INDEPTH slides bis PRINCIPIA

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EU-MEDIN Forum on Disaster Research "The Road to Harmonisation" 26-27 May 2003, Thessaloniki, Greece Project INDEPTH Development of INnovative DEvices for Seismic Protection of PeTrocHemical Facilities  Contract EVG1-CT-2002-00065 Joaquin Marti1 & Fabrizio Gatti2 1 Principia SA, Madrid, Spain 2 Enel.Hydro S.p.A., Business Unit ISMES, Seriate (BG), Italy

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  Title Development of INnovative DEvices for Seismic Protection of PeTrocHemical Facilities   Acronym INDEPTH   Duration 36 months   Commencement date 01/09/2002  

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Seismic hazard in Europe

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Refineries and other petrochemical facilities

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 Concerns Increased seismic reliability of existing and future facilities Assessment of risk: casualties, releases of hazardous materials, damage to structures, equipment and facilities Support to post-event rescue operations: risk of fires, release of toxic fluids, etc.

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Objectives   To develop improved seismic isolation and energy dissipation devices to reduce damage and avoid collapse To develop devices to absorb relative displacements in piping systems To  improve the treatment of specific FSI problems in relation with storage tanks To provide guidance for seismic design of new critical structures and for the retrofitting of existing ones

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     Product Storage Tank: elephant’s foot buckling   

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Product Storage Tank: floating roof damage

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Product Storage Tank: damaged inlet piping

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  General aims Specific structures of concern: full-containment LNG tanks fixed/floating roof cylindrical tanks (product and firewater) spherical tanks For each structure, consider the possibility of seismic isolation and energy dissipation systems, as well as flexible pipe connections. Decide when they are of interest in relation with new and old facilities.

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  Reference facilities For realistic application of the work, the reference facilities are: Aspropyrgos Refinery, Hellenic Petroleum, Greece Huelva LNG facility, Enagas, Spain

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 Various types of tanks at Aspropyrgos refinery

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Cylindrical product tank

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Full-containment LNG tank

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Aerial view of Huelva LNG facility

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LNG tanks: 100,000 m3 and 60,000 m3

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  Problems faced   1) Systems must work for different masses (tank full, half, etc.)   2) Isolation gives rise to differential movements that pipes must accommodate. Conditions inside pipes may be demanding: temperatures, pressures, aggressive contents, etc.   3) Some of these structures are inexpensive (ie: product tanks), limiting the cost of possible solutions.  

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  Objective pursued  For a given structure or type of structure seismic environment at the site   The idea is to determine technical/economic/safety implications of the possible alternatives optimal strategy to deal with the seismic hazard  

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Project tasks WP1 Problem definition WP2 Development of the devices WP3 Design and manufacturing WP4 Experimental validation WP5 Quantification of technical/economical/safety benefits WP6 Dissemination WP7 Coordination  

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Structure of the project   WP5 Quantification of benefits WP1 Problem definition WP2 Development of devices WP3 Design and manufacturing WP4 Experimental validation WP7 Coordination WP6 Dissemination

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Activities   WP1 Problem definition Selection of critical structures Selection of main design parameters of the devices to be developed Walk-throughs at Aspropyrgos refinery and Huelva LNG facility Definition of the seismic environment (PGA, response spectra, etc)     WP1: completed with submission of deliverable

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  Activities     WP2 Development of the devices Numerical analyses to relate the design parameters and the expected dynamic response Specification of the relevant FSI problems Definition of the main features of the mock-ups Numerical analyses of full-scale critical structures Numerical analyses of mock-ups with/without devices Transfer of results from mock-ups to structures   In progress

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  Activities     WP3 Design and manufacturing Final design and manufacturing of demonstrators of the devices in reduced scale Design and manufacturing of the devices Final design and manufacturing of the mock-ups     In progress

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  Activities   WP4 Experimental validation Characterisation tests of the demonstrators Shake-table tests of structural mock-ups Low-cycle, high-amplitude fatigue tests on flexible joints   Testing strategies defined

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  Activities  WP5 Quantification of technical/economical/safety benefits In comparison with the conventional approach, assess the impact of the new devices: On design/construction costs for new structures; other costs (retrofit, unavailability, etc) for existing facilities Through increased reliability (operational and safety): less likelihood of incurring event-related costs (repairs, interruption, fatalities, releases, reputation, etc.)

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  Activities     WP6 Dissemination Preparation of recommendations and guidelines to assist in designing and retrofitting Organization and participation in seminars, workshops and conferences WP7 Coordination Coordination and management of the project Preparation of exploitation plans

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Expected results and products    Full scale demonstrators of the devices    Integrated procedure for FSSI problem solving    Evaluation of benefits compared with conventional procedures Dissemination of guidance for design and retrofits  The assessment of benefits will be dealt with in the Technological Implementation Plan (TIP).

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The partnership    ENEL.Hydro S.p.A. B.U. ISMES (I), Coordinator Institute of Structural Engineering, University of Vienna (A) ENEA, Ente per le Nuove Tecnologie, l’Energia e l’Ambiente (I)  FIP Industriale (I)  Principia, S.A. (E)  MMI Engineering Ltd. (UK)  University of Patras (GR)  Hellenic Petroleum S.A. (GR) IWKA Balg- und Kompensatoren GmbH (D)

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The partnership  ENEL.Hydro S.p.A. B.U. ISMES Area of Activity: Dynamic testing laboratory for medium and full size structures. Numerical validation of test results, data acquisition and evaluation. RTD Role in Project: Technical co-ordination and interaction between participants; manufacturing and testing of structural mock-ups using multi-axial shake table. Evaluation and interpretation of test data. Dynamic characterisation of flexible joints. Conceptual design of mass-independent isolators.  

