Slide1: Duplicate Publication and Related Issues Molly C. Dougherty, PhD, RN Professor Editor, Nursing Research The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Nursing Chapel Hill, North Carolina


Slide2: Key Roles in Scientific Writing


Slide3: Relationships Are Active, Dynamic, Alive


Slide4: Think about changing partners, having new partners. Think about partners, steps, melodies, lyrics. Publication As Dancing


Slide5: Compare Dancing to the Roles


Related Issues in Publishing: Related Issues in Publishing Intellectual property rights Authorship Open Peer Review at Nursing Research Duplicate publication and plagiarism


Intellectual Property Rights: Intellectual Property Rights


Intellectual Property Rights: Intellectual Property Rights Western idea Protected by law Fundamental in academic publishing


Writer or Inventor: Writer or Inventor Owns unique creations May sell or assign ownership to another


Creations Include:: Creations Include: Music Film Manuscripts Novel items (inventions)


Copyright and Patent Lawin the United States: Copyright and Patent Law in the United States Venerable Stimulus to innovation


Internet Has Brought Challenges: Internet Has Brought Challenges Laws passed during the heyday of print media Interpretation of laws will be modified – court cases


Current Controversies: Current Controversies Ethics in publishing Blurring fact and fiction Accuracy, truthfulness of reports Emphasis on market


Author’s False Identity Disclosed: Author’s False Identity Disclosed Source: The Arizona Republic


Examples of Copyright Law: Examples of Copyright Law Show pervasive presence Economic value of creations


Example: Wal-Mart Images: Example: Wal-Mart Images


Commercial Valueof Intellectual Property: Commercial Value of Intellectual Property The News & Observer Raleigh NC USA


Traditional Copyright Dance: Traditional Copyright Dance Author assigns manuscript copyright to Publisher


Copyright Transfer: Copyright Transfer Author relinquishes rights to reproduce or distribute Some exceptions Personal use Instruction


Publisher Produces Journal: Publisher Produces Journal Includes Author’s article Reader values novel information Pays Publisher for access Traditional dance: journal subscription Modern dance: access online


Value to Publisher: Value to Publisher Copyright assures exclusive opportunity Duplicate and distribute information Information has market value Unique and novel to Readers Readers pay Publisher for information


Value in Marketplace: Value in Marketplace Novel information Purchased by readers Previously published information Not novel Less value


Limitations of Traditional Dance: Limitations of Traditional Dance Author may not reproduce content in other journals, media, or articles Publisher may release copyright for publication by author or others (fee involved for others)


Other Dance Steps: Other Dance Steps Author gives publisher limited right to distribute but retains copyright ownership Important if creation has lasting value Conditions for distribution are specified


Roles in Duplicate Publication: Roles in Duplicate Publication


Background Music in Duplicate Publication: Background Music in Duplicate Publication Researchers: Value own work Passionate about its importance Represent own interests to attract grant funding These steps permit partiality by researcher.


Origins of Problems: Origins of Problems Scientific standards of conduct require accuracy and truth. Researchers allow their interests to dominate. Exaggerate importance Go beyond findings Take shortcuts (duplicate publication or plagiarism) Consequences


Science Involves Several Steps: Science Involves Several Steps Creative idea Proposal and support for research Conducting research Reporting findings


Science Is a Complex Dance: Science Is a Complex Dance Creativity for idea generation Assertion and self-interest in obtaining support Impartiality Analysis of knowledge base Reporting results Many steps = potential for missteps


Authorship: Authorship


Authorship Defined: Authorship Defined Single author Multiple authors Write, write a part, edit Contribute proposal, single aspect of project Direct a lab


Oversight: Oversight Authorship disclosures Role of each person and signature of each person Systems more transparent More information available – Internet


Required of All Authors: Required of All Authors Participation in manuscript preparation Agreement to accept accountability for content of the paper Authorship problems signal deeper, quality issues


What Journals Require: What Journals Require Examine guidelines for authors Nursing journals AJN requires more than Nursing Research Medical journals require explicit Financial disclosure Contribution to project Importance of financial interests


Authorship Problems: Authorship Problems Inclusion of coauthor who did not contribute: positively influences editorial process Omission of author who did contribute: suggests disagreement about contribution Disclaimer of involvement by coauthor (after publication): suggests coauthor’s concerns about research quality


Slide36: Help for Authors Fifteen manuscripts posted on Nursing Research Web site http://www.nursing-research-editor.com/ Goal: make review process more transparent.


Slide37: Open Manuscript Review: Elements Online Original manuscript submitted Reviews of the manuscript Relevant correspondence Readers can see editorial process and compare original and published products.


Slide38: Open Manuscript Review: Recent Developments Less favorable reviews included Of special interest ENRS supplement (March/April 2006) #9 Gigliotti (May/June 2006)


Emphasis at Nursing Research: Emphasis at Nursing Research Areas in which knowledge is growing Intervention studies Underrepresented populations Translation research


Duplicate Publicationand Plagiarism: Duplicate Publication and Plagiarism


Duplicate Publication: Duplicate Publication Publication of a paper Overlaps substantially with one already published in print or electronic media Also called self-plagiarism


Duplicate Publication: Duplicate Publication Deprives publisher Exclusive right and right to profit (financial, economic interests) Dissemination of information owned


Plagiarism: Plagiarism Occurs when an individual: Duplicates the work of another author and Does not acknowledge original source


United States Copyright Law: United States Copyright Law Views potential financial loss to publisher Actionable in court of law First publisher owns the copyright


Duplicate Publication: Example 1: Duplicate Publication: Example 1 Publish too many articles from dissertation Split document into small publishable units Not cite other publications from dissertation Submit one manuscript to multiple journals


Duplicate Publication:Example 2: Duplicate Publication: Example 2 Publish multiple articles from long-term research program Fail to clarify building current manuscript on previous articles Duplicate large sections from earlier articles Excess self-citation


Duplicate Publication:Example 3: Duplicate Publication: Example 3 Translates and publishes article (another language, another journal) Fails to cite original publication Fails to obtain release from publisher (copyright holder)


Duplicate Publication:Example 4: Duplicate Publication: Example 4 Completes research of interest to scientists and clinicians Prepares and submits manuscripts for each audience Content highly redundant


Alternatives to Example 4: Alternatives to Example 4 Include all implications in one article Publish in journal with wide distribution Publish first article in research journal, then query clinical journals about clinically focused article derived from first article


Measurement Instruments: Measurement Instruments Potential lasting value Author should not: Sign copyright transfer to include instrument Publish most items on instrument Make instrument available from author


Avoid Duplicate Publication:First Steps: Avoid Duplicate Publication: First Steps Know definition of duplicate publication Understand copyright dance


Avoid Duplicate Publication:Intermediate Steps: Avoid Duplicate Publication: Intermediate Steps Dance with Editor Disclose other manuscripts Highlight novel information Send related abstracts Send articles or URLs on request Cite all related manuscripts; include manuscripts under review


Avoid Duplicate Publication:Advanced Steps: Avoid Duplicate Publication: Advanced Steps Understand conditions for authorship Publish comprehensive articles Avoid smallest publishable unit approach


Professional Challenges: Professional Challenges Verbalize concerns about criteria for career advancement Urge evaluating quality and contribution of publications Discourage focus on number of publications


Summary of Issues in Publishing: Summary of Issues in Publishing Intellectual property rights Authorship Open Peer Review at Nursing Research Duplicate publication and plagiarism


Slide56: Most important... keep on writing.


Slide57: The dance and music continue.


Slide59: The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill ~ NC, USA