Slide1: Overview of Chemistry


Slide2: What’s the center or target?


Slide3: Chemical Reactions


Slide4: Synthesis (combination) Medicine Flavorings Plastics High energy fuels


Slide5: - - - - Acetic acid splits into acetate (C2H3O2)- and H+ H3C OH O


Slide6: C O || O || CH3-CH2-CH2-OH + CH3C-OH  H2O + CH3CH2CH2-O-CCH3 OH O O || H2O + + O H H C H C O H H H H H C H O H C H O C H H H C O H H Propyl alcohol + acetic acid (vinegar)


Slide7: OH + HO O || Octanol (or gasoline>alcohol) +acetic acid  water + Octyl acetate (orange flavor) Benzyl alcohol (globs in lava lamps) + acetic acid  water + Benzyl acetate OH + H2O + OH + Isopentenyl alcohol + acetic acid  water + Isopentenyl acetate (Juicy-Fruit) H2O + O || O


Slide8: OH HO O || + Ethanol (liquor) + butyric acid (rancid butter)  water + Ethyl butyrate (Apple flavor) OH O || HO HO Amyl alcohol (oil of potato spirit) + salicylic acid (wart remover)  water +Amyl salicylate + O O || O || O H2O + H2O +


Slide9: ALCOHOL ACID ESTER FRAGRANCE 1 n-amyl alcohol butyric acid apricot 2 n-amyl alcohol salicylic acid pineapple 3 n-amyl alcohol glacial acetic acid banana 4 n-octyl alcohol glacial acetic acid fruity 5 methyl alcohol salicylic acid wintergreen 6 ethyl alcohol butyric acid apple 7 ethyl alcohol glacial acetic acid fruity RCOOH + HOR  RCOOR' + H2O organic acid + alcohol ester + water H+ amyl (unmilled grain) (5 carbon) (butyric acid= rancid butter)


Slide11: Decomposition Speed up decomposition Toxic waste Waste Fats Explosives Slow down decomposition Anti-rust Anti-aging


Slide12: Anything into Oil Technological savvy could turn 600 million tons of turkey guts and other waste into 4 billion barrels of light Texas crude each year


Slide14: AB  A + B (NH4)2Cr2O7  N2 + 4H2O + Cr2O3 (NH4)2Cr2O7  N2 + 4H2O + Cr2O3


Slide15: Single replacement Design of batteries A + BC B + AC 3Zn + 2Cu3PO4  6Cu + Zn3(PO4)2


Slide16: Each potato generates about 0.5 volts and 0.2 milliamps. The entire 500 lb battery generated around 5 volts and 4 milliamps.


Slide17: Single replacement A + BC B + AC Zn + FeCl2  Fe + ZnCl2 Sacrificial corrosion


Slide18: These corrosion products occupy from 2 to 14 times the volume of the original steel, creating an expansive force that is sufficient to cause the concrete to crack. Zinc corrodes so iron or aluminum will not corrode. Protects all metals below it


Slide19: Any time you have two different metals that are physically or electrically connected and immersed in seawater, they become a battery. Some amount of current flows between the two metals. The electrons that make up that current are supplied by one of the metals giving up bits of itself-in the form of metal ions-to the seawater. This is called galvanic corrosion and, left unchecked, it quickly destroys underwater metals. The most common casualty of galvanic corrosion is a bronze or aluminum propeller on a stainless steel shaft, but metal struts, rudders, rudder fittings, outboards, and stern drives are also at risk. The way we counteract galvanic corrosion is to add a third metal into the circuit, one that is quicker than the other two to give up its electrons. This piece of metal is called a sacrificial anode, and most often it is zinc. In fact, most boaters refer to sacrificial anodes simply as zincs. It would be hard to overstate the importance of maintaining the zinc anodes on your boat. When a zinc is gone, the metal component it was installed to protect begins to dissolve-guaranteed.


Slide20: Corrosion products commonly observed when concrete cores containing corroding rebar were broken open were ferrous hydroxide (Fe(OH)2), hydrated ferrous chloride (FeC12H2O), and black ferrous oxide (Fe304).The exact product formed depends on the availability of oxygen, water, and chloride ion, but the result is essentially the same. These corrosion products occupy from 2 to 14 times the volume of the original steel, creating an expansive force that is sufficient to cause the concrete to crack. Propagation of the cracks leads to staining, spalling and delamination of concrete. Zinc, as a sacrificial anode, has been used to cathodically protect ship’s hulls for more than a century now. It has become a common practice to use cathodic protection either alone or in combination with coatings for buried pipelines, storage tanks and offshore structures. It has been well established both in theory and in practice that the process achieves an immediate reduction in corrosion rate by making the reinforcing steel the cathode, inhibiting its tendency to oxidize. In addition, the cathodic reactions at the steel/concrete interface increase the alkalinity (raise the pH) by hydroxyl ion (OH-) generation and drive chloride ions (Cl-) away from the steel as a result of the negative charge on the ions being repelled by the negative polarity of the reinforcement and attracted to the positive polarity of an installed anode.


