logging in or signing up tritroph Flemel Download Post to : URL : Related Presentations : Share Add to Flag Embed Email Send to Blogs and Networks Add to Channel Uploaded from authorPOINTLite Insert YouTube videos in PowerPont slides with aS Desktop Copy embed code: (To copy code, click on the text box) Embed: URL: Thumbnail: WordPress Embed Customize Embed The presentation is successfully added In Your Favorites. Views: 160 Category: Entertainment License: All Rights Reserved Like it (0) Dislike it (0) Added: December 30, 2007 This Presentation is Public Favorites: 0 Presentation Description No description available. Comments Posting comment... Premium member Presentation Transcript Predators- Role in ecosystem: Predators- Role in ecosystem Energy Flow Regulation of Populations Maintain Prey Fitness Selective agents Alter populationsPredator/Parasitoid: Predator/Parasitoid Predator- kills and consumes many prey during lifetime Parasitoid- receives all nutrients from a single prey itemPredator-Nutrition: Predator-Nutrition Prey composition often similar to predator High ECD Prey may produce anti-nutritive or defensive substances Predators may supplement prey items with other nutrientsFinding Prey: Finding Prey Active prey Let prey come to predator Mantids Odonate larvae Spiders Active Pursuit Odonate Adults Passive prey Requires active pursuitLet prey come to predator: Let prey come to predator Advantages: Energy not lost in movement Predator not exposed to other predators Disadvantages Location, timing critical to successActive Pursuit / Active Prey: Active Pursuit / Active Prey Advantages Large amount of nutrients can be collected in a short time Disadvantages Energy lost in movement Exposure to predators Must be faster, nimbler than preyPassive prey : Passive prey Niche Passive prey requires both host and plant eaten by the hostSources of chemical information:: Sources of chemical information: the herbivore its food organisms associated with the herbivore combination of the threePotentially important products: Potentially important products Feces Cuticle Exuvia Feeding secretions Pheromones Honeydew Body scales Flowers and leaves MicroorganismsInfochemicals: Infochemicals Interspecies chemical communications Kairomones Deleterious to sender Host Kairomones beneficial to parasitoid Allomones Beneficial to sender Host plant allomones beneficial to parasitoidInfochemical usefulness: Infochemical usefulness Detectability How easily can it be detected? Reliability How reliable is information in finding host?Information from host: Information from host High Reliability Low Detectability Host a small part of complex environment Selection favors low detectionReducing host detectability: Reducing host detectability Bark beetles pheromones attract predators and parasitoids Other insects Release controlled Emitted when predators inactiveReducing host detectability: Reducing host detectability Defecation Releases odors Move to new feeding location away from defecation Insects in galls, mines concealedInformation from plants: Information from plants Plants damaged by insects Increased volatiles emitted Plants release “synomones” Cotesia marginiventris Attracted to terpenoids Spodoptera feeding on corn Releases copious terpenoids Cotesia CMave UFlDietary Specialization & Infochemicals: Dietary Specialization & Infochemicals Predators Less picky, less info One prey does not necessarily = one offspring Ants attack a multiple prey insects from multiple taxa identity of the prey? Don’t know Don’t careDietary Specialization & Infochemicals: Dietary Specialization & Infochemicals Parasitoids choice of single prey offspring life or death Specialists spend proportionally more time searching than generalists Infochemicals are of more useSpecialization & Infochemicals: Specialization & Infochemicals Microplitis croceipes Specialized on Heliothis Uses host specific frass cues Aphaaereta minuta Uses many fly species Orients decaying flesh odor Finds hosts with vibrational cues Specialization & Infochemicals: Specialization & Infochemicals Generalist Formicine ants Attack most insects Don't use chemical host cues Specialist Megaponera foetens ants Use termite odorsParasitoid host range?: Parasitoid host range? Easy to find all the parasitoids of a host Less easy to find all the hosts of a parasitoid Hosts on one plant may be attacked Hosts on another may not Do parasitoids have host races? Predicted infochemical use: Predicted infochemical use 1 host plant + 1 host Strong response to Kairomone Synomone Herbivore induced synomone Many host plants 1host Strong response to Kairomone May learn S and HIS 1 host plant many hosts Response to Kairomone, general Strong synomone HIS Many host plants/ hosts no response You do not have the permission to view this presentation. In order to view it, please contact the author of the presentation.
