logging in or signing up 02 DataFormats Elliott Download Post to : URL : Related Presentations : Share Add to Flag Embed Email Send to Blogs and Networks Add to Channel Uploaded from authorPOINTLite Insert YouTube videos in PowerPont slides with aS Desktop Copy embed code: (To copy code, click on the text box) Embed: URL: Thumbnail: WordPress Embed Customize Embed The presentation is successfully added In Your Favorites. Views: 300 Category: Education License: All Rights Reserved Like it (1) Dislike it (0) Added: February 27, 2008 This Presentation is Public Favorites: 2 Presentation Description No description available. Comments Posting comment... By: thilini1986 (14 month(s) ago) this is very good slide set . Thanks Saving..... Post Reply Close Saving..... Edit Comment Close By: bunshin (36 month(s) ago) how to download? Saving..... Post Reply Close Saving..... Edit Comment Close Premium member Presentation Transcript 2. Data Formats: 2. Data Formats Chapt. 3Introduction: Introduction Examples pp. 59.-61 Input deviceFormat must be appropriate: Format must be appropriate The internal representation must be appropriate for the type of processing to take place (e.g., text, images, sound)Rules/Conventions: Rules/Conventions Proprietary formats Unique to a product or company E.g., Microsoft Word, Corel Word Perfect, IBM Lotus Notes Standards Evolve two ways: Proprietary formats become de facto standards (e.g., Adobe PostScript, Apple Quick Time) Committee is struck to solve a problem (Motion Pictures Experts Group, MPEG) pp. 61-62Standards Organizations: Standards Organizations ISO – International Standards Organization CSA – Canadian Standards Association ANSI – American National Standards Institute IEEE – Institute for Electrical and Electronics Engineers Etc. Examples of Standards: Examples of StandardsWhy Standards?: Why Standards? Standard are “arbitrary” They exist because they are Convenient Efficient Flexible Appropriate Etc.Alphanumeric Data: Alphanumeric Data Problem: Distinguishing between the number 123 (one hundred and twenty-three) and the characters “123” (one, two, three) Four standards for representing letters (alpha) and numbers BCD – Binary-coded decimal ASCII – American standard code for information interchange EBCDIC – Extended binary-coded decimal interchange code Unicode pp. 63-69Standard Alphanumeric Formats: Next 2 slides Standard Alphanumeric Formats BCD ASCII EBCDIC UnicodeBinary-Coded Decimal (BCD): Binary-Coded Decimal (BCD) Four bits per digit Note: the following bit patterns are not used: 1010 1011 1100 1101 1110 1111Example: Example 709310 = ? (in BCD) 7 0 9 3 0111 0000 1001 0011Standard Alphanumeric Formats: Next 22 slides Standard Alphanumeric Formats BCD ASCII EBCDIC UnicodeThe Problem: The Problem Representing text strings, such as “Hello, world”, in a computerCodes and Characters: Codes and Characters Each character is coded as a byte Most common coding system is ASCII (Pronounced ass-key) ASCII = American National Standard Code for Information Interchange Defined in ANSI document X3.4-1977ASCII Features: ASCII Features 7-bit code 8th bit is unused (or used for a parity bit) 27 = 128 codes Two general types of codes: 95 are “Graphic” codes (displayable on a console) 33 are “Control” codes (control features of the console or communications channel)ASCII Chart: ASCII Chart Slide18: Most significant bit Least significant bitSlide19: e.g., ‘a’ = 1100001 Slide20: 95 Graphic codesSlide21: 33 Control codes Slide22: Alphabetic codesSlide23: Numeric codes Slide24: Punctuation, etc. “Hello, world” Example: “Hello, world” ExampleCommon Control Codes: Common Control Codes CR 0D carriage return LF 0A line feed HT 09 horizontal tab DEL 7F delete NULL 00 null Hexadecimal codeTerminology: Terminology Learn the names of the special symbols [ ] brackets { } braces ( ) parentheses @ commercial ‘at’ sign & ampersand ~ tildeEscape Sequences: Escape Sequences Extend the capability of the ASCII code set For controlling terminals and formatting output Defined by ANSI in documents X3.41-1974 and X3.64-1977 The escape code is ESC = 1B16 An escape sequence begins with two codes: ESC [ 1B16 5B16Examples: Examples Erase display: ESC [ 2 J Erase line: ESC [ KStandard Alphanumeric Formats: Next 1 slides Standard Alphanumeric Formats BCD ASCII EBCDIC UnicodeEBCDIC: EBCDIC Extended BCD Interchange Code (pronounced ebb’-se-dick) 8-bit code Developed by IBM Rarely used today IBM mainframes only Standard Alphanumeric Formats: Next 2 slides Standard Alphanumeric Formats BCD ASCII EBCDIC UnicodeUnicode: Unicode 16-bit standard Developed by a consortia Intended to supercede older 7- and 8-bit codesUnicode Version 2.1: Unicode Version 2.1 1998 Improves on version 2.0 Includes the Euro sign (20AC16 = ) From the standard: …contains 38,887 distinct coded characters derived from the supported scripts. These characters cover the principal written languages