IV Classical

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By: Mickpick (18 month(s) ago)

An excellent presentation! Kamien's book stands alone in defining music to new listeners, students and those who desire to expand their knowledge of music. This accompaniment flows through each period, highlighting critical concepts and social change allowing the reader to "feel" and sense the cultural climate. Thank you, this resource is invaluable to me. mickpick.

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Music: An Appreciation 4th Brief Edition by Roger Kamien : 

Music: An Appreciation 4th Brief Edition by Roger Kamien Unit IV The Classical Period 1750-1820 Presentation Development: Robert Elliott University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff

The Classical Period: 

The Classical Period Time-line: Seven Years’ War-1756-1763 Louis XVI in France-1774-1792 Am. Declaration of Independence-1776 French Revolution-1789 Napoleon: first French consul-1799 Napoleonic Wars-1803-1815 Goethe: Faust-1808 Austin: Pride and Prejudice-1813

The Classical Era: 

The Classical Era Scientific advances changed world view Faith in the power of reason Undermining of traditional authority Visual Art Moved away from ornate Baroque style Note picture p. 147 Social organization Religious establishment Age of Enlightenment Rise of the middle class worker

Chpt. 1: The Classical Style: 

Chpt. 1: The Classical Style Transition to Period: ~1730-1770 C.P.E. and J.C. Bach—early pioneers Music and visual arts stress balance and structure Three main composers: Joseph Haydn Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart Ludwig van Beethoven

Slide5: 

Contrast of Mood Characteristics of the Classical Style Contrast both between & within movements Chpt. 1-The Classical Style Flexibility of rhythm Multiple rhythmic patterns in a piece Melody Dynamics Tuneful, easy to sing, folk/popular-based Emotions expressed in shades of dynamics Use of gradual dynamic changes Related to development of the piano Texture Mostly homophonic, but with frequent shifts End of the Basso Continuo

Slide6: 

Standardization of instrumentation The Classical Orchestra Chpt. 1- The Classical Style Increase in size of orchestra Still smaller than that of today Composers made use of the various timbres available Instruments not treated as all equal, as in the Baroque Melodies move around between instruments

Slide7: 

Instrumental works usually in multi-movement form Classical Forms Frequently four movements Chpt. 1- The Classical Style 1st—Fast 2nd—Slow Multi-movement works for instrumental groups: Symphony—for orchestra String quartet—2 violins, viola, & cello Sonata—usually for one or two instruments 3rd—Dance-related 4th—Fast

Chpt. 2: Composer, Patron, and Public in the Classical Period: 

Chpt. 2: Composer, Patron, and Public in the Classical Period Changing society affected musicians Haydn: worked 30 years for aristocratic family Mozart: began at court, broke away, died broke Beethoven: successful as independent musician Prospering middle class wanted aristocratic pleasures (theatre, literature, music) Public, ticket buying concerts became common Middle class children received music lessons Serious compositions flavored by folk and popular music Rise of instrument manufacture industry Composers wrote playable music that would sell

Vienna: 

Vienna Became the musical capitol of Europe Musicians came to study and seek recognition Aristocrats wintering there would bring their orchestras Musicians, including Mozart and Beethoven, frequently played gigs in wealthy homes Chpt. 2- Composer, Patron, and Public Many musicians also worked in serenading street bands

Chpt. 3: Sonata Form: 

Chpt. 3: Sonata Form Refers to form of a single movement Exposition Also called sonata-allegro form Ternary form (A B A)—3 main sections Development Recapitulation Often concludes with a “tag” or tail—Coda Initial statement of 1st and 2nd themes Entire section usually repeated Tension building section Themes broken into fragments—motives Resolution of tension Re-statement of 1st and 2nd themes

Listening: 

Listening Symphony No. 40 in G Minor, K. 550 by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart First movement Listening Guide: p. 160 Brief Set, CD 2:17 Note: Sonata Form Exposition Development Recapitulation Coda Chpt. 3-Sonata Form

Chpt. 4: Theme and Variations: 

