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Premium member Presentation Transcript PowerPoint Presentation: Basic Electronics Sold & Serviced By: ELECTROMATE Toll Free Phone (877) SERVO98 Toll Free Fax (877) SERV099 www.electromate.com sales@electromate.comPowerPoint Presentation: Basic Electronics (Outline) • The Elements of Electricity • Volt-Ohm-Meter Basics (Measuring Electricity) • Circuit Diagrams Basics (Electronic Roadmaps) • The Resistor • Ohm’s Law • The Capacitor • The Inductor • The Diode • The Transistor (Electronic Valve) Sold & Serviced By: ELECTROMATE Toll Free Phone (877) SERVO98 Toll Free Fax (877) SERV099 www.electromate.com sales@electromate.comPowerPoint Presentation: The Elements of Electricity • Voltage • Current • Resistance • Types of Current: AC and DC • Circuits - Closed - Open - Short Sold & Serviced By: ELECTROMATE Toll Free Phone (877) SERVO98 Toll Free Fax (877) SERV099 www.electromate.com sales@electromate.comPowerPoint Presentation: Voltage, Current, and Resistance • Water flowing through a hose is a good way to imagine electricity Water is like Electrons in a wire (flowing electrons are called Current ) Pressure is the force pushing water through a hose - Voltage is the force pushing electrons through a wire Friction against the holes walls slows the flow of water - Resistance is an impediment that slows the flow of electrons Sold & Serviced By: ELECTROMATE Toll Free Phone (877) SERVO98 Toll Free Fax (877) SERV099 www.electromate.com sales@electromate.comPowerPoint Presentation: Forms of Current • There are 2 types of current - The form is determined by the directions the current flows through a conductor • Direct Current ( DC ) - Flows in only one direction from negative toward positive pole of source • Alternating Current ( AC ) - Flows back and forth because the poles of the source alternate between positive and negative Sold & Serviced By: ELECTROMATE Toll Free Phone (877) SERVO98 Toll Free Fax (877) SERV099 www.electromate.com sales@electromate.comPowerPoint Presentation: AC Current Vocabulary Time Period of One Cycle Sold & Serviced By: ELECTROMATE Toll Free Phone (877) SERVO98 Toll Free Fax (877) SERV099 www.electromate.com sales@electromate.comPowerPoint Presentation: Circuits • A circuit is a path for current to flow • Three basic kinds of circuits - Open - the path is broken and interrupts current flow - Closed - the path is complete and current flows were it is intended - Short - an unintended low resistance path that divers current Sold & Serviced By: ELECTROMATE Toll Free Phone (877) SERVO98 Toll Free Fax (877) SERV099 www.electromate.com sales@electromate.comPowerPoint Presentation: Circuits Sold & Serviced By: ELECTROMATE Toll Free Phone (877) SERVO98 Toll Free Fax (877) SERV099 www.electromate.com sales@electromate.comPowerPoint Presentation: Volt-Ohm-Meter (VOM) Basics (Measuring Electricity) • Common Functions - Voltage • AC/DC • Ranges - Current • AC/DC • Ranges - Resistance (DC only) • Ranges • Continuity - Semi-conductor Performance • Transistors • Diodes - Capacitance Sold & Serviced By: ELECTROMATE Toll Free Phone (877) SERVO98 Toll Free Fax (877) SERV099 www.electromate.com sales@electromate.comPowerPoint Presentation: Volt-Ohm-Meter Basic Meter Reading Digits DC Voltage Scales AC Voltage Scales Function Selection Jacks Sold & Serviced By: ELECTROMATE Toll Free Phone (877) SERVO98 Toll Free Fax (877) SERV099 www.electromate.com sales@electromate.comPowerPoint Presentation: Volt-Ohm-Meter Basic DC Current (low) DC Current (high) Resistance Transistor Checker Diode Checker Sold & Serviced By: ELECTROMATE Toll Free Phone (877) SERVO98 Toll Free Fax (877) SERV099 www.electromate.com sales@electromate.comPowerPoint Presentation: Measuring Current Negativ e Source Sold & Serviced By: Positive ELECTROMATE Toll Free Phone (877) SERVO98 Toll Free Fax (877) SERV099 www.electromate.com sales@electromate.comPowerPoint Presentation: Measuring Resistance • When the VOM is used to measure resistance, what actually is measured is a small current applied to the component. • There are 5 ranges. An out of resistance reading will be indicated by a single “1” digit. Remember k means multiply the reading by 1000. • Operating voltages should be removed from the component under test or you could damage the VOM at worst, or the readin Sold & Se could be in error at best. rviced By: ELECTROMATE Toll Free Phone (877) SERVO98 Toll Free Fax (877) SERV099 www.electromate.com sales@electromate.comPowerPoint Presentation: Circuit Diagrams Basics (Electronic Roadmaps) • Component Representations - Resistor - Ground - Capacitor - Inductor - Diode - Transistor - Integrated circuit - Special Sold & Serviced By: ELECTROMATE Toll Free Phone (877) SERVO98 Toll Free Fax (877) SERV099 www.electromate.com sales@electromate.comPowerPoint Presentation: Project T.V. Remote Decoder Circuit Circuit Diagrams Basics 78L05 +9V 1N4001 SW6 .1uF 330 +5 Volts to Relays 1 8 Vcc Gnd 2 7 4.7K GP5 GP0 3 6 GP4 GP1 4 5 Vcc GP3 GP2 SW5 Gnd N.O. Out SW4 SW3 SW2 +5V +5V +5V K4 330 K3 330 330 K2 LED LED LED 4.7K 4.7K 4.7K 2N3904 2N3904 2N3904 Note: y Internal pull-up resistors are used on 12F265 pins GP0, GP1, GP2, GP4, GP5 y External pull-up resistor required on GP3 y Protection diodes are internal to K1 - K4 y Switchs SW1 - SW4 are internal to K1 - K4 SW1 +5V 330 K1 LED 4.7K 2N3904 Sold & Serviced By: ELECTROMATE Toll Free Phone (877) SERVO98 Toll Free Fax (877) SERV099 www.electromate.com sales@electromate.comPowerPoint Presentation: Resistor Fixed Variable Sold & Serviced By: ELECTROMATE Toll Free Phone (877) SERVO98 Toll Free Fax (877) SERV099 www.electromate.com sales@electromate.comPowerPoint Presentation: Ground Earth Chassis Sold & Serviced By: ELECTROMATE Toll Free Phone (877) SERVO98 Toll Free Fax (877) SERV099 www.electromate.com sales@electromate.comPowerPoint Presentation: Capacitor Sold & Serviced By: Fixed Variable ELECTROMATE Toll Free Phone (877) SERVO98 Toll Free Fax (877) SERV099 www.electromate.com sales@electromate.comPowerPoint Presentation: Inductor Sold & Serviced By: Variable Air Core Iron Core ELECTROMATE Toll Free Phone (877) SERVO98 Toll Free Fax (877) SERV099 www.electromate.com sales@electromate.comPowerPoint Presentation: Diode General Purpose Zener Li Sold & Serviced By: Emitting ELECTROMATE 7) SERVO98 ) SERV099 ate.com ( TTosales@electro mate.comPowerPoint Presentation: Transistor NPN PNP FET Sold & Serviced By: ELECTROMATE Toll Free Phone (877) SERVO98 Toll Free Fax (877) SERV099 www.electromate.com sales@electromate.comPowerPoint Presentation: Integrated circuit 1 14 2 13 3 12 4 11 5 10 6 9 7 8 Sold & Serviced By: ELECTROMATE Toll Free Phone (877) SERVO98 Toll Free Fax (877) SERV099 www.electromate.com sales@electromate.comPowerPoint Presentation: Special V Battery Fuse Speaker Antenna Voltmeter A Sold & Serviced By: ELECTROMATE Toll Free Phone (877) SERVO98 Toll Free Fax (877) SERV099 Ampmeter www.electromate.com sales@electromate.comPowerPoint Presentation: The Resistor • Resistance defined • Resistance values - Ohms - color code interpretation - Power dissipation • Resistors in circuits - Series - Parallel - Combination Sold & Serviced By: ELECTROMATE Toll Free Phone (877) SERVO98 Toll Free Fax (877) SERV099 www.electromate.com sales@electromate.comPowerPoint Presentation: Resistance Defined • Resistance is the impediment to the flow of electrons through a conductor - (friction to moving electrons) - Where there ’s friction, there is heat generated - All materials exhibit some resistance, even the best of conductors • Unit measured in Ohm(s) - From 1/10 of Ohms to millions of Ohms Sold & Serviced By: ELECTROMATE Toll Free Phone (877) SERVO98 Toll Free Fax (877) SERV099 www.electromate.com sales@electromate.comPowerPoint Presentation: Resistor Types • Fixed Value • Variable value • Composite resistive material • Wire-wound • Two parameters associated with resistors - Resistance value in Ohms - Power handling capabilities in watts Sold & Serviced By: ELECTROMATE Toll Free Phone (877) SERVO98 Toll Free Fax (877) SERV099 www.electromate.com sales@electromate.comPowerPoint Presentation: All 1000 Ohm Resistors 1/8 ¼ ½ 1 2 20 Sold & Serviced By: ELECTROMATE Toll Free Phone (877) SERVO98 Toll Free Fax (877) SERV099 www.electromate.com sales@electromate.comPowerPoint Presentation: Resistor Types Sold & Serviced By: ELECTROMATE Toll Free Phone (877) SERVO98 Toll Free Fax (877) SERV099 www.electromate.com sales@electromate.comPowerPoint Presentation: Resistor Types Sold & Serviced By: ELECTROMATE Toll Free Phone (877) SERVO98 Toll Free Fax (877) SERV099 www.electromate.com sales@electromate.comPowerPoint Presentation: Inside a Resistor Sold & Serviced By: ELECTROMATE Toll Free Phone (877) SERVO98 Toll Free Fax (877) SERV099 www.electromate.com sales@electromate.comPowerPoint Presentation: Reading Resistor Color Codes 1. Turn resistor so gold, silver band, or space is at right 2. Note the color of the two left hand color bands 3. The left most band is the left hand value digit 4. The next band to the right is the second value digit 5. Note the color of the third band from the left, this is the multiplier Sold & Serviced By: 6. Multiply the 2 value digits by the multiplier ELECTROMATE Toll Free Phone (877) SERVO98 Toll Free Fax (877) SERV099 www.electromate.com sales@electromate.comPowerPoint Presentation: Reading Resistor Color Codes Sold & Serviced By: ELECTROMATE Toll Free Phone (877) SERVO98 Toll Free Fax (877) SERV099 www.electromate.com sales@electromate.comPowerPoint Presentation: Reading Resistor Color Codes (Practice Problems) 1. Orange, orange, red? 2. Yellow, violet, orange? 3. Brown, black, brown? 4. Brown, black, green? 