of the Americas, Europe, the Middle East, Africa, India, Asia, and Pacifica. http://www.unicode.orgKeyboard Input: Keyboard Input Key (“scan”) codes are converted to ASCII ASCII code sent to host computer Received by the host as a “stream” of data Stored in buffer Processed Etc. pp. 69Shift Key: Shift Key inhibits bit 5 in the ASCII code a a ShiftControl Key: Control Key inhibits bits 5 & 6 in the ASCII code c c Ctrl ControlcodeOther Input: Other Input OCR – optical character recognition Bar code readers Voice/audio input Punched cards Images / objects Pointing devices pp. 69-86OCR: OCR Hello, world Page of text Optical scan 10110110… Computer fileOther Input: Other Input OCR – optical character recognition Bar code readers Voice/audio input Punched cards Images / objects Pointing devices pp. 69-86Bar Codes: Bar Codes An automatic identification (Auto ID) technology that streamlines identification and data collection See http://www.digital.net/barcoder/barcode.htmlOther Input: Other Input OCR – optical character recognition Bar code readers Voice/audio input Punched cards Images / objects Pointing devices pp. 69-86Voice/audio Input: Voice/audio Input Input device: microphone Audio input is “digitized” and stored Processed in two ways As is (no recognition) Recognized and converted to alphanumeric data (ASCII) Digitize 10110010…Other Input: Other Input OCR – optical character recognition Bar code readers Voice/audio input Punched cards Images / objects Pointing devices pp. 69-86Punched Cards: Punched Cards Invented by Herman Hollerith (founder of IBM) Each card holds 80 charactersOther Input: Other Input OCR – optical character recognition Bar code readers Voice/audio input Punched cards Images / objects Pointing devices pp. 69-86Images: Images Typically images are pictures that are optically scanned and saved as a “bit map” or in some other format Many formats gif, jpeg, … Typical “Save As” Dialog: Typical “Save As” DialogObjects: Objects Images made of geometrically definable shapes Offer efficiency, flexibility, small size, etc. Other Input: Other Input OCR – optical character recognition Bar code readers Voice/audio input Punched cards Images / objects Pointing devices pp. 69-86Pointing Devices: Pointing Devices Originally used for specifying coordinates (x, y) for graphical input Today used as general purpose device for “graphical user interfaces” (GUIs)Thank you: Thank you You do not have the permission to view this presentation. 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02 DataFormats Elliott Download Post to : URL : Related Presentations : Share Add to Flag Embed Email Send to Blogs and Networks Add to Channel Uploaded from authorPOINTLite Insert YouTube videos in PowerPont slides with aS Desktop Copy embed code: (To copy code, click on the text box) Embed: URL: Thumbnail: WordPress Embed Customize Embed The presentation is successfully added In Your Favorites. Views: 300 Category: Education License: All Rights Reserved Like it (1) Dislike it (0) Added: February 27, 2008 This Presentation is Public Favorites: 2 Presentation Description No description available. Comments Posting comment... By: thilini1986 (14 month(s) ago) this is very good slide set . Thanks Saving..... Post Reply Close Saving..... Edit Comment Close By: bunshin (36 month(s) ago) how to download? Saving..... Post Reply Close Saving..... Edit Comment Close Premium member Presentation Transcript 2. Data Formats: 2. Data Formats Chapt. 3Introduction: Introduction Examples pp. 59.-61 Input deviceFormat must be appropriate: Format must be appropriate The internal representation must be appropriate for the type of processing to take place (e.g., text, images, sound)Rules/Conventions: Rules/Conventions Proprietary formats Unique to a product or company E.g., Microsoft Word, Corel Word Perfect, IBM Lotus Notes Standards Evolve two ways: Proprietary formats become de facto standards (e.g., Adobe PostScript, Apple Quick Time) Committee is struck to solve a problem (Motion Pictures Experts Group, MPEG) pp. 61-62Standards Organizations: Standards Organizations ISO – International Standards Organization CSA – Canadian Standards Association ANSI – American National Standards Institute IEEE – Institute for Electrical and Electronics Engineers Etc. Examples of Standards: Examples of StandardsWhy Standards?: Why Standards? Standard are “arbitrary” They exist because they are Convenient Efficient Flexible Appropriate Etc.Alphanumeric Data: Alphanumeric Data Problem: Distinguishing between the number 123 (one hundred and twenty-three) and the characters “123” (one, two, three) Four standards for representing letters (alpha) and numbers BCD – Binary-coded decimal ASCII – American standard code for information interchange EBCDIC – Extended binary-coded decimal interchange code Unicode pp. 63-69Standard Alphanumeric Formats: Next 2 slides Standard Alphanumeric Formats BCD ASCII