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Edit Comment Close Premium member Presentation Transcript Slide1: IEEM 215: Manufacturing ProcessesSlide2: Traditional Manufacturing Processes Casting Forming Sheet metal processing Cutting Joining Powder- and Ceramics Processing Plastics processing Surface treatmentSlide3: Casting VERSATILE: complex geometry, internal cavities, hollow sections VERSATILE: small (~10 grams) very large parts (~1000 Kg) ECONOMICAL: little wastage (extra metal is re-used) ISOTROPIC: cast parts have same properties along all directionsSlide4: Different Casting ProcessesSlide5: Sand CastingSlide6: Sand Casting cope: top half drag: bottom half core: for internal cavities pattern: positive funnel sprue runners gate cavity {risers, vents}Slide7: Sand Casting Considerations (a) How do we make the pattern? [cut, carve, machine] (b) Why is the pattern not exactly identical to the part shape? - pattern outer surfaces; (inner surfaces: core) - shrinkage, post-processing (c) parting line - how to determine?Slide8: Sand Casting Considerations.. (d) taper - do we need it ? (e) core prints, chaplets - hold the core in position - chaplet is metal (why?) (f) cut-off, finishingSlide9: Shell mold casting - metal, 2-piece pattern, 175C-370C - coated with a lubricant (silicone) - mixture of sand, thermoset resin/epoxy - cure (baking) - remove patterns, join half-shells mold - pour metal - solidify (cooling) - break shell part Slide10: Expendable Mold Casting - Styrofoam pattern - dipped in refractory slurry dried - sand (support) - pour liquid metal - foam evaporates, metal fills the shell - cool, solidify - break shell partSlide11: Plaster-mold, Ceramic-mold casting Plaster-mold slurry: plaster of paris (CaSO4), talc, silica flour Ceramic-mold slurry: silica, powdered Zircon (ZrSiO4) - The slurry forms a shell over the pattern - Dried in a low temperature oven - Remove pattern - Backed by clay (strength), baked (burn-off volatiles) - cast the metal - break mold part Plaster-mold: good finish (Why ?) plaster: low conductivity => low warpage, residual stress low mp metal (Zn, Al, Cu, Mg) Ceramic-mold: good finish high mp metals (steel, …) => impeller blades, turbines, …Slide12: Investment casting (lost wax casting) Slide13: Vacuum casting Similar to investment casting, except: fill mold by reverse gravity Easier to make hollow casting: early pour outSlide14: Permanent mold casting MOLD: made of metal (cast iron, steel, refractory alloys) CORE: (hollow parts) - metal: core can be extracted from the part - sand-bonded: core must be destroyed to remove Mold-surface: coated with refractory material - Spray with lubricant (graphite, silica) - improve flow, increase life - good tolerance, good surface finish - low mp metals (Cu, Bronze, Al, Mg) Slide15: Die casting - a type of permanent mold casting - common uses: components for rice cookers, stoves, fans, washing-, drying machines, fridges, motors, toys, hand-tools, car wheels, … HOT CHAMBER: (low mp e.g. Zn, Pb; non-alloying) (i) die is closed, gooseneck cylinder is filled with molten metal (ii) plunger pushes molten metal through gooseneck into cavity (iii) metal is held under pressure until it solidifies (iv) die opens, cores retracted; plunger returns (v) ejector pins push casting out of ejector die COLD CHAMBER: (high mp e.g. Cu, Al) (i) die closed, molten metal is ladled into cylinder (ii) plunger pushes molten metal into die cavity (iii) metal is held under high pressure until it solidifies (iv) die opens, plunger pushes solidified slug from the cylinder (v) cores retracted (iv) ejector pins push casting off ejector dieSlide16: Centrifugal casting - permanent mold - rotated about its axis at 300 ~ 3000 rpm - molten metal is poured - Surface finish: better along outer diameter than inner, - Impurities, inclusions, closer to the inner diameter (why ?)Slide17: Casting Design: Typical casting defects Slide18: Casting Design: Defects and Associated Problems - Surface defects: finish, stress concentration - Interior holes, inclusions: stress concentrationsSlide19: Casting Design: guidelines (a) avoid sharp corners (b) use fillets to blend section changes smoothly (c1) avoid rapid changes in cross-section areas Slide20: Casting Design: guidelines (c1) avoid rapid changes in cross-section areas (c2) if unavoidable, design mold to ensure - easy metal flow - uniform, rapid cooling (use chills, fluid-cooled tubes)Slide21: Casting Design: guidelines (d) avoid large, flat areas - warpage due to residual stresses (why?) Slide22: Casting Design: guidelines (e) provide drafts and tapers - easy removal, avoid damage - along what direction should we taper ? Slide23: Casting Design: guidelines (f) account for shrinkage - geometry - shrinkage cavities