5. Red, red, red? 6. Blue, gray, orange? 7. Orange, white, orange? Sold & Serviced By: ELECTROMATE Toll Free Phone (877) SERVO98 Toll Free Fax (877) SERV099 www.electromate.com sales@electromate.comPowerPoint Presentation: Power dissipation • Resistance generates heat and the component must be able to dissipate this heat to prevent damage. • Physical size (the surface area available to dissipate heat) is a good indicator of how much heat (power) a resistor can handle • Measured in watts • Common values ¼, ½, 1, 5, 10 etc Sold & Serviced By: ELECTROMATE Toll Free Phone (877) SERVO98 Toll Free Fax (877) SERV099 www.electromate.com sales@electromate.comPowerPoint Presentation: Resistors in Circuits Series • Looking at the current path, if there is only one path, the components are in series. Sold & Serviced By: ELECTROMATE Toll Free Phone (877) SERVO98 Toll Free Fax (877) SERV099 www.electromate.com sales@electromate.comPowerPoint Presentation: Resistors in Circuits Series R E = R 1 + R 2 + R n Sold & Serviced By: ELECTROMATE Toll Free Phone (877) SERVO98 Toll Free Fax (877) SERV099 www.electromate.com sales@electromate.comPowerPoint Presentation: Resistors in Circuits Series R 1 R 2 Calculate Measured d R E R E 100 100 100K 10K 4.7K 4.7K 330 4.7K Sold & Serviced By: ELECTROMATE Toll Free Phone (877) SERVO98 Toll Free Fax (877) SERV099 www.electromate.com sales@electromate.comPowerPoint Presentation: Resistors in Circuits Parallel • If there is more than one way for the current to complete its path, the circuit is a parallel circuit. Sold & Serviced By: ELECTROMATE Toll Free Phone (877) SERVO98 Toll Free Fax (877) SERV099 www.electromate.com sales@electromate.comPowerPoint Presentation: Resistors in Circuits Parallel R 1 R R = 2 = 1 E R 1 + R 2 1 1 1 + + R 1 R 2 R n Sold & Serviced By: ELECTROMATE Toll Free Phone (877) SERVO98 Toll Free Fax (877) SERV099 www.electromate.com sales@electromate.comPowerPoint Presentation: Resistors in Circuits Parallel R 1 R 2 Calculate Measured d R E R E 100 100 100K 10K 4.7K 10K 330 4.7K Sold & Serviced By: ELECTROMATE Toll Free Phone (877) SERVO98 Toll Free Fax (877) SERV099 www.electromate.com sales@electromate.comPowerPoint Presentation: Resistors in Circuits Parallel Challenge • Make a circuit with 3 resistors in parallel, calculate the equivalent resistance then measure it. § R 1 = 330 ohm § R 2 = 10 k-ohm § R 3 = 4.7 k-ohm Sold & Serviced By: ELECTROMATE Toll Free Phone (877) SERVO98 Toll Free Fax (877) SERV099 www.electromate.com sales@electromate.comPowerPoint Presentation: Resistors in Circuits Mixed • If the path for the current in a portion of the circuit is a single path, and in another portion of the circuit has multiple routes, the circuit is a mix of series and parallel. Sold & Serviced By: Parallel ELECTROMATE Toll Free Phone (877) SERVO98 Toll Free Fax (877) SERV099 www.electromate.com sales@electromate.comPowerPoint Presentation: Resistors in Circuits Mixed R 1 330 • Take the parallel segment of the circuit and calculate the equivalent resistance: R 2 4.7K R 3 2.2K R E = R 2 R 3 Sold & Serviced By: R 2 + R 3 ELECTROMATE Toll Free Phone (877) SERVO98 Toll Free Fax (877) SERV099 www.electromate.com sales@electromate.comPowerPoint Presentation: Resistors in Circuits Mixed R 1 330 • We now can look at the simplified circuit as shown here. The parallel resistors have been replaced by a single resistor with a value of 1498 ohms. • Calculate the resistance of this series circuit: R 1 + R E R E =1498 Sold & Serviced By: ELECTROMATE Toll Free Phone (877) SERVO98 Toll Free Fax (877) SERV099 www.electromate.com sales@electromate.comPowerPoint Presentation: Resistors in Circuits Mixed • In this problem, divide the problem into sections, solve each section and then combine them all back into the whole. • R 1 = 330 • R 2 = 1K • R 3 = 2.2K • R 4 = 4.7K R 1 R 2 R 4 R 3 Sold & Serviced By: ELECTROMATE Toll Free Phone (877) SERVO98 Toll Free Fax (877) SERV099 www.electromate.com sales@electromate.comPowerPoint Presentation: Resistors in Circuits Mixed R 2 • Looking at this portion of the circuit, the resistors are in series. § R 2 = 1k-ohm § R 3 = 2.2 k-ohm R E = R + R 3 R Sold & Serviced By: ELECTROMATE Toll Free Phone (877) SERVO98 2 3 Toll Free Fax (877) SERV099 www.electromate.com sales@electromate.comPowerPoint Presentation: Resistors in Circuits Mixed R 1 • Substituting the equivalent resistance just calculated, the circuit is simplified to this. § R 1 = 330 ohm § R 4 = 4.7 k-ohm § R E = 3.2 k-ohm • Now look at the parallel resistors R E and R 4 . R E R 4 Sold & Serviced By: ELECTROMATE Toll Free Phone (877) SERVO98 Toll Free Fax (877) SERV099 www.electromate.com sales@electromate.comPowerPoint Presentation: Resistors in Circuits Mixed • Using the parallel formula for: § R E = 3.2 k-ohm § R 4 = 4.7 k-ohm R E R R E R 4 4 R T = R E + R 4 Sold & Serviced By: ELECTROMATE Toll Free Phone (877) SERVO98 Toll Free Fax (877) SERV099 www.electromate.com sales@electromate.comPowerPoint Presentation: Resistors in Circuits Mixed R 1 • The final calculations involve R1 and the new R Total from the previous parallel calculation. § R 1 = 330 R Total § R E = 1.9K R Total = R 1 + R E Sold & Serviced By: ELECTROMATE Toll Free Phone (877) SERVO98 Toll Free Fax (877) SERV099 www.electromate.com sales@electromate.comPowerPoint Presentation: Resistors in Circuits Mixed R 1 = 330 ohm R Total = 2,230 R 2 = 1 k-ohm R 3 = 2.2 k-ohm = R 4 = 4.7 k-ohm Sold & Serviced By: ELECTROMATE Toll Free Phone (877) SERVO98 Toll Free Fax (877) SERV099 www.electromate.com sales@electromate.comPowerPoint Presentation: Ohm ’s Law • The mathematical relationship § E=I*R • Doing the math • Kirchhoff’s law - A way to predict circuit behavior • It all adds up • Nothing is lost Sold & Serviced By: ELECTROMATE Toll Free Phone (877) SERVO98 Toll Free Fax (877) SERV099 www.electromate.com sales@electromate.comPowerPoint Presentation: Ohm ’s Law • There is a mathematical relationship between the three elements of electricity. That E = I * R E relationship is Ohm ’s law. § E = volts § R = resistance in ohms § I = current in amps R = I = I E Sold & Serviced By: ELECTROMATE oll Free Phone (877) SERVO98 Toll Free Fax (877) SERV099 www.electromate.com sales@electromate.comPowerPoint Presentation: Ohm ’s Law Sold & Serviced By: ELECTROMATE Toll Free Phone (877) SERVO98 Toll Free Fax (877) SERV099 www.electromate.com sales@electromate.comPowerPoint Presentation: Ohm ’s Law • This is the basic circuit that you will use for the following exercises. • The VOM will be moved A to measure voltage,resistance and V current. Sold & Serviced By: ELECTROMATE Toll Free Phone (877) SERVO98 Toll Free Fax (877) SERV099 www.electromate.com sales@electromate.comPowerPoint Presentation: Ohm ’s Law Exercise 1 • Wire this circuit using a 100 ohm resistor. • Without power applied measure the resistance V of the resistor. • Connect the 9 volt battery and measure the voltage across the resistor. • Record your data. Sold & Serviced By: ELECTROMATE Toll Free Phone (877) SERVO98 Toll Free Fax (877) SERV099 www.electromate.com sales@electromate.comPowerPoint Presentation: Ohm ’s Law Exercise 1 • Using the voltage and resistance data in Ohm ’s law, calculate the anticipated current. • Example data results in a current of .09 amps or 90 I = .09 amps = E R 8.8 volts milliamps 98.1 ohms Sold & Serviced By: ELECTROMATE Toll Free Phone (877) SERVO98 Toll Free Fax (877) SERV099 www.electromate.com sales@electromate.comPowerPoint Presentation: Ohm ’s Law Exercise 1 • Insert the VOM into the circuit as indicated in this diagram. A • Using the appropriate current range, measure the actual current in the circuit. • How does the measured current compare to your prediction using Ohm’s law? Sold & Serviced By: ELECTROMATE Toll Free Phone (877) SERVO98 Toll Free Fax (877) SERV099 www.electromate.com sales@electromate.comPowerPoint Presentation: Ohm ’s Law In Practice • The next series of exercises will put Ohm’s Law to use to illustrate some principles of basic electronics. • As in the previous exercise you will build the circuits and insert the VOM into the circuit in the appropriate way to make current and voltage measurements. • Throughout the exercise record your data so that you can compare it to calculations. Sold & Serviced By: ELECTROMATE Toll Free Phone (877) SERVO98 Toll Free Fax (877) SERV099 www.electromate.com sales@electromate.comPowerPoint Presentation: Ohm ’s Law In Practice • Build up the illustrated circuit. § R 1 = 1 k-ohm § R 2 = 1 k-ohm § R 3 = 2.2 k-ohm § R 4 = 300 ohm • Measure the current flowing through the circuit. + - A R 1 R 2 R 4 R 3 Sold & Serviced By: ELECTROMATE Toll Free Phone (877) SERVO98 Toll Free Fax (877) SERV099 www.electromate.com sales@electromate.comPowerPoint Presentation: Ohm ’s Law In Practice • Now move the VOM to the other side of the circuit and measure the current. • The current should be the same as the previous measurement. A + - Sold & Serviced By: ELECTROMATE Toll Free Phone (877) SERVO98 Toll Free Fax (877) SERV099 www.electromate.com sales@electromate.comPowerPoint Presentation: Ohm ’s Law In Practice • Insert the VOM at the indicated location and measure the current. • There should be no surprise that the current is the same. + A - Sold & Serviced By: ELECTROMATE Toll Free Phone (877) SERVO98 Toll Free Fax (877) SERV099 www.electromate.com sales@electromate.comPowerPoint Presentation: Ohm ’s Law In Practice V • Measure the voltage across R 1 . • Using Ohm’s law, calculate the voltage drop across a 1K ohm resistor at the current you measured • Compare the result. Sold & Serviced By: ELECTROMATE Toll Free Phone (877) SERVO98 Toll Free Fax (877) SERV099 www.electromate.com