EBCDIC UnicodeBinary-Coded Decimal (BCD): Binary-Coded Decimal (BCD) Four bits per digit Note: the following bit patterns are not used: 1010 1011 1100 1101 1110 1111Example: Example 709310 = ? (in BCD) 7 0 9 3 0111 0000 1001 0011Standard Alphanumeric Formats: Next 22 slides Standard Alphanumeric Formats BCD ASCII EBCDIC UnicodeThe Problem: The Problem Representing text strings, such as “Hello, world”, in a computerCodes and Characters: Codes and Characters Each character is coded as a byte Most common coding system is ASCII (Pronounced ass-key) ASCII = American National Standard Code for Information Interchange Defined in ANSI document X3.4-1977ASCII Features: ASCII Features 7-bit code 8th bit is unused (or used for a parity bit) 27 = 128 codes Two general types of codes: 95 are “Graphic” codes (displayable on a console) 33 are “Control” codes (control features of the console or communications channel)ASCII Chart: ASCII Chart Slide18: Most significant bit Least significant bitSlide19: e.g., ‘a’ = 1100001 Slide20: 95 Graphic codesSlide21: 33 Control codes Slide22: Alphabetic codesSlide23: Numeric codes Slide24: Punctuation, etc. “Hello, world” Example: “Hello, world” ExampleCommon Control Codes: Common Control Codes CR 0D carriage return LF 0A line feed HT 09 horizontal tab DEL 7F delete NULL 00 null Hexadecimal codeTerminology: Terminology Learn the names of the special symbols [ ] brackets { } braces ( ) parentheses @ commercial ‘at’ sign & ampersand ~ tildeEscape Sequences: Escape Sequences Extend the capability of the ASCII code set For controlling terminals and formatting output Defined by ANSI in documents X3.41-1974 and X3.64-1977 The escape code is ESC = 1B16 An escape sequence begins with two codes: ESC [ 1B16 5B16Examples: Examples Erase display: ESC [ 2 J Erase line: ESC [ KStandard Alphanumeric Formats: Next 1 slides Standard Alphanumeric Formats BCD ASCII EBCDIC UnicodeEBCDIC: EBCDIC Extended BCD Interchange Code (pronounced ebb’-se-dick) 8-bit code Developed by IBM Rarely used today IBM mainframes only Standard Alphanumeric Formats: Next 2 slides Standard Alphanumeric Formats BCD ASCII EBCDIC UnicodeUnicode: Unicode 16-bit standard Developed by a consortia Intended to supercede older 7- and 8-bit codesUnicode Version 2.1: Unicode Version 2.1 1998 Improves on version 2.0 Includes the Euro sign (20AC16 = ) From the standard: …contains 38,887 distinct coded characters derived from the supported scripts. These characters cover the principal written languages of the Americas, Europe, the Middle East, Africa, India, Asia, and Pacifica. http://www.unicode.orgKeyboard Input: Keyboard Input Key (“scan”) codes are converted to ASCII ASCII code sent to host computer Received by the host as a “stream” of data Stored in buffer Processed Etc. pp. 69Shift Key: Shift Key inhibits bit 5 in the ASCII code a a ShiftControl Key: Control Key inhibits bits 5 & 6 in the ASCII code c c Ctrl ControlcodeOther Input: Other Input OCR – optical character recognition Bar code readers Voice/audio input Punched cards Images / objects Pointing devices pp. 69-86OCR: OCR Hello, world Page of text Optical scan 10110110… Computer fileOther Input: Other Input OCR – optical character recognition Bar code readers Voice/audio input Punched cards Images / objects Pointing devices pp. 69-86Bar Codes: Bar Codes An automatic identification (Auto ID) technology that streamlines identification and data collection See http://www.digital.net/barcoder/barcode.htmlOther Input: Other Input OCR – optical character recognition Bar code readers Voice/audio input Punched cards Images / objects Pointing devices pp. 69-86Voice/audio Input: Voice/audio Input Input device: microphone Audio input is “digitized” and stored Processed in two ways As is (no recognition) Recognized and converted to alphanumeric data (ASCII) Digitize 10110010…Other Input: Other Input OCR – optical character recognition Bar code readers Voice/audio input Punched cards Images / objects Pointing devices pp. 69-86Punched Cards: Punched Cards Invented by Herman Hollerith (founder of IBM) Each card holds 80 charactersOther Input: Other Input OCR – optical character recognition Bar code readers Voice/audio input Punched cards Images / objects Pointing devices pp. 69-86Images: Images Typically images are pictures that are optically scanned and saved as a “bit map” or in some other format Many formats gif, jpeg, … Typical “Save As” Dialog: Typical “Save As” DialogObjects: Objects Images made of geometrically definable shapes Offer efficiency, flexibility, small size, etc. Other Input: Other Input OCR – optical character recognition Bar code readers Voice/audio input Punched cards Images / objects Pointing devices pp. 69-86Pointing Devices: Pointing Devices Originally used for specifying coordinates (x, y) for graphical input Today used as general purpose device for “graphical user interfaces” (GUIs)Thank you: Thank you