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Modern Protist Diversity: 

Modern Protist Diversity

Plant Clades: 

Plant Clades

Plant Clades: 

Plant Clades Phylum/Division Bryophyta Phylum/Division Pterophyta Phylum/Division Coniferophyta Phylum/Division Anthophyta

From Algae to Plants: 

From Algae to Plants The ancestor of all plants was a green alga Green algae have plant-like chloroplasts, plant-like cell walls, and a plant-like energy storage molecule (starch)… etc. The ancestor of plants probably was a green alga that lived whole or partially in very shallow water, perhaps susceptible to periodic drying up Those algae that could continue to metabolize despite not being completely covered with water presumably possessed a selective advantage—including shading those algae restricted to water The first roots were stems (stipes) that physically connected out-of-water portions of algae with still-in-water portions Water diffused over short stems to keep above-water, actively photosynthesizing tissues from desiccating

Chara: 

Chara Gametangia Oogonium Antheridium

The Challenges of Land: 

The Challenges of Land Algae: Get minerals and water from surrounding water Have their bodies supported by surrounding water Their sperm and spores swim through the water Plants: Get their Minerals and Water from soil Soil is subject to desiccation Soil also is opaque to sunlight Do not have their weight supported by surrounding water Do not have, or have less water for sperm and spores to swim through To survive on land, plant ancestors had to address these challenges

Evolution of First Plant: 

Evolution of First Plant

Plant Innovations: 

Plant Innovations Waxy cuticles (water proofing) Stomata (holes in above) Dominant sporophyte Vascular tissue Woody tissue Pollen (non-motile sperm carrier; also male gametophyte) Seeds (embryo carrier) Flowers Fruit

Timing of Innovations: 

Timing of Innovations

Plant Innovations: 

Plant Innovations Waxy cuticles Stomata Dominant sporophyte Vascular tissue Woody tissue Pollen Seeds Flowers Fruit

Waxy Cuticle: 

Waxy Cuticle

Flaccid / Wilted: 

Flaccid / Wilted

Plant Innovations: 

Plant Innovations Waxy cuticles Stomata Dominant sporophyte Vascular tissue Woody tissue Pollen Seeds Flowers Fruit

Gas Exchange: 

Gas Exchange

Stomata: 

Stomata

Guard Cells: 

Guard Cells Air in, Water out no Air in, no Water out

Plant Innovations: 

Plant Innovations Waxy cuticles Stomata Dominant sporophyte Vascular tissue Woody tissue Pollen Seeds Flowers Fruit

Dominant Sporophyte: 

Dominant Sporophyte

Plant Innovations: 

Plant Innovations Waxy cuticles Stomata Dominant sporophyte Vascular tissue Woody tissue Pollen Seeds Flowers Fruit

Vasculature (etc.): 

Vasculature (etc.) 90% of water passed up through Xylem is transpired out of plant through stomata Photosynthate moves down from leaves, Minerals and Water move up from roots

Plant Innovations: 

Plant Innovations Waxy cuticles Stomata Dominant sporophyte Vascular tissue Woody tissue Pollen Seeds Flowers Fruit

Cellulose  Cell Walls: 

Cellulose  Cell Walls

Lignin  Woody Tissue: 

Lignin  Woody Tissue

Fungi  Aerobic Decay: 

Fungi  Aerobic Decay

Coal  Anaerobic Decay: 

Coal  Anaerobic Decay

Plant Innovations: 

Plant Innovations Waxy cuticles Stomata Dominant sporophyte Vascular tissue Woody tissue Pollen Seeds Flowers Fruit

Alternation of Generations: 

Alternation of Generations

Alternation of Generations: 

Alternation of Generations

Syngamy: 

Syngamy Isogametes Oogamy Anisogametes

Chara – Only Zygote is Diploid: 

Chara – Only Zygote is Diploid Gametangia Oogonium Antheridium Zygote

Delaying Meiosis: 

Delaying Meiosis

Fruit and Seeds: 

Fruit and Seeds Pericarp the fruit wall (derived from the ovary of the pistil) which is composed of the exocarp, mesocarp and endocarp (the three layers are not always recognizable, eg. dry fruit)

Parts of a fruit: 

Parts of a fruit Peach Endocarp the innermost layer of the pericarp (often hard, stony or papery)  Mesocarp the middle layer of the pericarp (often fleshy) Exocarp   the outermost layer of the pericarp (often like a skin or peel).

Parts of a fruit: 

Parts of a fruit Rind--Lemon tough, leathery covering on manyfruits either composed of the exocarp (melon) or the exocarp and mesocarp (orange).

Parts of a fruit: 

Parts of a fruit Apple accessory tissue fruit parts not directly derived from the ovary, for example, receptacle tissue of pomes (apple) and the husks of nuts (acorn, pecan).

Simple Fruit : 

Simple Fruit derived from a single flower with a single ovary (pistil). dry dehiscent fruit--pericarp splits open at maturity.legume  or  pod contains one locule that splits along two sutures. (bean, pea, peanut, mimosa) legume  or  pod

follicle : 

follicle contains one locule that splits along one or more suture. (larkspur, sweet gum,  magnolia) Follicle--Sweet Gum and Magnolia

capsule : 

capsule contains three or more locules that split along three or more sutures. (okra, golden rain tree, tallow tree) Okra

Dry indehiscent fruit-: 

Dry indehiscent fruit- pericarp dries, but does not split open at maturity. Samara one or two seeded with pericarp  flattened into wings.  (maple, ash) Ash

Caryopsis  or  grain : 

Caryopsis  or  grain one seeded fruit with seed fused to the pericarp. (wheat, corn, grain)