sales@electromate.comPowerPoint Presentation: Ohm ’s Law In Practice • In this next step, you will insert the VOM in the circuit at two places illustrated at the right as #1 and #2. • Record your current readings for both places. • Add the currents and compare and contrast to the current measured entering the total circuit. #2 #1 A A Sold & Serviced By: ELECTROMATE Toll Free Phone (877) SERVO98 Toll Free Fax (877) SERV099 www.electromate.com sales@electromate.comPowerPoint Presentation: Ohm ’s Law In Practice • Using the current measured through #1 and the resistance value of R2, 1k ohms, calculate the voltage drop across the resistor. • Likewise do the same with the current measured through #2 and the resistance value of R3, 2.2k ohms. • Compare and contrast these two voltage values Sold & Serviced By: ELECTROMATE Toll Free Phone (877) SERVO98 Toll Free Fax (877) SERV099 www.electromate.com sales@electromate.comPowerPoint Presentation: Ohm ’s Law In Practice • Measure the voltage across the parallel resistors and record your answer. • Compare and contrast the voltage measured to the voltage drop calculated. V Sold & Serviced By: ELECTROMATE Toll Free Phone (877) SERVO98 Toll Free Fax (877) SERV099 www.electromate.com sales@electromate.comPowerPoint Presentation: Ohm ’s Law In Practice • In the next step, insert the VOM into the circuit as illustrated, measure and record the current. • Compare and contrast the current measured to the total current measured in a previous step. • Were there any surprises? A Sold & Serviced By: ELECTROMATE Toll Free Phone (877) SERVO98 Toll Free Fax (877) SERV099 www.electromate.com sales@electromate.comPowerPoint Presentation: Ohm ’s Law In Practice • Using the current you just measured and the resistance of R4 (330 ohms), calculate what the voltage drop across R4 should be. • Insert the VOM into the circuit as illustrated and measure the voltage. • Compare and contrast the measured and calculated voltages. V Sold & Serviced By: ELECTROMATE Toll Free Phone (877) SERVO98 Toll Free Fax (877) SERV099 www.electromate.com sales@electromate.comPowerPoint Presentation: Ohm ’s Law In Practice • There is one final measurement to complete this portion of the exercise. Insert the VOM as indicated. • Recall the 3 voltages measured previously; across R 1 , R 2 and R 3 , and across R 4 . V • Add these three voltages together and then compare and contrast the result with the total voltage just measured. Sold & Serviced By: ELECTROMATE Toll Free Phone (877) SERVO98 Toll Free Fax (877) SERV099 www.electromate.com sales@electromate.comPowerPoint Presentation: Ohm ’s Law In Practice • What you observed was: - The sum of the individual currents entering a node was equal to the total current leaving a node . - The sum of the voltage drops was equal to the total voltage across the circuit. • This is Kirchhoff’s law and is very useful in the study of electronic circuits. • You also noted that Ohm’s law applied throughout the circuit. Sold & Serviced By: ELECTROMATE Toll Free Phone (877) SERVO98 Toll Free Fax (877) SERV099 www.electromate.com sales@electromate.comPowerPoint Presentation: The Capacitor • Capacitance defined • Physical construction - Types - How construction affects values - Power ratings • Capacitor performance with AC and DC currents • Capacitance values - Numbering system • Capacitors in circuits - Series - Parallel - Mixed Sold & Serviced By: ELECTROMATE Toll Free Phone (877) SERVO98 Toll Free Fax (877) SERV099 www.electromate.com sales@electromate.comPowerPoint Presentation: The Capacitor Sold & Serviced By: ELECTROMATE Toll Free Phone (877) SERVO98 Toll Free Fax (877) SERV099 www.electromate.com sales@electromate.comPowerPoint Presentation: The Capacitor Defined • A device that stores energy in electric field. • Two conductive plates separated by a non conductive material. • Electrons accumulate on one plate forcing electrons away from the other plate leaving a net positive charge. • Think of a capacitor as very small, temporary storage battery. Sold & Serviced By: ELECTROMATE Toll Free Phone (877) SERVO98 Toll Free Fax (877) SERV099 www.electromate.com sales@electromate.comPowerPoint Presentation: The Capacitor Physical Construction • Capacitors are rated by: - Amount of charge that can be held. - The voltage handling capabilities. - Insulating material between plates. Sold & Serviced By: ELECTROMATE Toll Free Phone (877) SERVO98 Toll Free Fax (877) SERV099 www.electromate.com sales@electromate.comPowerPoint Presentation: The Capacitor Ability to Hold a Charge • Ability to hold a charge depends on: - Conductive plate surface area. - Space between plates. - Material between plates. Sold & Serviced By: ELECTROMATE Toll Free Phone (877) SERVO98 Toll Free Fax (877) SERV099 www.electromate.com sales@electromate.comPowerPoint Presentation: Charging a Capacitor Sold & Serviced By: ELECTROMATE Toll Free Phone (877) SERVO98 Toll Free Fax (877) SERV099 www.electromate.com sales@electromate.comPowerPoint Presentation: Charging a Capacitor • In the following activity you will charge a capacitor by connecting a power source (9 volt battery) to a capacitor. • You will be using an electrolytic capacitor, a + capacitor that uses polarity sensitive insulating material between the conductive plates to increase charge capability in a small physical package. • Notice the component has polarity identification + or -. Sold & Serviced By: ELECTROMATE Toll Free Phone (877) SERVO98 Toll Free Fax (877) SERV099 www.electromate.com sales@electromate.comPowerPoint Presentation: Charging a Capacitor • Touch the two leads of the capacitor together. • This short circuits the capacitor to make sure there is no residual charge left in the capacitor. • Using your VOM, measure the voltage across the leads of the capacitor Sold & Serviced By: ELECTROMATE Toll Free Phone (877) SERVO98 Toll Free Fax (877) SERV099 www.electromate.com sales@electromate.comPowerPoint Presentation: Charging a Capacitor • Wire up the illustrated circuit and charge the capacitor. • Power will only have to be applied for a moment to fully charge the capacitor. • Quickly remove the capacitor from the circuit and touch the VOM probes to the capacitor leads to measure the voltage. • Carefully observe the voltage reading over time until the voltage is at a very low level (down to zero volts). + Sold & Serviced By: ELECTROMATE Toll Free Phone (877) SERVO98 Toll Free Fax (877) SERV099 www.electromate.com sales@electromate.comPowerPoint Presentation: Discharging a Capacitor Sold & Serviced By: ELECTROMATE Toll Free Phone (877) SERVO98 Toll Free Fax (877) SERV099 www.electromate.com sales@electromate.comPowerPoint Presentation: The Capacitor Behavior in DC • When connected to a DC source, the capacitor charges and holds the charge as long as the DC voltage is applied. • The capacitor essentially blocks DC current from passing through. Sold & Serviced By: ELECTROMATE Toll Free Phone (877) SERVO98 Toll Free Fax (877) SERV099 www.electromate.com sales@electromate.comPowerPoint Presentation: The Capacitor Behavior in AC • When AC voltage is applied, during one half of the cycle the capacitor accepts a charge in one direction. • During the next half of the cycle, the capacitor is discharged then recharged in the reverse direction. • During the next half cycle the pattern reverses. • It acts as if AC current passes through a capacitor Sold & Serviced By: ELECTROMATE Toll Free Phone (877) SERVO98 Toll Free Fax (877) SERV099 www.electromate.com sales@electromate.comPowerPoint Presentation: The Capacitor Behavior • A capacitor blocks the passage of DC current • A capacitor passes AC current Sold & Serviced By: ELECTROMATE Toll Free Phone (877) SERVO98 Toll Free Fax (877) SERV099 www.electromate.com sales@electromate.comPowerPoint Presentation: The Capacitor Capacitance Value • The unit of capacitance is the farad. - A single farad is a huge amount of capacitance. - Most electronic devices use capacitors that are a very tiny fraction of a farad. • Common capacitance ranges are: § Micro § Nano § Pico μ n p 10 -6 10 -9 10 -12 Sold & Serviced By: ELECTROMATE Toll Free Phone (877) SERVO98 Toll Free Fax (877) SERV099 www.electromate.com sales@electromate.comPowerPoint Presentation: The Capacitor Capacitance Value • Capacitor identification depends on the capacitor type. • Could be color bands, dots, or numbers. • Wise to keep capacitors organized and identified to prevent a lot of work trying to re-identify the values. Sold & Serviced By: ELECTROMATE Toll Free Phone (877) SERVO98 Toll Free Fax (877) SERV099 www.electromate.com sales@electromate.comPowerPoint Presentation: Capacitors in Circuits • Three physical factors affect capacitance values. - Plate spacing - Plate surface area - Dielectric material • In series, plates are + Charged plates far apart - C C far apart making capacitance less C E = C 1 1 2 & Serviced By: + C Sold ELECTROMATE Toll Free Phone (877) SERVO98 Toll Free Fax (877) SERV099 www.electromate.com sales@electromate.comPowerPoint Presentation: Capacitors in Circuits • In parallel, the surface area of the plates add up to be greater. • This makes the total capacitance higher. C E = C 1 + - Sold & S C erviced By: 2 ELECTROMATE Toll Free Phone (877) SERVO98 Toll Free Fax (877) SERV099 www.electromate.com sales@electromate.comPowerPoint Presentation: The Inductor • Inductance defined • Physical construction - How construction affects values • Inductor performance with AC and DC currents Sold & Serviced By: ELECTROMATE Toll Free Phone (877) SERVO98 Toll Free Fax (877) SERV099 www.electromate.com sales@electromate.comPowerPoint Presentation: The Inductor • There are two fundamental principles of electromagnetics: 1. Moving electrons create a magnetic field. 