tritroph Flemel Download Post to : URL : Related Presentations : Share Add to Flag Embed Email Send to Blogs and Networks Add to Channel Uploaded from authorPOINTLite Insert YouTube videos in PowerPont slides with aS Desktop Copy embed code: (To copy code, click on the text box) Embed: URL: Thumbnail: WordPress Embed Customize Embed The presentation is successfully added In Your Favorites. Views: 160 Category: Entertainment License: All Rights Reserved Like it (0) Dislike it (0) Added: December 30, 2007 This Presentation is Public Favorites: 0 Presentation Description No description available. Comments Posting comment... Premium member Presentation Transcript Predators- Role in ecosystem: Predators- Role in ecosystem Energy Flow Regulation of Populations Maintain Prey Fitness Selective agents Alter populationsPredator/Parasitoid: Predator/Parasitoid Predator- kills and consumes many prey during lifetime Parasitoid- receives all nutrients from a single prey itemPredator-Nutrition: Predator-Nutrition Prey composition often similar to predator High ECD Prey may produce anti-nutritive or defensive substances Predators may supplement prey items with other nutrientsFinding Prey: Finding Prey Active prey Let prey come to predator Mantids Odonate larvae Spiders Active Pursuit Odonate Adults Passive prey Requires active pursuitLet prey come to predator: Let prey come to predator Advantages: Energy not lost in movement Predator not exposed to other predators Disadvantages Location, timing critical to successActive Pursuit / Active Prey: Active Pursuit / Active Prey Advantages Large amount of nutrients can be collected in a short time Disadvantages Energy lost in movement Exposure to predators Must be faster, nimbler than preyPassive prey : Passive prey Niche Passive prey requires both host and plant eaten by the hostSources of chemical information:: Sources of chemical information: the herbivore its food organisms associated with the herbivore combination of the threePotentially important products: Potentially important products Feces Cuticle Exuvia Feeding secretions Pheromones Honeydew Body scales Flowers and leaves MicroorganismsInfochemicals: Infochemicals Interspecies chemical communications Kairomones Deleterious to sender Host Kairomones beneficial to parasitoid Allomones Beneficial to sender Host plant allomones beneficial to parasitoidInfochemical usefulness: Infochemical usefulness Detectability How easily can it be detected? Reliability How reliable is information in finding host?Information from host: Information from host High Reliability Low Detectability Host a small part of complex environment Selection favors low detectionReducing host detectability: Reducing host detectability Bark beetles pheromones attract predators and parasitoids Other insects Release controlled Emitted when predators inactiveReducing host detectability: Reducing host detectability Defecation Releases odors Move to new feeding location away from defecation Insects in galls, mines concealedInformation from plants: Information from plants Plants damaged by insects Increased volatiles emitted Plants release “synomones” Cotesia marginiventris Attracted to terpenoids Spodoptera feeding on corn Releases copious terpenoids Cotesia CMave UFlDietary Specialization & Infochemicals: Dietary Specialization & Infochemicals Predators Less picky, less info One prey does not necessarily = one offspring Ants attack a multiple prey insects from multiple taxa identity of the prey? Don’t know Don’t careDietary Specialization & Infochemicals: Dietary Specialization & Infochemicals Parasitoids choice of single prey offspring life or death Specialists spend proportionally more time searching than generalists Infochemicals are of more useSpecialization & Infochemicals: Specialization & Infochemicals Microplitis croceipes Specialized on Heliothis Uses host specific frass cues Aphaaereta minuta Uses many fly species Orients decaying flesh odor Finds hosts with vibrational cues Specialization & Infochemicals: Specialization & Infochemicals Generalist Formicine ants Attack most insects Don't use chemical host cues Specialist Megaponera foetens ants Use termite odorsParasitoid host range?: Parasitoid host range? Easy to find all the parasitoids of a host Less easy to find all the hosts of a parasitoid Hosts on one plant may be attacked Hosts on another may not Do parasitoids have host races? Predicted infochemical use: Predicted infochemical use 1 host plant + 1 host Strong response to Kairomone Synomone Herbivore induced synomone Many host plants 1host Strong response to Kairomone May learn S and HIS 1 host plant many hosts Response to Kairomone, general Strong synomone HIS Many host plants/ hosts no response