Achene : 

Achene one seeded fruit with seed free from pericarp. Sunflower

Nut : 

Nut similiar to an achene, but one seeded by abortion and partially (acorn) or entirely  enclosed by a husk. (pecan, walnut) Pecan and Oak

Fleshy fruit: 

Fleshy fruit pericarp does not dry at maturity Berry entire pericarp is fleshy. (grape, tomato) Tomato

Pepo : 

Pepo a type of berry, with the exocarp as a hard rind. (melon, cucumbers, squash) Squash

Hesperidium : 

Hesperidium a type of berry, with the exocarp and mesocarp as a hard rind and the endocarp composed of juice vesicles. (citrus-orange, lemon, lime) Lemon

Drupe  or  stone : 

Drupe  or  stone a single-seeded fruit with a skin-like exocarp (fuzzy or smooth) fleshy mesocarp and a hard stony endocarp. (peach, cherry, plum, coconut) Peach

Pome : 

Pome a paper-like pericarp containing a thickened, fleshy receptacle or hypanthium. (apple, pear, pomengranate)

Dry and fleshy fruits: 

Dry and fleshy fruits

Aggregate Fruit : 

Aggregate Fruit a fruit derived from a single flower with many pistils. (blackberry, strawberry) Strawberry

Multiple Fruit : 

Multiple Fruit a fruit derived from several or multiple flowers clustered along a common axis. (mulberry, fig, pineapple Pineapple

More Spores / Fertilization: 

More Spores / Fertilization

Ulva: 

Ulva Green Algae Alternation of Generations Isomorphic Isogamic

Laminaria: 

Laminaria Brown Algae Alternation of Generations Heteromorphic Oogamic Conspicuous Sporophyte

Bryophyte Life Cycle: 

Bryophyte Life Cycle Plant (modified green algae) Alternation of Generations Heteromorphic Oogamic Conspicuous Gametophyte

Bryophyte Clades: 

Bryophyte Clades

Liverwort Life Cycle: 

Liverwort Life Cycle

Hornwort (Bryophyte): 

Hornwort (Bryophyte) Sporophyte Gametophyte

Pteridophyte Clades: 

Pteridophyte Clades

Lycophytes: 

Lycophytes

Recall Bryophyte Life Cycle: 

Recall Bryophyte Life Cycle

Pterophyte Life Cycle: 

Pterophyte Life Cycle

Plant Innovations: 

Plant Innovations Waxy cuticles Stomata Dominant sporophyte Vascular tissue Woody tissue Pollen Seeds Flowers Fruit

Comparative Life Histories: 

Comparative Life Histories

Comparative Life Histories: 

Comparative Life Histories

Some Seed-Bearing-Plant Anatomy: 

Some Seed-Bearing-Plant Anatomy

Homospory: 

Homospory Most Ferns are Homosporous

Heterospory: 

Heterospory Seed-Bearing Plants often are Heterosporous

Homo vs. Heterospory: 

Homo vs. Heterospory

Plant Innovations: 

Plant Innovations Waxy cuticles Stomata Dominant sporophyte Vascular tissue Woody tissue Pollen Seeds Flowers Fruit

Pollen: 

Pollen

Heterospory: 

Heterospory

Pollen & Pollen Tube: 

Pollen & Pollen Tube

Plant Innovations: 

Plant Innovations Waxy cuticles Stomata Dominant sporophyte Vascular tissue Woody tissue Pollen Seeds Flowers Fruit

Ovule to Seeds: 

Ovule to Seeds Sporophyte (grandparent) Gametophyte (haploid parent) Progeny (next generation) Sporangium Gametangium

Seeds: 

Seeds

Recall Pterophyte Life Cycle: 

Recall Pterophyte Life Cycle

Coniferophyte Life Cycle: 

Coniferophyte Life Cycle

Coniferophyte Life Cycle: 

Coniferophyte Life Cycle

Plant Innovations: 

Plant Innovations Waxy cuticles Stomata Dominant sporophyte Vascular tissue Woody tissue Pollen Seeds Flowers Fruit

Flower: 

Flower

Flower Cross Section: 

Flower Cross Section

Pigmented Sepals: 

Pigmented Sepals

Evolutoin of Flower Structure: 

Evolutoin of Flower Structure

Recall Coniferophyte Life Cycle: 

Recall Coniferophyte Life Cycle

Anthophyte Life Cycle: 

Anthophyte Life Cycle

Double Fertilization: 

Double Fertilization

Seven-Cell Gametophyte: 

Seven-Cell Gametophyte

Plant Innovations: 

Plant Innovations Waxy cuticles Stomata Dominant sporophyte Vascular tissue Woody tissue Pollen Seeds Flowers Fruit

Fruit: 

Fruit

Flower to Fruit: 

Flower to Fruit

Monocot vs. Dicot: 

Monocot vs. Dicot

Monocot: 

Monocot

Dicot: 

Dicot

Overview: Bryophytes (moss): 

Overview: Bryophytes (moss)

Overview: Pterophytes (ferns): 

Overview: Pterophytes (ferns)

Overview: Coniferophytes (pines): 

Overview: Coniferophytes (pines)

Overview: Anthophytes (flowering): 

Overview: Anthophytes (flowering)

Link to Next Presentation: 

Link to Next Presentation

Acknowledgements: 

Acknowledgements http://www.abdn.ac.uk/~gen155/lectures/l34%20webversion.ppt Note that the previous fruit lecture is from: http://www.ideal.upm.edu.my/~ideal/tugasan/bacelor/BGY3201_presentation1.ppt

Fruit: 

Fruit

Fruit: 

Fruit