2. Moving or changing magnetic fields cause electrons to move. • An inductor is a coil of wire through which electrons move, and energy is stored in the resulting magnetic field. Sold & Serviced By: ELECTROMATE Toll Free Phone (877) SERVO98 Toll Free Fax (877) SERV099 www.electromate.com sales@electromate.comPowerPoint Presentation: The Inductor • Like capacitors, inductors temporarily store energy. • Unlike capacitors: - Inductors store energy in a magnetic field, not an electric field. - When the source of electrons is removed, the magnetic field collapses immediately. Sold & Serviced By: ELECTROMATE Toll Free Phone (877) SERVO98 Toll Free Fax (877) SERV099 www.electromate.com sales@electromate.comPowerPoint Presentation: The Inductor • Inductors are simply coils of wire. - Can be air wound (just air in the middle of the coil) - Can be wound around a permeable material (material that concentrates magnetic fields) - Can be wound around a circular form (toroid) Sold & Serviced By: ELECTROMATE Toll Free Phone (877) SERVO98 Toll Free Fax (877) SERV099 www.electromate.com sales@electromate.comPowerPoint Presentation: The Inductor • Inductance is measured in Henry(s). • A Henry is a measure of the intensity of the magnetic field that is produced. • Typical inductor values used in electronics are in the range of millihenry (1/1000 Henry) and microhenry (1/1,000,000 Henry) Sold & Serviced By: ELECTROMATE Toll Free Phone (877) SERVO98 Toll Free Fax (877) SERV099 www.electromate.com sales@electromate.comPowerPoint Presentation: The Inductor • The amount of inductance is influenced by a number of factors: - Number of coil turns. - Diameter of coil. - Spacing between turns. - Size of the wire used. - Type of material inside the coil. Sold & Serviced By: ELECTROMATE Toll Free Phone (877) SERVO98 Toll Free Fax (877) SERV099 www.electromate.com sales@electromate.comPowerPoint Presentation: Inductor Performance With DC Currents • When a DC current is applied to an inductor, the increasing magnetic field opposes the current flow and the current flow is at a minimum. • Finally, the magnetic field is at its maximum and the current flows to maintain the field. • As soon as the current source is removed, the magnetic field begins to collapse and creates a rush of current in the other direction, sometimes at very high voltage. Sold & Serviced By: ELECTROMATE Toll Free Phone (877) SERVO98 Toll Free Fax (877) SERV099 www.electromate.com sales@electromate.comPowerPoint Presentation: Inductor Performance With AC Currents • When AC current is applied to an inductor, during the first half of the cycle, the magnetic field builds as if it were a DC current. • During the next half of the cycle, the current is reversed and the magnetic field first has to decrease the reverse polarity in step with the changing current. • These forces can work against each other resulting in a lower current flow. Sold & Serviced By: ELECTROMATE Toll Free Phone (877) SERVO98 Toll Free Fax (877) SERV099 www.electromate.com sales@electromate.comPowerPoint Presentation: The Inductor • Because the magnetic field surrounding an inductor can cut across another inductor in close proximity, the changing magnetic field in one can cause current to flow in the other … the basis of transformers Sold & Serviced By: ELECTROMATE Toll Free Phone (877) SERVO98 Toll Free Fax (877) SERV099 www.electromate.com sales@electromate.comPowerPoint Presentation: The Diode • The semi-conductor phenomena • Diode performance with AC and DC currents • Diode types - General purpose - LED - Zenier Sold & Serviced By: ELECTROMATE Toll Free Phone (877) SERVO98 Toll Free Fax (877) SERV099 www.electromate.com sales@electromate.comPowerPoint Presentation: The Diode The semi-conductor phenomena • Atoms in a metal allow a “sea” of electrons that are relatively free to move about. • Semiconducting materials like Silicon and Germanium have fewer free electrons. • Impurities added to semiconductor material can either add free electrons or create an absence of free electrons (holes). Sold & Serviced By: ELECTROMATE Toll Free Phone (877) SERVO98 Toll Free Fax (877) SERV099 www.electromate.com sales@electromate.comPowerPoint Presentation: The Diode The semi-conductor phenomena • Consider the bar of silicon at the right. - One side of the bar is doped with negative material (excess electrons). The cathode. - The other side is doped with positive material (excess holes). The anode Sold & Serviced By: - In between is a no man ’s land called the P-N Junction. ELECTROMATE Toll Free Phone (877) SERVO98 Toll Free Fax (877) SERV099 www.electromate.com sales@electromate.comPowerPoint Presentation: The Diode The semi-conductor phenomena • Consider now applying a negative voltage to the anode and positive voltage to the cathode. • The electrons are attracted away from the junction. • This diode is reverse biased meaning no current will flow. Sold & Serviced By: ELECTROMATE Toll Free Phone (877) SERVO98 Toll Free Fax (877) SERV099 www.electromate.com sales@electromate.comPowerPoint Presentation: The Diode The semi-conductor phenomena • Consider now applying a positive voltage to the anode and a negative voltage to the cathode. • The electrons are forced to the junction. • This diode is forward biased meaning current will flow. Sold & Serviced By: ELECTROMATE Toll Free Phone (877) SERVO98 Toll Free Fax (877) SERV099 www.electromate.com sales@electromate.comPowerPoint Presentation: The Diode with AC Current • If AC is applied to a diode: - During one half of the cycle the diode is forward biased and current flows. - During the other half of the cycle, the diode is reversed biased and current stops. • This is the process of rectification, allowing current to flow in only one direction. • This is used to convert AC into pulsating DC. Sold & Serviced By: ELECTROMATE Toll Free Phone (877) SERVO98 Toll Free Fax (877) SERV099 www.electromate.com sales@electromate.comPowerPoint Presentation: The Diode with Output Pulsed DC Voltage Diode conducts Diode off Input AC Voltage Sold & Serviced By: ELECTROMATE Toll Free Phone (877) SERVO98 Toll Free Fax (877) SERV099 www.electromate.com sales@electromate.comPowerPoint Presentation: The Light Emitting Diode • In normal diodes, when electrons combine with holes current flows and heat is produced. • With some materials, when electrons combine with holes, photons of light are emitted, this forms an LED. • LEDs are generally used as indicators though they have the same properties as a regular diode. Sold & Serviced By: ELECTROMATE Toll Free Phone (877) SERVO98 Toll Free Fax (877) SERV099 www.electromate.com sales@electromate.comPowerPoint Presentation: The Light Emitting Diode • Build the illustrated circuit on the proto board. • The longer LED lead is the anode (positive end). • Observe the diode response • Reverse the LED and observe what happens. • The current limiting resistor not only limits the current but also controls LED brightness. 330 Sold & Serviced By: ELECTROMATE Toll Free Phone (877) SERVO98 Toll Free Fax (877) SERV099 www.electromate.com sales@electromate.comPowerPoint Presentation: Zener Diode • A Zener diode is designed through appropriate doping so that it conducts at a predetermined reverse voltage. - The diode begins to conduct and then maintains that predetermined voltage • The over-voltage and associated current must be dissipated by the diode as heat 9V 4.7V Sold & Serviced By: ELECTROMATE Toll Free Phone (877) SERVO98 Toll Free Fax (877) SERV099 www.electromate.com sales@electromate.comPowerPoint Presentation: The Transistor (Electronic Valves) • How they works, an inside look • Basic types - NPN - PNP • The basic transistor circuits - Switch - Amplifier Sold & Serviced By: ELECTROMATE Toll Free Phone (877) SERVO98 Toll Free Fax (877) SERV099 www.electromate.com sales@electromate.comPowerPoint Presentation: The Transistor collector base emitter Sold & Serviced By: ELECTROMATE Toll Free Phone (877) SERVO98 Toll Free Fax (877) SERV099 www.electromate.com sales@electromate.comPowerPoint Presentation: The Transistor collector e - N conducting emitter P N forward bias e - e - The base-emitter current controls the collector-base Sold & Serviced By: nt ELECTROMATE Toll Free Phone (877) SERVO98 Toll Free Fax (877) SERV099 www.electromate.com sales@electromate.comPowerPoint Presentation: The Transistor non-conducting collector N P emitter N reverse bias e - e - Sold & Serviced By: ELECTROMATE Toll Free Phone (877) SERVO98 Toll Free Fax (877) SERV099 www.electromate.com sales@electromate.comPowerPoint Presentation: The Transistor • There are two basic types of transistors depending of the arrangement of the material. - PNP - NPN • An easy phrase to help remember the appropriate symbol is to look at the arrow. - PNP - pointing in proudly. - NPN - not pointing in. • The only operational difference is the source polarity. PNP NPN Sold & Serviced By: ELECTROMATE Toll Free Phone (877) SERVO98 Toll Free Fax (877) SERV099 www.electromate.com sales@electromate.comPowerPoint Presentation: Putting It All Together • Simple construction project Sold & Serviced By: ELECTROMATE Toll Free Phone (877) SERVO98 Toll Free Fax (877) SERV099 www.electromate.com sales@electromate.comPowerPoint Presentation: Conclusion • Not really - your journey to understand basic electronics has just begun. • This course was intended to introduce you to some concepts and help you become knowledgeable in others. Sold & Serviced By: ELECTROMATE Toll Free Phone (877) SERVO98 Toll Free Fax (877) SERV099 www.electromate.com sales@electromate.com You do not have the permission to view this presentation. In order to view it, please contact the author of the presentation.