Slide21: Double replacement Purification (barium is poisonous) BaCl2 + MgSO4 BaSO4 + MgCl2 Ba2+(aq)+2Cl-(aq)+Mg2+(aq)+SO42-(aq) BaSO4(s)+Mg2+(aq)+2Cl-(aq) AB + CD AD + CB


Slide22: Double replacement Extraction (Nitric acid)  AgNO3(aq) + Mg(NO3)2(aq) AB + CD AD + CB Ag + Mg AgNO3(aq) + NaCl(aq)  AgCl(s) + NaNO3(aq)


Slide23: Double replacement Neutralizing corrosives NaOH + CH3COOH NaC2H3O2 +HOH AB + CD AD + CB


Slide24: HCl Double replacement Neutralizing corrosives 2HCl + Na2CO3 2NaCl + H2CO3 H2CO3  H2O + CO2(g) AB + CD AD + CB


Slide25: Oxidation (combustion) [loss of electrons] Improve oxidation Cleaner burning fuels Better fireworks Antiseptic Hyperbaric chambers Resist oxidation Rust proofing Antioxidants


Slide26: Chemical Reactions


Slide27: Atoms combine to form compounds in simple ratios, such as 1:1, 1:2, 2:2, 1:3, and so forth.


Slide28: Double replacement. 3NaOH + Al(NO3)3  3NaNO3 + Al(OH)3


Slide31: Recall slow moving inventory and transfer tires to fast moving inventory


Slide32: Car Body = Cb Pair of Wheels = W2 Cb + W2  CbW4 Cb + 2W2  CbW4 How many orders of each do we make?


Slide33: Carbon~Car body Chlorine~Pair wheels C + Cl2  CCl4 C + 2Cl2  CCl4 How many orders of each do we make? Carbon tetrachloride Cl C Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl


Slide34: Trike Body = Tb Pair of Wheels = W2 Tb + W2  TbW3 2Tb + 3W2  2TbW3 How many orders of each do we make?


Slide35: Aluminum~Tricycle body Chlorine~Pair wheels Al + Cl2  AlCl3 2Al + 3Cl2  2AlCl3 How many orders of each do we make? Al Cl Cl Cl


Slide36: Car body = Cb Pair of Wheels = W2 Bicycle body = Bb Bb + CbW4  BbW2 + Cb 2Bb + CbW4  2BbW2 + Cb 2 bike bodies + 1 car  2 bicycles + 1 car body bike bodies + cars  bicycles + car bodies


Slide37: Carbon~Car body Chlorine~pair of wheels Calcium~bicycle body Ca + CCl4  CaCl2 + C 2Ca + CCl4  2CaCl2 + C Calcium + carbon tetrachloride  Calcium chloride + carbon


Slide38: Trike Body = Tb Pair of Wheels = W2 Bicycle body = Bb TbW3 + Bb  BbW2 + Tb 2TbW3 + 3Bb  3BbW2 + 2Tb 2 tricycles + 3 bike bodies  3 bicycles + 2 trike bodies Tricycles + bike bodies  bicycles + trike bodies


Slide39: Aluminum~Tricycle body Chlorine~Pair wheels Calcium~bicycle body AlCl3 + Ca  CaCl2 + Al 2AlCl3 + 3Ca  3CaCl2 + 2Al


Slide40: Trike Body = Tb Pair of Wheels = W2 Wagon body = Wb Wb + TbW3  WbW4 + Tb 3Wb + 4TbW3  3WbW4 + 4Tb 3 Wagon bodies + 4 Tricycles  3 Wagons + 4 trike bodies Wagon bodies + Tricycles  Wagons + trike bodies


Slide41: Aluminum~Tricycle body Chlorine~Pair wheels Silicon~Wagon Body Si + AlCl3  SiCl4 + Al 3Si + 4AlCl3  3SiCl4 + 4Al Cl Si Cl Cl Cl


Slide42: Cb4+ Wb4+ Tb3+ Bb2+ Ub+ W- Tr2- Wb4+ + Tr2-  WbTr2 Track = Tr2- Oxidation numbers (# electrons lost or gained) Axels offered / needed C4+ Si4+ Al3+ Ca2+ Na+ Cl- O2- Si4+ + O2-  SiO2