Slide24: Casting Design: guidelines (g) proper design of parting line - “flattest” parting line is bestSlide25: Traditional Manufacturing Processes Casting Forming Sheet metal processing Cutting Joining Powder- and Ceramics Processing Plastics processing Surface treatmentSlide26: Forming Any process that changes the shape of a raw stock without changing its phase Example products: Al/Steel frame of doors and windows, coins, springs, Elevator doors, cables and wires, sheet-metal, sheet-metal parts… Slide27: Rolling Hot-rolling Cold-rolling Slide28: Rolling Important Applications: Steel Plants, Raw stock production (sheets, tubes, Rods, etc.) Screw manufactureSlide29: Rolling Basics Sheets are rolled in multiple stages (why ?) Screw manufacture:Slide30: Forging [Heated] metal is beaten with a heavy hammer to give it the required shape Hot forging, open-dieSlide31: Stages in Open-Die Forging (a) forge hot billet to max diameter (b) “fuller: tool to mark step-locations (c) forge right side (d) reverse part, forge left side (e) finish (dimension control) [source:www.scotforge.com]Slide32: Stages in Closed-Die Forging [source:Kalpakjian & Schmid]Slide33: Quality of forged parts Stronger/tougher than cast/machined parts of same material Surface finish/Dimensional control: Better than casting (typically) [source:www.scotforge.com]Slide34: Extrusion Metal forced/squeezed out through a hole (die) Typical use: ductile metals (Cu, Steel, Al, Mg), Plastics, Rubbers Common products: Al frames of white-boards, doors, windows, … [source:www.magnode.com]Slide35: Extrusion: Schematic, Dies Exercise: how can we get hollow parts?Slide36: Drawing Commonly used to make wires from round bars Similar to extrusion, except: pulling force is applied Slide37: AUDI engine blockSlide38: V6 engine blockSlide39: BMW cylinder headSlide40: Brake assemblySlide41: ImpellersSlide42: Crank Shaft Also see: http://auto.howstuffworks.com/engine7.htm Slide43: Traditional Manufacturing Processes Casting Forming Sheet metal processing Cutting Joining Powder- and Ceramics Processing Plastics processing Surface treatmentSlide44: Sheet Metal Processes Raw material: sheets of metal, rectangular, large Raw material Processing: Rolling (anisotropic properties) Processes: Shearing Punching Bending Deep drawingSlide45: Shearing A large scissors action, cutting the sheet along a straight line Main use: to cut large sheet into smaller sizes for making parts.Slide46: Punching Cutting tool is a round/rectangular punch, that goes through a hole, or die of same shapeSlide47: Punching Main uses: cutting holes in sheets; cutting sheet to required shape typical punched part nesting of parts Exercise: how to determine optimal nesting?Slide48: Bending Body of Olympus E-300 camera component with multiple bending operations [image source: dpreview.com] component with punching, bending, drawing operationsSlide49: Typical bending operations and shapesSlide50: Sheet metal bending Planning problem: what is the sequence in which we do the bending operations? Avoid: part-tool, part-part, part-machine interferenceSlide51: Bending mechanics Bending Planning what is the length of blank we must use? Ideal case: k = 0.5 Real cases: k = 0.33 ( R < 2T) ~~ k = 0.5 (R > 2T) Slide52: Bending: cracking, anisotropic effects, Poisson effect Bending plastic deformation Bending disallow failure (cracking) limits on corner radius: bend radius ≥ 3T Engineering strain in bending = e = 1/( 1 + 2R/T) effect of anisotropic stock Poisson effect Exercise: how does anisotropic behavior affect planning?Slide53: Bending: springback How to handle springback: (a) Compensation: the metal is bent by a larger angle (b) Coining the bend: at end of bend cycle, tool exerts large force, dwells coining: press down hard, wait, releaseSlide54: Deep Drawing Tooling: similar to punching operation, Mechanics: similar to bending operation Common applications: cooking pots, containers, …Slide55: Sheet metal parts with combination of operations Body of Olympus E-300 camera component with multiple bending operations [image source: dpreview.com] component with punching, bending, drawing operationsSlide56: These notes covered Casting, Forming and Sheet metal processing Case study on planning of operations (bending) Further reading: Chapters 10-16, Kalpakjian & Schmid Summary You do not have the permission to view this presentation. 