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Premium member Presentation Transcript PowerPoint Presentation: Basic Electronics Sold & Serviced By: ELECTROMATE Toll Free Phone (877) SERVO98 Toll Free Fax (877) SERV099 www.electromate.com sales@electromate.comPowerPoint Presentation: Basic Electronics (Outline) • The Elements of Electricity • Volt-Ohm-Meter Basics (Measuring Electricity) • Circuit Diagrams Basics (Electronic Roadmaps) • The Resistor • Ohm’s Law • The Capacitor • The Inductor • The Diode • The Transistor (Electronic Valve) Sold & Serviced By: ELECTROMATE Toll Free Phone (877) SERVO98 Toll Free Fax (877) SERV099 www.electromate.com sales@electromate.comPowerPoint Presentation: The Elements of Electricity • Voltage • Current • Resistance • Types of Current: AC and DC • Circuits - Closed - Open - Short Sold & Serviced By: ELECTROMATE Toll Free Phone (877) SERVO98 Toll Free Fax (877) SERV099 www.electromate.com sales@electromate.comPowerPoint Presentation: Voltage, Current, and Resistance • Water flowing through a hose is a good way to imagine electricity Water is like Electrons in a wire (flowing electrons are called Current ) Pressure is the force pushing water through a hose - Voltage is the force pushing electrons through a wire Friction against the holes walls slows the flow of water - Resistance is an impediment that slows the flow of electrons Sold & Serviced By: ELECTROMATE Toll Free Phone (877) SERVO98 Toll Free Fax (877) SERV099 www.electromate.com sales@electromate.comPowerPoint Presentation: Forms of Current • There are 2 types of current - The form is determined by the directions the current flows through a conductor • Direct Current ( DC ) - Flows in only one direction from negative toward positive pole of source • Alternating Current ( AC ) - Flows back and forth because the poles of the source alternate between positive and negative Sold & Serviced By: ELECTROMATE Toll Free Phone (877) SERVO98 Toll Free Fax (877) SERV099 www.electromate.com sales@electromate.comPowerPoint Presentation: AC Current Vocabulary Time Period of One Cycle Sold & Serviced By: ELECTROMATE Toll Free Phone (877) SERVO98 Toll Free Fax (877) SERV099 www.electromate.com sales@electromate.comPowerPoint Presentation: Circuits • A circuit is a path for current to flow • Three basic kinds of circuits - Open - the path is broken and interrupts current flow - Closed - the path is complete and current flows were it is intended - Short - an unintended low resistance path that divers current Sold & Serviced By: ELECTROMATE Toll Free Phone (877) SERVO98 Toll Free Fax (877) SERV099 www.electromate.com sales@electromate.comPowerPoint Presentation: Circuits Sold & Serviced By: ELECTROMATE Toll Free Phone (877) SERVO98 Toll Free Fax (877) SERV099 www.electromate.com sales@electromate.comPowerPoint Presentation: Volt-Ohm-Meter (VOM) Basics (Measuring Electricity) • Common Functions - Voltage • AC/DC • Ranges - Current • AC/DC • Ranges - Resistance (DC only) • Ranges • Continuity - Semi-conductor Performance • Transistors • Diodes - Capacitance Sold & Serviced By: ELECTROMATE Toll Free Phone (877) SERVO98 Toll Free Fax (877) SERV099 www.electromate.com sales@electromate.comPowerPoint Presentation: Volt-Ohm-Meter Basic Meter Reading Digits DC Voltage Scales AC Voltage Scales Function Selection Jacks Sold & Serviced By: ELECTROMATE Toll Free Phone (877) SERVO98 Toll Free Fax (877) SERV099 www.electromate.com sales@electromate.comPowerPoint Presentation: Volt-Ohm-Meter Basic DC Current (low) DC Current (high) Resistance Transistor Checker Diode Checker Sold & Serviced By: ELECTROMATE Toll Free Phone (877) SERVO98 Toll Free Fax (877) SERV099 www.electromate.com sales@electromate.comPowerPoint Presentation: Measuring Current Negativ e Source Sold & Serviced By: Positive ELECTROMATE Toll Free Phone (877) SERVO98 Toll Free Fax (877) SERV099 www.electromate.com sales@electromate.comPowerPoint Presentation: Measuring Resistance • When the VOM is used to measure resistance, what actually is measured is a small current applied to the component. • There are 5 ranges. An out of resistance reading will be indicated by a single “1” digit. Remember k means multiply the reading by 1000. • Operating voltages should be removed from the component under test or you could damage the VOM at worst, or the readin Sold & Se could be in error at best. rviced By: ELECTROMATE Toll Free Phone (877) SERVO98 Toll Free Fax (877) SERV099 www.electromate.com sales@electromate.comPowerPoint Presentation: Circuit Diagrams Basics (Electronic Roadmaps) • Component Representations - Resistor - Ground - Capacitor - Inductor - Diode - Transistor - Integrated circuit - Special Sold & Serviced By: ELECTROMATE Toll Free Phone (877) SERVO98 Toll Free Fax (877) SERV099 www.electromate.com sales@electromate.comPowerPoint Presentation: Project T.V. Remote Decoder Circuit Circuit Diagrams Basics 78L05 +9V 1N4001 SW6 .1uF 330 +5 Volts to Relays 1 8 Vcc Gnd 2 7 4.7K GP5 GP0 3 6 GP4 GP1 4 5 Vcc GP3 GP2 SW5 Gnd N.O. Out SW4 SW3 SW2 +5V +5V +5V K4 330 K3 330 330 K2 LED LED LED 4.7K 4.7K 4.7K 2N3904 2N3904 2N3904 Note: y Internal pull-up resistors are used on 12F265 pins GP0, GP1, GP2, GP4, GP5 y External pull-up resistor required on GP3 y Protection diodes are internal to K1 - K4 y Switchs SW1 - SW4 are internal to K1 - K4 SW1 +5V 330 K1 LED 4.7K 2N3904 Sold & Serviced By: ELECTROMATE Toll Free Phone (877) SERVO98 Toll Free Fax (877) SERV099 www.electromate.com sales@electromate.comPowerPoint Presentation: Resistor Fixed Variable Sold & Serviced By: ELECTROMATE Toll Free Phone (877) SERVO98 Toll Free Fax (877) SERV099 www.electromate.com sales@electromate.comPowerPoint Presentation: Ground Earth Chassis Sold & Serviced By: ELECTROMATE Toll Free Phone (877) SERVO98 Toll Free Fax (877) SERV099 www.electromate.com sales@electromate.comPowerPoint Presentation: Capacitor Sold & Serviced By: Fixed Variable ELECTROMATE Toll Free Phone (877) SERVO98 Toll Free Fax (877) SERV099 www.electromate.com sales@electromate.comPowerPoint Presentation: Inductor Sold & Serviced By: Variable Air Core Iron Core ELECTROMATE Toll Free Phone (877) SERVO98 Toll Free Fax (877) SERV099 www.electromate.com sales@electromate.comPowerPoint Presentation: Diode General Purpose Zener Li Sold & Serviced By: Emitting ELECTROMATE 7) SERVO98 ) SERV099 ate.com ( TTosales@electro mate.comPowerPoint Presentation: Transistor NPN PNP FET Sold & Serviced By: ELECTROMATE Toll Free Phone (877) SERVO98 Toll Free Fax (877) SERV099 www.electromate.com sales@electromate.comPowerPoint Presentation: Integrated circuit 1 14 2 13 3 12 4 11 5 10 6 9 7 8 Sold & Serviced By: ELECTROMATE Toll Free Phone (877) SERVO98 Toll Free Fax (877) SERV099 www.electromate.com sales@electromate.comPowerPoint Presentation: Special V Battery Fuse Speaker Antenna Voltmeter A Sold & Serviced By: ELECTROMATE Toll Free Phone (877) SERVO98 Toll Free Fax (877) SERV099 Ampmeter www.electromate.com sales@electromate.comPowerPoint Presentation: The Resistor • Resistance defined • Resistance values - Ohms - color code interpretation - Power dissipation • Resistors in circuits - Series - Parallel - Combination Sold & Serviced By: ELECTROMATE Toll Free Phone (877) SERVO98 Toll Free Fax (877) SERV099 www.electromate.com sales@electromate.comPowerPoint Presentation: Resistance Defined • Resistance is the impediment to the flow of electrons through a conductor - (friction to moving electrons) - Where there ’s friction, there is heat generated - All materials exhibit some resistance, even the best of conductors • Unit measured in Ohm(s) - From 1/10 of Ohms to millions of Ohms Sold & Serviced By: ELECTROMATE Toll Free Phone (877) SERVO98 Toll Free Fax (877) SERV099 www.electromate.com sales@electromate.comPowerPoint Presentation: Resistor Types • Fixed Value • Variable value • Composite resistive material • Wire-wound • Two parameters associated with resistors - Resistance value in Ohms - Power handling capabilities in watts Sold & Serviced By: ELECTROMATE Toll Free Phone (877) SERVO98 Toll Free Fax (877) SERV099 www.electromate.com sales@electromate.comPowerPoint Presentation: All 1000 Ohm Resistors 1/8 ¼ ½ 1 2 20 Sold & Serviced By: ELECTROMATE Toll Free Phone (877) SERVO98 Toll Free Fax (877) SERV099 www.electromate.com sales@electromate.comPowerPoint Presentation: Resistor Types Sold & Serviced By: ELECTROMATE Toll Free Phone (877) SERVO98 Toll Free Fax (877) SERV099 www.electromate.com sales@electromate.comPowerPoint Presentation: Resistor Types Sold & Serviced By: ELECTROMATE Toll Free Phone (877) SERVO98 Toll Free Fax (877) SERV099 www.electromate.com sales@electromate.comPowerPoint Presentation: Inside a Resistor Sold & Serviced By: ELECTROMATE Toll Free Phone (877) SERVO98 Toll Free Fax (877) SERV099 www.electromate.com sales@electromate.comPowerPoint Presentation: Reading Resistor Color Codes 1. Turn resistor so gold, silver band, or space is at right 2. Note the color of the two left hand color bands 3. The left most band is the left hand value digit 4. The next band to the right is the second value digit 5. Note the color of the third band from the left, this is the multiplier Sold & Serviced By: 6. Multiply the 2 value digits by the multiplier ELECTROMATE Toll Free Phone (877) SERVO98 Toll Free Fax (877) SERV099 www.electromate.com sales@electromate.comPowerPoint Presentation: Reading Resistor Color Codes Sold & Serviced By: ELECTROMATE Toll Free Phone (877) SERVO98 Toll Free Fax (877) SERV099 www.electromate.com sales@electromate.comPowerPoint Presentation: Reading Resistor Color Codes (Practice Problems) 1. Orange, orange, red? 2. Yellow, violet, orange? 