, large-scale the Middle East China India Central America (eventually, but later stillEarly methods: Early methods slash-and-burn incipient agriculture in the Middle East: from 9,500 B.C. to about 7,500 B.C. longer in the Western hemisphereVarieties of Agriculture: Varieties of Agriculture Middle East: wheat, barley, the rye Africa: rice, millet Mediterranean: olive, barley, wheat, millet, grapes Iranian plateau and India: same as M. East China: riceVarieties of Agriculture: con’t: Varieties of Agriculture: con’t N. America: beans, squash, maize C. America: beans, squash, maize, chili peppers, avocado, tomatoes, etc.. S. America: manioc, potatoes, sweet potatoes,Areas of unfavorable climate: Areas of unfavorable climate stock raising pastoral nomads a variety of animalsImpact of Agriculture: Impact of Agriculture sedentary existence the Neolithic villageSlide42: Jarmo, Northern Iran, 6000 B.C.Slide43: Abu Hureyra Northern Syria 9600 B.C. The mound Pit housesSlide44: Neolithic house at HassunaSlide45: Hansa bowlSlide46: Halaf BowlSlide47: The Great Tower Jericho southern Palestine ca. 9000 B.C.Slide48: Wall painting from JerichoLow productivity: Low productivity gradual awareness of types of soil fertilizer crop rotationProblems: Problems poor harvests disease (human waste and garbage) relationships with pastoral nomads accurate measurement of time shortage of suitable landLife: Life life expectancy: very low (lower ?) birth rates: high (because of predictable food) higher standard of living (We have Stuff!!) pottery, extra clothing and possessions textiles: from natural fibersSocial Organization: Villages: Social Organization: Villages nuclear family: man, woman, children extended family: two or more married couples and their children clans: groups of families tribes: inhabitants of the villages of a given regionExtended Family: Extended Family more suitable for village economic life more hands to work more efficient at planting and harvest more intensive laborRelations between men and women: Relations between men and women egalitarian Catal Huyuk: women enjoyed equal status in agriculture and crafts higher status in religion? art: mother, then daughter, then son, then finally, fatherDevelopment of Religion: Development of Religion absolutely no explanation for any phenomena in the physical world causes the development of religion and magic,....... which are the same things (1) a method of explanation (2) a“technology” for controlReligion: Religion fertility specifically: fertility of women both directly and as metaphor for the world fertility figuresSlide57: Female fertility figure Neolithic ageSlide58: Female fertility figure Neolithic AgeSlide59: Stonehenge , Salisbury Plain England clock, calender, landing pad for alien spacecraft?Slide61: shamanSlide62: Newgrange, Ireland neolithic tomb ca. 3100 B.C.Slide63: A dolmen. Ireland The Historical Period: The Historical Period begins with the development of such communities Books to read: Books to read Robert J. Wenke. Patterns in Prehistory: Humankind’s First Three Million Years Charles Keith Maisels. The Emergence of Civilization: From Hunting and Gathering to Agriculture, Cities, and the State in the Near East The Cambridge Ancient History: Prolegomena and Prehistory