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2 casting forming Flemel Download Post to : URL : Related Presentations : Share Add to Flag Embed Email Send to Blogs and Networks Add to Channel Uploaded from authorPOINTLite Insert YouTube videos in PowerPont slides with aS Desktop Copy embed code: (To copy code, click on the text box) Embed: URL: Thumbnail: WordPress Embed Customize Embed The presentation is successfully added In Your Favorites. Views: 3416 Category: Education License: All Rights Reserved Like it (8) Dislike it (0) Added: January 04, 2008 This Presentation is Public Favorites: 2 Presentation Description No description available. Comments Posting comment... By: tahirefe (39 month(s) ago) good Saving..... Post Reply Close Saving..... Edit Comment Close By: gegs (44 month(s) ago) i want to download it please help Saving..... Post Reply Close Saving..... Edit Comment Close Premium member Presentation Transcript Slide1: IEEM 215: Manufacturing ProcessesSlide2: Traditional Manufacturing Processes Casting Forming Sheet metal processing Cutting Joining Powder- and Ceramics Processing Plastics processing Surface treatmentSlide3: Casting VERSATILE: complex geometry, internal cavities, hollow sections VERSATILE: small (~10 grams) very large parts (~1000 Kg) ECONOMICAL: little wastage (extra metal is re-used) ISOTROPIC: cast parts have same properties along all directionsSlide4: Different Casting ProcessesSlide5: Sand CastingSlide6: Sand Casting cope: top half drag: bottom half core: for internal cavities pattern: positive funnel sprue runners gate cavity {risers, vents}Slide7: Sand Casting Considerations (a) How do we make the pattern? [cut, carve, machine] (b) Why is the pattern not exactly identical to the part shape? - pattern outer surfaces; (inner surfaces: core) - shrinkage, post-processing (c) parting line - how to determine?Slide8: Sand Casting Considerations.. (d) taper - do we need it ? (e) core prints, chaplets - hold the core in position - chaplet is metal (why?) (f) cut-off, finishingSlide9: Shell mold casting - metal, 2-piece pattern, 175C-370C - coated with a lubricant (silicone) - mixture of sand, thermoset resin/epoxy - cure (baking) - remove patterns, join half-shells mold - pour metal - solidify (cooling) - break shell part Slide10: Expendable Mold Casting - Styrofoam pattern - dipped in refractory slurry dried - sand (support) - pour liquid metal - foam evaporates, metal fills the shell - cool, solidify - break shell partSlide11: Plaster-mold, Ceramic-mold casting Plaster-mold slurry: plaster of paris (CaSO4), talc, silica flour Ceramic-mold slurry: silica, powdered Zircon (ZrSiO4) - The slurry forms a shell over the pattern - Dried in a low temperature oven - Remove pattern - Backed by clay (strength), baked (burn-off volatiles) - cast the metal - break mold part Plaster-mold: good finish (Why ?) plaster: low conductivity => low warpage, residual stress low mp metal (Zn, Al, Cu, Mg) Ceramic-mold: good finish high mp metals (steel, …) => impeller blades, turbines, …Slide12: Investment casting (lost wax casting) Slide13: Vacuum casting Similar to investment casting, except: fill mold by reverse gravity Easier to make hollow casting: early pour outSlide14: Permanent mold casting MOLD: made of metal (cast iron, steel, refractory alloys) CORE: (hollow parts) - metal: core can be extracted from the part - sand-bonded: core must be destroyed to remove Mold-surface: coated with refractory material - Spray with lubricant (graphite, silica) - improve flow, increase life - good tolerance, good surface finish - low mp metals (Cu, Bronze, Al, Mg) Slide15: Die casting - a type of permanent mold casting - common uses: components for rice cookers, stoves, fans, washing-, drying machines, fridges, motors, toys, hand-tools, car wheels, … HOT CHAMBER: (low mp e.g. Zn, Pb; non-alloying) (i) die is closed, gooseneck cylinder is filled with molten metal (ii) plunger pushes molten metal through gooseneck into cavity (iii) metal is held under pressure until it solidifies (iv) die opens, cores retracted; plunger returns (v) ejector pins push casting out of ejector die COLD CHAMBER: (high mp e.g. Cu, Al) (i) die closed, molten metal is ladled into cylinder (ii) plunger pushes molten metal into die cavity (iii) metal is held under high pressure until it solidifies (iv) die opens, plunger pushes solidified slug from the cylinder (v) cores retracted (iv) ejector pins push casting off ejector dieSlide16: Centrifugal casting - permanent mold - rotated about its axis at 300 ~ 3000 rpm - molten metal is poured - Surface finish: better along outer diameter than inner, - Impurities, inclusions, closer to the inner diameter (why ?)Slide17: Casting Design: Typical casting defects Slide18: Casting Design: Defects and Associated Problems - Surface defects: finish, stress concentration - Interior holes, inclusions: stress concentrationsSlide19: Casting Design: guidelines (a) avoid sharp corners (b) use fillets to blend section changes smoothly (c1) avoid rapid changes in cross-section areas Slide20: Casting Design: guidelines (c1) avoid rapid changes in cross-section areas (c2) if