3. Brown, black, brown? 4. Brown, black, green? 5. Red, red, red? 6. Blue, gray, orange? 7. Orange, white, orange? Sold & Serviced By: ELECTROMATE Toll Free Phone (877) SERVO98 Toll Free Fax (877) SERV099 www.electromate.com sales@electromate.comPowerPoint Presentation: Power dissipation • Resistance generates heat and the component must be able to dissipate this heat to prevent damage. • Physical size (the surface area available to dissipate heat) is a good indicator of how much heat (power) a resistor can handle • Measured in watts • Common values ¼, ½, 1, 5, 10 etc Sold & Serviced By: ELECTROMATE Toll Free Phone (877) SERVO98 Toll Free Fax (877) SERV099 www.electromate.com sales@electromate.comPowerPoint Presentation: Resistors in Circuits Series • Looking at the current path, if there is only one path, the components are in series. Sold & Serviced By: ELECTROMATE Toll Free Phone (877) SERVO98 Toll Free Fax (877) SERV099 www.electromate.com sales@electromate.comPowerPoint Presentation: Resistors in Circuits Series R E = R 1 + R 2 + R n Sold & Serviced By: ELECTROMATE Toll Free Phone (877) SERVO98 Toll Free Fax (877) SERV099 www.electromate.com sales@electromate.comPowerPoint Presentation: Resistors in Circuits Series R 1 R 2 Calculate Measured d R E R E 100 100 100K 10K 4.7K 4.7K 330 4.7K Sold & Serviced By: ELECTROMATE Toll Free Phone (877) SERVO98 Toll Free Fax (877) SERV099 www.electromate.com sales@electromate.comPowerPoint Presentation: Resistors in Circuits Parallel • If there is more than one way for the current to complete its path, the circuit is a parallel circuit. Sold & Serviced By: ELECTROMATE Toll Free Phone (877) SERVO98 Toll Free Fax (877) SERV099 www.electromate.com sales@electromate.comPowerPoint Presentation: Resistors in Circuits Parallel R 1 R R = 2 = 1 E R 1 + R 2 1 1 1 + + R 1 R 2 R n Sold & Serviced By: ELECTROMATE Toll Free Phone (877) SERVO98 Toll Free Fax (877) SERV099 www.electromate.com sales@electromate.comPowerPoint Presentation: Resistors in Circuits Parallel R 1 R 2 Calculate Measured d R E R E 100 100 100K 10K 4.7K 10K 330 4.7K Sold & Serviced By: ELECTROMATE Toll Free Phone (877) SERVO98 Toll Free Fax (877) SERV099 www.electromate.com sales@electromate.comPowerPoint Presentation: Resistors in Circuits Parallel Challenge • Make a circuit with 3 resistors in parallel, calculate the equivalent resistance then measure it. § R 1 = 330 ohm § R 2 = 10 k-ohm § R 3 = 4.7 k-ohm Sold & Serviced By: ELECTROMATE Toll Free Phone (877) SERVO98 Toll Free Fax (877) SERV099 www.electromate.com sales@electromate.comPowerPoint Presentation: Resistors in Circuits Mixed • If the path for the current in a portion of the circuit is a single path, and in another portion of the circuit has multiple routes, the circuit is a mix of series and parallel. Sold & Serviced By: Parallel ELECTROMATE Toll Free Phone (877) SERVO98 Toll Free Fax (877) SERV099 www.electromate.com sales@electromate.comPowerPoint Presentation: Resistors in Circuits Mixed R 1 330 • Take the parallel segment of the circuit and calculate the equivalent resistance: R 2 4.7K R 3 2.2K R E = R 2 R 3 Sold & Serviced By: R 2 + R 3 ELECTROMATE Toll Free Phone (877) SERVO98 Toll Free Fax (877) SERV099 www.electromate.com sales@electromate.comPowerPoint Presentation: Resistors in Circuits Mixed R 1 330 • We now can look at the simplified circuit as shown here. The parallel resistors have been replaced by a single resistor with a value of 1498 ohms. • Calculate the resistance of this series circuit: R 1 + R E R E =1498 Sold & Serviced By: ELECTROMATE Toll Free Phone (877) SERVO98 Toll Free Fax (877) SERV099 www.electromate.com sales@electromate.comPowerPoint Presentation: Resistors in Circuits Mixed • In this problem, divide the problem into sections, solve each section and then combine them all back into the whole. • R 1 = 330 • R 2 = 1K • R 3 = 2.2K • R 4 = 4.7K R 1 R 2 R 4 R 3 Sold & Serviced By: ELECTROMATE Toll Free Phone (877) SERVO98 Toll Free Fax (877) SERV099 www.electromate.com sales@electromate.comPowerPoint Presentation: Resistors in Circuits Mixed R 2 • Looking at this portion of the circuit, the resistors are in series. § R 2 = 1k-ohm § R 3 = 2.2 k-ohm R E = R + R 3 R Sold & Serviced By: ELECTROMATE Toll Free Phone (877) SERVO98 2 3 Toll Free Fax (877) SERV099 www.electromate.com sales@electromate.comPowerPoint Presentation: Resistors in Circuits Mixed R 1 • Substituting the equivalent resistance just calculated, the circuit is simplified to this. § R 1 = 330 ohm § R 4 = 4.7 k-ohm § R E = 3.2 k-ohm • Now look at the parallel resistors R E and R 4 . R E R 4 Sold & Serviced By: ELECTROMATE Toll Free Phone (877) SERVO98 Toll Free Fax (877) SERV099 www.electromate.com sales@electromate.comPowerPoint Presentation: Resistors in Circuits Mixed • Using the parallel formula for: § R E = 3.2 k-ohm § R 4 = 4.7 k-ohm R E R R E R 4 4 R T = R E + R 4 Sold & Serviced By: ELECTROMATE Toll Free Phone (877) SERVO98 Toll Free Fax (877) SERV099 www.electromate.com sales@electromate.comPowerPoint Presentation: Resistors in Circuits Mixed R 1 • The final calculations involve R1 and the new R Total from the previous parallel calculation. § R 1 = 330 R Total § R E = 1.9K R Total = R 1 + R E Sold & Serviced By: ELECTROMATE Toll Free Phone (877) SERVO98 Toll Free Fax (877) SERV099 www.electromate.com sales@electromate.comPowerPoint Presentation: Resistors in Circuits Mixed R 1 = 330 ohm R Total = 2,230 R 2 = 1 k-ohm R 3 = 2.2 k-ohm = R 4 = 4.7 k-ohm Sold & Serviced By: ELECTROMATE Toll Free Phone (877) SERVO98 Toll Free Fax (877) SERV099 www.electromate.com sales@electromate.comPowerPoint Presentation: Ohm ’s Law • The mathematical relationship § E=I*R • Doing the math • Kirchhoff’s law - A way to predict circuit behavior • It all adds up • Nothing is lost Sold & Serviced By: ELECTROMATE Toll Free Phone (877) SERVO98 Toll Free Fax (877) SERV099 www.electromate.com sales@electromate.comPowerPoint Presentation: Ohm ’s Law • There is a mathematical relationship between the three elements of electricity. That E = I * R E relationship is Ohm ’s law. § E = volts § R = resistance in ohms § I = current in amps R = I = I E Sold & Serviced By: ELECTROMATE oll Free Phone (877) SERVO98 Toll Free Fax (877) SERV099 www.electromate.com sales@electromate.comPowerPoint Presentation: Ohm ’s Law Sold & Serviced By: ELECTROMATE Toll Free Phone (877) SERVO98 Toll Free Fax (877) SERV099 www.electromate.com sales@electromate.comPowerPoint Presentation: Ohm ’s Law • This is the basic circuit that you will use for the following exercises. • The VOM will be moved A to measure voltage,resistance and V current. Sold & Serviced By: ELECTROMATE Toll Free Phone (877) SERVO98 Toll Free Fax (877) SERV099 www.electromate.com sales@electromate.comPowerPoint Presentation: Ohm ’s Law Exercise 1 • Wire this circuit using a 100 ohm resistor. • Without power applied measure the resistance V of the resistor. • Connect the 9 volt battery and measure the voltage across the resistor. • Record your data. Sold & Serviced By: ELECTROMATE Toll Free Phone (877) SERVO98 Toll Free Fax (877) SERV099 www.electromate.com sales@electromate.comPowerPoint Presentation: Ohm ’s Law Exercise 1 • Using the voltage and resistance data in Ohm ’s law, calculate the anticipated current. • Example data results in a current of .09 amps or 90 I = .09 amps = E R 8.8 volts milliamps 98.1 ohms Sold & Serviced By: ELECTROMATE Toll Free Phone (877) SERVO98 Toll Free Fax (877) SERV099 www.electromate.com sales@electromate.comPowerPoint Presentation: Ohm ’s Law Exercise 1 • Insert the VOM into the circuit as indicated in this diagram. A • Using the appropriate current range, measure the actual current in the circuit. • How does the measured current compare to your prediction using Ohm’s law? Sold & Serviced By: ELECTROMATE Toll Free Phone (877) SERVO98 Toll Free Fax (877) SERV099 www.electromate.com sales@electromate.comPowerPoint Presentation: Ohm ’s Law In Practice • The next series of exercises will put Ohm’s Law to use to illustrate some principles of basic electronics. • As in the previous exercise you will build the circuits and insert the VOM into the circuit in the appropriate way to make current and voltage measurements. • Throughout the exercise record your data so that you can compare it to calculations. Sold & Serviced By: ELECTROMATE Toll Free Phone (877) SERVO98 Toll Free Fax (877) SERV099 www.electromate.com sales@electromate.comPowerPoint Presentation: Ohm ’s Law In Practice • Build up the illustrated circuit. § R 1 = 1 k-ohm § R 2 = 1 k-ohm § R 3 = 2.2 k-ohm § R 4 = 300 ohm • Measure the current flowing through the circuit. + - A R 1 R 2 R 4 R 3 Sold & Serviced By: ELECTROMATE Toll Free Phone (877) SERVO98 Toll Free Fax (877) SERV099 www.electromate.com sales@electromate.comPowerPoint Presentation: Ohm ’s Law In Practice • Now move the VOM to the other side of the circuit and measure the current. • The current should be the same as the previous measurement. A + - Sold & Serviced By: ELECTROMATE Toll Free Phone (877) SERVO98 Toll Free Fax (877) SERV099 www.electromate.com sales@electromate.comPowerPoint Presentation: Ohm ’s Law In Practice • Insert the VOM at the indicated location and measure the current. • There should be no surprise that the current is the same. + A - Sold & Serviced By: ELECTROMATE Toll Free Phone (877) SERVO98 Toll Free Fax (877) SERV099 www.electromate.com sales@electromate.comPowerPoint Presentation: Ohm ’s Law In Practice V • Measure the voltage across R 1 . • Using Ohm’s law, calculate the voltage drop across a 1K ohm resistor at the current you measured • Compare the result. Sold & Serviced By: ELECTROMATE Toll Free Phone (877) SERVO98 Toll Free Fax (877) SERV099 www.electromate.com sales@electromate.comPowerPoint Presentation: Ohm ’s Law In Practice • In this next step, you will insert the VOM in the circuit at two places illustrated at the right as #1 and #2. • Record your current readings for both places. • Add the currents and compare and contrast to the current measured entering the total circuit. #2 #1 A A Sold & Serviced By: ELECTROMATE Toll Free Phone (877) SERVO98 Toll Free Fax (877) SERV099 www.electromate.com sales@electromate.comPowerPoint Presentation: Ohm ’s Law In Practice • Using the current measured through #1 and the resistance value of R2, 1k ohms, calculate the voltage drop across the resistor. • Likewise do the same with the current measured through #2 and the resistance value of R3, 2.2k ohms. • Compare and contrast these two voltage values Sold & Serviced By: ELECTROMATE Toll Free Phone (877) SERVO98 Toll Free Fax (877) SERV099 www.electromate.com sales@electromate.comPowerPoint Presentation: Ohm ’s Law In Practice • Measure the voltage across the parallel resistors and record your answer. • Compare and contrast the voltage measured to the voltage drop calculated. V Sold & Serviced By: ELECTROMATE Toll Free Phone (877) SERVO98 Toll Free Fax (877) SERV099 www.electromate.com sales@electromate.comPowerPoint Presentation: Ohm ’s Law In Practice • In the next step, insert the VOM into the circuit as illustrated, measure and record the current. • Compare and contrast the current measured to the total current measured in a previous step. • Were there any surprises? A Sold & Serviced By: ELECTROMATE Toll Free Phone (877) SERVO98 Toll Free Fax (877) SERV099 www.electromate.com sales@electromate.comPowerPoint Presentation: Ohm ’s Law In Practice • Using the current you just measured and the resistance of R4 (330 ohms), calculate what the voltage drop across R4 should be. • Insert the VOM into the circuit as illustrated and measure the voltage. • Compare and contrast the measured and calculated voltages. V Sold & Serviced By: ELECTROMATE Toll Free Phone (877) SERVO98 Toll Free Fax (877) SERV099 www.electromate.com sales@electromate.comPowerPoint Presentation: Ohm ’s Law In Practice • There is one final measurement to complete this portion of the exercise. Insert the VOM as indicated. • Recall the 3 voltages measured previously; across R 1 , R 2 and R 3 , and across R 4 . V • Add these three voltages together and then compare and contrast the result with the total voltage just measured. Sold & Serviced By: ELECTROMATE Toll Free Phone (877) SERVO98 Toll Free Fax (877) SERV099 www.electromate.com sales@electromate.comPowerPoint Presentation: Ohm ’s Law In Practice • What you observed was: - The sum of the individual currents entering a node was equal to the total current leaving a node . - The sum of the voltage drops was equal to the total voltage across the circuit. • This is Kirchhoff’s law and is very useful in the study of electronic circuits. • You also noted that Ohm’s law applied throughout the circuit. Sold & Serviced By: ELECTROMATE Toll Free Phone (877) SERVO98 Toll Free Fax (877) SERV099 www.electromate.com sales@electromate.comPowerPoint Presentation: The Capacitor • Capacitance defined • Physical construction - Types - How construction affects values - Power ratings • Capacitor performance with AC and DC currents • Capacitance values - Numbering system • Capacitors in circuits - Series - Parallel - Mixed Sold & Serviced By: ELECTROMATE Toll Free Phone (877) SERVO98 Toll Free Fax (877) SERV099 www.electromate.com sales@electromate.comPowerPoint Presentation: The Capacitor Sold & Serviced By: ELECTROMATE Toll Free Phone (877) SERVO98 Toll Free Fax (877) SERV099 www.electromate.com sales@electromate.comPowerPoint Presentation: The Capacitor Defined • A device that stores energy in electric field. • Two conductive plates separated by a non conductive material. • Electrons accumulate on one plate forcing electrons away from the other plate leaving a net positive charge. • Think of a capacitor as very small, temporary storage battery. Sold & Serviced By: ELECTROMATE Toll Free Phone (877) SERVO98 Toll Free Fax (877) SERV099 www.electromate.com sales@electromate.comPowerPoint Presentation: The Capacitor Physical Construction • Capacitors are rated by: - Amount of charge that can be held. - The voltage handling capabilities. - Insulating material between plates. Sold & Serviced By: ELECTROMATE Toll Free Phone (877) SERVO98 Toll Free Fax (877) SERV099 www.electromate.com sales@electromate.comPowerPoint Presentation: The Capacitor Ability to Hold a Charge • Ability to hold a charge depends on: - Conductive plate surface area. - Space between plates. - Material between plates. Sold & Serviced By: ELECTROMATE Toll Free Phone (877) SERVO98 Toll Free Fax (877) SERV099 www.electromate.com sales@electromate.comPowerPoint Presentation: Charging a Capacitor Sold & Serviced By: ELECTROMATE Toll Free Phone (877) SERVO98 Toll Free Fax (877) SERV099 www.electromate.com sales@electromate.comPowerPoint Presentation: Charging a Capacitor • In the following activity you will charge a capacitor by connecting a power source (9 volt battery) to a capacitor. • You will be using an electrolytic capacitor, a + capacitor that uses polarity sensitive insulating material between the conductive plates to increase charge capability in a small physical package. • Notice the component has polarity identification + or -. Sold & Serviced By: ELECTROMATE Toll Free Phone (877) SERVO98 Toll Free Fax (877) SERV099 www.electromate.com sales@electromate.comPowerPoint Presentation: Charging a Capacitor • Touch the two leads of the capacitor together. • This short circuits the capacitor to make sure there is no residual charge left in the capacitor. • Using your VOM, measure the voltage across the leads of the capacitor Sold & Serviced By: ELECTROMATE Toll Free Phone (877) SERVO98 Toll Free Fax (877) SERV099 www.electromate.com sales@electromate.comPowerPoint Presentation: Charging a Capacitor • Wire up the illustrated circuit and charge the capacitor. • Power will only have to be applied for a moment to fully charge the capacitor. • Quickly remove the capacitor from the circuit and touch the VOM probes to the capacitor leads to measure the voltage. • Carefully observe the voltage reading over time until the voltage is at a very low level (down to zero volts). + Sold & Serviced By: ELECTROMATE Toll Free Phone (877) SERVO98 Toll Free Fax (877) SERV099 www.electromate.com sales@electromate.comPowerPoint Presentation: Discharging a Capacitor Sold & Serviced By: ELECTROMATE Toll Free Phone (877) SERVO98 Toll Free Fax (877) SERV099 www.electromate.com sales@electromate.comPowerPoint Presentation: The Capacitor Behavior in DC • When connected to a DC source, the capacitor charges and holds the charge as long as the DC voltage is applied. • The capacitor essentially blocks DC current from passing through. Sold & Serviced By: ELECTROMATE Toll Free Phone (877) SERVO98 Toll Free Fax (877) SERV099 www.electromate.com sales@electromate.comPowerPoint Presentation: The Capacitor Behavior in AC • When AC voltage is applied, during one half of the cycle the capacitor accepts a charge in one direction. • During the next half of the cycle, the capacitor is discharged then recharged in the reverse direction. • During the next half cycle the pattern reverses. • It acts as if AC current passes through a capacitor Sold & Serviced By: ELECTROMATE Toll Free Phone (877) SERVO98 Toll Free Fax (877) SERV099 www.electromate.com sales@electromate.comPowerPoint Presentation: The Capacitor Behavior • A capacitor blocks the passage of DC current • A capacitor passes AC current Sold & Serviced By: ELECTROMATE Toll Free Phone (877) SERVO98 Toll Free Fax (877) SERV099 www.electromate.com sales@electromate.comPowerPoint Presentation: The Capacitor Capacitance Value • The unit of capacitance is the farad. - A single farad is a huge amount of capacitance. - Most electronic devices use capacitors that are a very tiny fraction of a farad. • Common capacitance ranges are: § Micro § Nano § Pico μ n p 10 -6 10 -9 10 -12 Sold & Serviced By: ELECTROMATE Toll Free Phone (877) SERVO98 Toll Free Fax (877) SERV099 www.electromate.com sales@electromate.comPowerPoint Presentation: The Capacitor Capacitance Value • Capacitor identification depends on the capacitor type. • Could be color bands, dots, or numbers. • Wise to keep capacitors organized and identified to prevent a lot of work trying to re-identify the values. Sold & Serviced By: ELECTROMATE Toll Free Phone (877) SERVO98 Toll Free Fax (877) SERV099 www.electromate.com sales@electromate.comPowerPoint Presentation: Capacitors in Circuits • Three physical factors affect capacitance values. - Plate spacing - Plate surface area - Dielectric material • In series, plates are + Charged plates far apart - C C far apart making capacitance less C E = C 1 1 2 & Serviced By: + C Sold ELECTROMATE Toll Free Phone (877) SERVO98 Toll Free Fax (877) SERV099 www.electromate.com sales@electromate.comPowerPoint Presentation: Capacitors in Circuits • In parallel, the surface area of the plates add up to be greater. • This makes the total capacitance higher. C E = C 1 + - Sold & S C erviced By: 2 ELECTROMATE Toll Free Phone (877) SERVO98 Toll Free Fax (877) SERV099 www.electromate.com sales@electromate.comPowerPoint Presentation: The Inductor • Inductance defined • Physical construction - How construction affects values • Inductor performance with AC and DC currents Sold & Serviced By: ELECTROMATE Toll Free Phone (877) SERVO98 Toll Free Fax (877) SERV099 www.electromate.com sales@electromate.comPowerPoint Presentation: The Inductor • There are two fundamental principles of electromagnetics: 1. Moving electrons create a magnetic field. 