BASIC ASSUMPTIONS:
BASIC ASSUMPTIONS There are various ways of saying the same thing and saliences differ
These are affected by S.P.E.A.K.I.N.G. or the V.A.R.I.E.S. model
!!S.P.E.A.K.I.N.G. MODEL:
!!S.P.E.A.K.I.N.G. MODEL S-Setting
P-Participants
E-Ends
A-Act Sequence
K-Key Tone or Mood
I-Instrumentalities (writing vs. speech)
N-Norms (expectations of the situation)
G-Genre (e-mail, chant, research paper)
(Gumpers and Hymes 35-71)
!!!V.A.R.I.E.S. MODELby Don and Alleen Nilsen:
!!!V.A.R.I.E.S. MODEL by Don and Alleen Nilsen V-VOCATIONAL JARGON
Computer Guys, Doctors, Lawyers, Linguists, Teachers
A-AGE-RELATED LANGUAGE
Children, Teenagers, Adults, Old People
Old English, Middle English, (Early) Modern English
R-REGIONAL LANGUAGE
California, Canada, New York, South
I-INFORMAL OR FORMAL LANGUAGE
Casual Acquaintances Lovers, Friends, Relatives
E-ETHNIC LANGUAGE
Blacks, Indians, Jews, Mexicans
S-SEX-RELATED LANGUAGE
Males, Females or Gays
Slide5:
References # 1:
Clark, Virginia, Paul Eschholz, and Alfred Rosa. Language: Readings in Language and Culture, 6th Edition. New York, NY: St. Martin’s Press, 1998.
Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman, and Nina Hyams. An Introduction to Language, 8th Edition. Boston, MA: Thomson Wadsworth, 2007.
Gumpers, John, and Dell Hymes, eds. 'Models of the Interaction of Language and Social Life.' Directions in Sociolinguistics: The Ethnography of Communication. New York, NY: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1972, 35-71.
Marckwardt, Albert H., and J. L. Dillard. 'Social and Regional Variation' (Clark 277-291).
Slide6:
References # 2:
Mey, Jacob L. Pragmatics: An Introduction, 2nd Edition. Oxford, England, 2001.
Nilsen, Alleen Pace, and Don L. F. Nilsen. 'Just How Ethnic is Ethnic Humor.' Canadian Ethnic Studies/Études Ethniques au Canada. 38.1 (2006): 1-9.
Nilsen, Alleen Pace, and Don L. F. Nilsen. Encyclopedia of 20th Century American Humor. Westport, CT: Greenwood, 2000.
Schiffrin, Deborah. Approaches to Discourse. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 1994.