unavoidable, design mold to ensure - easy metal flow - uniform, rapid cooling (use chills, fluid-cooled tubes)Slide21: Casting Design: guidelines (d) avoid large, flat areas - warpage due to residual stresses (why?) Slide22: Casting Design: guidelines (e) provide drafts and tapers - easy removal, avoid damage - along what direction should we taper ? Slide23: Casting Design: guidelines (f) account for shrinkage - geometry - shrinkage cavities Slide24: Casting Design: guidelines (g) proper design of parting line - “flattest” parting line is bestSlide25: Traditional Manufacturing Processes Casting Forming Sheet metal processing Cutting Joining Powder- and Ceramics Processing Plastics processing Surface treatmentSlide26: Forming Any process that changes the shape of a raw stock without changing its phase Example products: Al/Steel frame of doors and windows, coins, springs, Elevator doors, cables and wires, sheet-metal, sheet-metal parts… Slide27: Rolling Hot-rolling Cold-rolling Slide28: Rolling Important Applications: Steel Plants, Raw stock production (sheets, tubes, Rods, etc.) Screw manufactureSlide29: Rolling Basics Sheets are rolled in multiple stages (why ?) Screw manufacture:Slide30: Forging [Heated] metal is beaten with a heavy hammer to give it the required shape Hot forging, open-dieSlide31: Stages in Open-Die Forging (a) forge hot billet to max diameter (b) “fuller: tool to mark step-locations (c) forge right side (d) reverse part, forge left side (e) finish (dimension control) [source:www.scotforge.com]Slide32: Stages in Closed-Die Forging [source:Kalpakjian & Schmid]Slide33: Quality of forged parts Stronger/tougher than cast/machined parts of same material Surface finish/Dimensional control: Better than casting (typically) [source:www.scotforge.com]Slide34: Extrusion Metal forced/squeezed out through a hole (die) Typical use: ductile metals (Cu, Steel, Al, Mg), Plastics, Rubbers Common products: Al frames of white-boards, doors, windows, … [source:www.magnode.com]Slide35: Extrusion: Schematic, Dies Exercise: how can we get hollow parts?Slide36: Drawing Commonly used to make wires from round bars Similar to extrusion, except: pulling force is applied Slide37: AUDI engine blockSlide38: V6 engine blockSlide39: BMW cylinder headSlide40: Brake assemblySlide41: ImpellersSlide42: Crank Shaft Also see: http://auto.howstuffworks.com/engine7.htm Slide43: Traditional Manufacturing Processes Casting Forming Sheet metal processing Cutting Joining Powder- and Ceramics Processing Plastics processing Surface treatmentSlide44: Sheet Metal Processes Raw material: sheets of metal, rectangular, large Raw material Processing: Rolling (anisotropic properties) Processes: Shearing Punching Bending Deep drawingSlide45: Shearing A large scissors action, cutting the sheet along a straight line Main use: to cut large sheet into smaller sizes for making parts.Slide46: Punching Cutting tool is a round/rectangular punch, that goes through a hole, or die of same shapeSlide47: Punching Main uses: cutting holes in sheets; cutting sheet to required shape typical punched part nesting of parts Exercise: how to determine optimal nesting?Slide48: Bending Body of Olympus E-300 camera component with multiple bending operations [image source: dpreview.com] component with punching, bending, drawing operationsSlide49: Typical bending operations and shapesSlide50: Sheet metal bending Planning problem: what is the sequence in which we do the bending operations? Avoid: part-tool, part-part, part-machine interferenceSlide51: Bending mechanics Bending Planning what is the length of blank we must use? Ideal case: k = 0.5 Real cases: k = 0.33 ( R < 2T) ~~ k = 0.5 (R > 2T) Slide52: Bending: cracking, anisotropic effects, Poisson effect Bending plastic deformation Bending disallow failure (cracking) limits on corner radius: bend radius ≥ 3T Engineering strain in bending = e = 1/( 1 + 2R/T) effect of anisotropic stock Poisson effect Exercise: how does anisotropic behavior affect planning?Slide53: Bending: springback How to handle springback: (a) Compensation: the metal is bent by a larger angle (b) Coining the bend: at end of bend cycle, tool exerts large force, dwells coining: press down hard, wait, releaseSlide54: Deep Drawing Tooling: similar to punching operation, Mechanics: similar to bending operation Common applications: cooking pots, containers, …Slide55: Sheet metal parts with combination of operations Body of Olympus E-300 camera component with multiple bending operations [image source: dpreview.com] component with punching, bending, drawing operationsSlide56: These notes covered Casting, Forming and Sheet metal processing Case study on planning of operations (bending) Further reading: Chapters 10-16, Kalpakjian & Schmid Summary