2. Moving or changing magnetic fields cause electrons to move. • An inductor is a coil of wire through which electrons move, and energy is stored in the resulting magnetic field. Sold & Serviced By: ELECTROMATE Toll Free Phone (877) SERVO98 Toll Free Fax (877) SERV099 www.electromate.com sales@electromate.comPowerPoint Presentation: The Inductor • Like capacitors, inductors temporarily store energy. • Unlike capacitors: - Inductors store energy in a magnetic field, not an electric field. - When the source of electrons is removed, the magnetic field collapses immediately. Sold & Serviced By: ELECTROMATE Toll Free Phone (877) SERVO98 Toll Free Fax (877) SERV099 www.electromate.com sales@electromate.comPowerPoint Presentation: The Inductor • Inductors are simply coils of wire. - Can be air wound (just air in the middle of the coil) - Can be wound around a permeable material (material that concentrates magnetic fields) - Can be wound around a circular form (toroid) Sold & Serviced By: ELECTROMATE Toll Free Phone (877) SERVO98 Toll Free Fax (877) SERV099 www.electromate.com sales@electromate.comPowerPoint Presentation: The Inductor • Inductance is measured in Henry(s). • A Henry is a measure of the intensity of the magnetic field that is produced. • Typical inductor values used in electronics are in the range of millihenry (1/1000 Henry) and microhenry (1/1,000,000 Henry) Sold & Serviced By: ELECTROMATE Toll Free Phone (877) SERVO98 Toll Free Fax (877) SERV099 www.electromate.com sales@electromate.comPowerPoint Presentation: The Inductor • The amount of inductance is influenced by a number of factors: - Number of coil turns. - Diameter of coil. - Spacing between turns. - Size of the wire used. - Type of material inside the coil. Sold & Serviced By: ELECTROMATE Toll Free Phone (877) SERVO98 Toll Free Fax (877) SERV099 www.electromate.com sales@electromate.comPowerPoint Presentation: Inductor Performance With DC Currents • When a DC current is applied to an inductor, the increasing magnetic field opposes the current flow and the current flow is at a minimum. • Finally, the magnetic field is at its maximum and the current flows to maintain the field. • As soon as the current source is removed, the magnetic field begins to collapse and creates a rush of current in the other direction, sometimes at very high voltage. Sold & Serviced By: ELECTROMATE Toll Free Phone (877) SERVO98 Toll Free Fax (877) SERV099 www.electromate.com sales@electromate.comPowerPoint Presentation: Inductor Performance With AC Currents • When AC current is applied to an inductor, during the first half of the cycle, the magnetic field builds as if it were a DC current. • During the next half of the cycle, the current is reversed and the magnetic field first has to decrease the reverse polarity in step with the changing current. • These forces can work against each other resulting in a lower current flow. Sold & Serviced By: ELECTROMATE Toll Free Phone (877) SERVO98 Toll Free Fax (877) SERV099 www.electromate.com sales@electromate.comPowerPoint Presentation: The Inductor • Because the magnetic field surrounding an inductor can cut across another inductor in close proximity, the changing magnetic field in one can cause current to flow in the other … the basis of transformers Sold & Serviced By: ELECTROMATE Toll Free Phone (877) SERVO98 Toll Free Fax (877) SERV099 www.electromate.com sales@electromate.comPowerPoint Presentation: The Diode • The semi-conductor phenomena • Diode performance with AC and DC currents • Diode types - General purpose - LED - Zenier Sold & Serviced By: ELECTROMATE Toll Free Phone (877) SERVO98 Toll Free Fax (877) SERV099 www.electromate.com sales@electromate.comPowerPoint Presentation: The Diode The semi-conductor phenomena • Atoms in a metal allow a “sea” of electrons that are relatively free to move about. • Semiconducting materials like Silicon and Germanium have fewer free electrons. • Impurities added to semiconductor material can either add free electrons or create an absence of free electrons (holes). Sold & Serviced By: ELECTROMATE Toll Free Phone (877) SERVO98 Toll Free Fax (877) SERV099 www.electromate.com sales@electromate.comPowerPoint Presentation: The Diode The semi-conductor phenomena • Consider the bar of silicon at the right. - One side of the bar is doped with negative material (excess electrons). The cathode. - The other side is doped with positive material (excess holes). The anode Sold & Serviced By: - In between is a no man ’s land called the P-N Junction. ELECTROMATE Toll Free Phone (877) SERVO98 Toll Free Fax (877) SERV099 www.electromate.com sales@electromate.comPowerPoint Presentation: The Diode The semi-conductor phenomena • Consider now applying a negative voltage to the anode and positive voltage to the cathode. • The electrons are attracted away from the junction. • This diode is reverse biased meaning no current will flow. Sold & Serviced By: ELECTROMATE Toll Free Phone (877) SERVO98 Toll Free Fax (877) SERV099 www.electromate.com sales@electromate.comPowerPoint Presentation: The Diode The semi-conductor phenomena • Consider now applying a positive voltage to the anode and a negative voltage to the cathode. • The electrons are forced to the junction. • This diode is forward biased meaning current will flow. Sold & Serviced By: ELECTROMATE Toll Free Phone (877) SERVO98 Toll Free Fax (877) SERV099 www.electromate.com sales@electromate.comPowerPoint Presentation: The Diode with AC Current • If AC is applied to a diode: - During one half of the cycle the diode is forward biased and current flows. - During the other half of the cycle, the diode is reversed biased and current stops. • This is the process of rectification, allowing current to flow in only one direction. • This is used to convert AC into pulsating DC. Sold & Serviced By: ELECTROMATE Toll Free Phone (877) SERVO98 Toll Free Fax (877) SERV099 www.electromate.com sales@electromate.comPowerPoint Presentation: The Diode with Output Pulsed DC Voltage Diode conducts Diode off Input AC Voltage Sold & Serviced By: ELECTROMATE Toll Free Phone (877) SERVO98 Toll Free Fax (877) SERV099 www.electromate.com sales@electromate.comPowerPoint Presentation: The Light Emitting Diode • In normal diodes, when electrons combine with holes current flows and heat is produced. • With some materials, when electrons combine with holes, photons of light are emitted, this forms an LED. • LEDs are generally used as indicators though they have the same properties as a regular diode. Sold & Serviced By: ELECTROMATE Toll Free Phone (877) SERVO98 Toll Free Fax (877) SERV099 www.electromate.com sales@electromate.comPowerPoint Presentation: The Light Emitting Diode • Build the illustrated circuit on the proto board. • The longer LED lead is the anode (positive end). • Observe the diode response • Reverse the LED and observe what happens. • The current limiting resistor not only limits the current but also controls LED brightness. 330 Sold & Serviced By: ELECTROMATE Toll Free Phone (877) SERVO98 Toll Free Fax (877) SERV099 www.electromate.com sales@electromate.comPowerPoint Presentation: Zener Diode • A Zener diode is designed through appropriate doping so that it conducts at a predetermined reverse voltage. - The diode begins to conduct and then maintains that predetermined voltage • The over-voltage and associated current must be dissipated by the diode as heat 9V 4.7V Sold & Serviced By: ELECTROMATE Toll Free Phone (877) SERVO98 Toll Free Fax (877) SERV099 www.electromate.com sales@electromate.comPowerPoint Presentation: The Transistor (Electronic Valves) • How they works, an inside look • Basic types - NPN - PNP • The basic transistor circuits - Switch - Amplifier Sold & Serviced By: ELECTROMATE Toll Free Phone (877) SERVO98 Toll Free Fax (877) SERV099 www.electromate.com sales@electromate.comPowerPoint Presentation: The Transistor collector base emitter Sold & Serviced By: ELECTROMATE Toll Free Phone (877) SERVO98 Toll Free Fax (877) SERV099 www.electromate.com sales@electromate.comPowerPoint Presentation: The Transistor collector e - N conducting emitter P N forward bias e - e - The base-emitter current controls the collector-base Sold & Serviced By: nt ELECTROMATE Toll Free Phone (877) SERVO98 Toll Free Fax (877) SERV099 www.electromate.com sales@electromate.comPowerPoint Presentation: The Transistor non-conducting collector N P emitter N reverse bias e - e - Sold & Serviced By: ELECTROMATE Toll Free Phone (877) SERVO98 Toll Free Fax (877) SERV099 www.electromate.com sales@electromate.comPowerPoint Presentation: The Transistor • There are two basic types of transistors depending of the arrangement of the material. - PNP - NPN • An easy phrase to help remember the appropriate symbol is to look at the arrow. - PNP - pointing in proudly. - NPN - not pointing in. • The only operational difference is the source polarity. PNP NPN Sold & Serviced By: ELECTROMATE Toll Free Phone (877) SERVO98 Toll Free Fax (877) SERV099 www.electromate.com sales@electromate.comPowerPoint Presentation: Putting It All Together • Simple construction project Sold & Serviced By: ELECTROMATE Toll Free Phone (877) SERVO98 Toll Free Fax (877) SERV099 www.electromate.com sales@electromate.comPowerPoint Presentation: Conclusion • Not really - your journey to understand basic electronics has just begun. • This course was intended to introduce you to some concepts and help you become knowledgeable in others. Sold & Serviced By: ELECTROMATE Toll Free Phone (877) SERVO98 Toll Free Fax (877) SERV099 www.electromate.com sales@electromate.com