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  The partnership Institute of Structural Engineering, University of Vienna Area of Activity: University, Department of Structural Engineering, R&D in structural analysis, materials, numerical simulation and mechanics. RTD Role in Project: Design, analysis and testing of fiber-reinforced rubber bearings and associated non-linear dynamic analysis.    

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The partnership ENEA, Ente per le Nuove Tecnologie, l’Energia e l’Ambiente Area of Activity: Development of new technologies related to energy and the environment. Technology transfer to industry and government. RTD Role in Project: Earthquake engineering expertise. Numerical modelling and analysis of structural mock-ups. Chemical engineering expertise through the support of external experts. Dissemination of results and guidelines.  

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The partnership FIP Industriale Area of Activity: Expertise in seismic isolation devices and energy dampers. Test facility to characterise the response of isolation systems. RTD Role in Project: Design, manufacturing, testing and analysis of prototype devices of mass-independent isolators. Determination of mechanical properties. Validations.    

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The partnership Principia Area of Activity: Structural design and structural analysis; earthquake engineering; evaluation of seismic hazard; design of LNG tanks. RTD Role in Project: Identification of performance requirements of structures. Exploitation and quantification of benefits. Contribution to design of mock-ups.  

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The partnership MMI Engineering Area of Activity: Seismic evaluation, design and retrofit of refineries; risk management; geotechnical engineering; seismic hazard analysis; environmental restoration; natural resources management. RTD Role in Project: Seismic vulnerability and risk assessment; walkthroughs; seismic hazard analysis; seismic retrofit and optimization; design of mock-ups; cost-estimating; assistance in design guidelines.  

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The partnership University of Patras Area of Activity: Department of Civil Engineering, R&D in computational structural, fluid and geo mechanics and material mechanics; dissemination of knowledge. RTD Role in Project: Seismic analysis of real structures; Fluid-Soil-Structure Interaction problems.  

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The partnership Hellenic Petroleum S.A. Area of Activity: Exploration, production, refining and marketing of petroleum products and petrochemicals. RTD Role in Project: End-user of technology; assistance in definition of critical structures at Aspropyrgos refinery; operational and construction considerations.    

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   The partnership IWKA Balg- und Kompensatoren GmbH Area of Activity: Design and manufacturing of instrument bellows; metal bellows; metal bellows expansion joints; exhaust decoupling joints (automobile industry) and flexible metal hoses. RTD Role in Project: Design, manufacture, testing and analysis of flexible joints for relative movements (seismic, thermal, mechanical).

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INDEPTH for EU-MEDIN EU-MEDIN aims to improve the interaction and synergy between the actors of the European research in the field of Natural Risks and Disasters to promote the dissemination of disaster related information, data and research results. According to the Action Plan (Madrid, May 2002), among other initiatives, EU-MEDIN shall provide current research projects with templates for collecting metadata concerning project deliverables and results. INDEPTH will cooperate with EU-MEDIN, playing the role of “case history” in order to tune the metadata collection procedures in the area of seismic risk.

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Harmonisation: perspective To “harmonise” is “to bring into consonance or accord” things that were not before. Here this could mean: To achieve a common approach for different risks To establish which data is useful in more than one risk area, avoiding inconsistencies and duplication of effort To develop common procedures (e.g. at European level) for acquiring data To create common formats for data to be shared by different risk areas

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Harmonisation: obstacles social perception of risks varies with sector (e.g. nuclear), event size (aversion), country, etc. safety related standards, adopted by authorities, reflect this perception criteria from reliability of operations tend to be more rational

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Harmonisation: context of the session Within the session, there is an obvious need to harmonize. If an LNG tank collapses, “consequences and restoration” are similar irrespective of cause (ground shaking, tsunami, accidental impact, explosion, terrorist act, malfunction, etc). Hence “consequences and restoration” data should be shared by risk analysts dealing with all the different hazards.

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Harmonization: observations INDEPTH concentrates in LNG and product storage tanks. LNG tanks, as an example, consider the following events: earthquakes (OBE and SSE) impacts of various kinds explosions fires minor and major leaks winds etc.

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Harmonization: observations (cont.) It is not evident that the design events in each case are rationally assigned from the perspective of their contribution to risk. Or that the marginal costs associated with accepted risk levels are shared by other petrochemical facilities, let alone by other activities (road transport, nuclear energy, etc.) Or that a rational approach is applied to events of different visibility (risk aversion, sensitivity of sector, etc.)

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Harmonisation: needs We believe that there is a strong need to harmonise: acceptable individual and societal risk levels (countries, industrial sectors, risk types, event sizes, etc.) methodologies for evaluating and combining different components of risk (financial costs of many types, casualties, environmental effects, etc.) the data for basing the evaluations (hazard data, vulnerability data, ensuing consequences, etc.) the results of the evaluations (of interest to governments, insurers, industries, individuals, etc.)

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Acknowledgements     INDEPTH (EVG1-CT-2002-00065) is supported by the Environment and Sustainable Development Program of the European Commission Research Directorate General