Chpt. 4: Theme and Variations Single part form—no large contrasting “B” section (A A’ A” A”’…) Basic idea presented and then repeated over and over Each repeat alters (varies) the musical idea Each variation is about the same length as the original idea Variations may alter melody, harmony, rhythm, dynamics, timbre, or all of these

Listening: 

Listening Symphony No. 94 in G Major (Surprise Symphony; 1791) by Franz Joseph Haydn Second Movement Listening Guide: p. 162 Brief Set, CD 2:10 Note: Theme and Variations form Chpt. 4-Theme and Variations

Chpt. 5: Minuet and Trio: 

Chpt. 5: Minuet and Trio Ternary form based upon stately court dance of the Baroque Each ternary part is itself ternary: Return of the Minuet is usually marked on the music as da capo Minuet Trio Minuet ||: a :||: b a’ :| |: c :||: d c’ :| | a b a’ || A B A

Listening: 

Listening Eine Kleine Nachtmusik (A Little Night Music; 1787), K. 525 by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart Third Movement Listening Guide: p. 165 Brief Set, CD 2:32 Note: Minuet and Trio form Minuet Trio Minuet A B A ||: a :||: b a’ :||: c :||: d c’ :|| a b a’ || Chpt. 5-Minuet and Trio

Chpt. 6: Rondo: 

Chpt. 6: Rondo Features a main theme that keeps coming back Main theme section alternates with other contrasting sections Note the similarity to modern pop-music form Common rondo patterns: A B A C A (small rondo) A B A C A B A (large rondo)

Listening: 

Listening String Quartet in C Minor, Op. 18, No. 4 (1798-1800) by Ludwig van Beethoven Fourth movement Listening Guide: p. 167 Brief Set, CD 2:35 Note: Rondo form A B A C A B A Chpt. 6-Rondo

Chpt. 7: The Classical Symphony: 

Chpt. 7: The Classical Symphony Extended, ambitious composition lasting for 20-45 minutes Multi-movement instrumental work 1st Fast—frequently Sonata form Themes in one movement rarely appear in another movement 2nd Slow—often Sonata form, sometimes Theme and Variations 3rd Dance—usually Minuet and Trio or scherzo (a fast dance-like) form 4th Fast—frequently Sonata or Rondo form

Chpt. 8: The Classical Concerto: 

Chpt. 8: The Classical Concerto Work for instrumental soloist and orchestra lasting 20-45 minutes Usually three movements: Fast—Slow—Fast (no Minuet movement) Contrasts soloist’s abilities with power and timbres of orchestra Break near end of 1st and sometimes last movement called cadenza Solo break where orchestra stops & waits Originally improvised, Classical composers seldom notated cadenzas

Chpt. 9: Classical Chamber Music: 

Chpt. 9: Classical Chamber Music Intended for performance in a room, not a concert hall Sonata for violin and piano Piano trio (violin, cello, and piano) String quintet (2 violins, 2 violas, cello) One player to a part Often intended for amateur performers Small group of 4-9 instrumentalists Most important setting is string quartet 2 violins, viola, cello Four movements Usually Fast—Slow—Dance—Fast Other popular settings:

Chpt. 10: Joseph Haydn: 

Chpt. 10: Joseph Haydn 1732-1809—early and mid-Classical Period Austrian composer (long life) Talent recognized early Age 8—sent to Vienna to be a choir boy Dismissed from school—voice changed Worked in Vienna and continued studies Esterhazy’s composer for 30 years Made concert trip to London Employment status as skilled servant Became famous in Europe at this time Moved to Vienna at Prince’s death Prolific composer

Listening: 

Listening Trumpet Concerto in E Flat Major (1796) by Haydn Third movement Listening Guide: p. 172 Basic Set, CD 3:44 Note: Virtuoso trumpet part for soloist Combination of sonata-allegro and rondo forms called sonata-rondo Chpt. 10-Joseph Haydn

Chpt. 11: Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart: 

Chpt. 11: Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart 1756-1791 (mid-Classical composer) Austrian Child prodigy Son of a professional musician Leopold Mozart, violin, worked for Archbishop of Salzburg Final piece was a Requiem that was finished by one of his students Very prolific, note short life span Wrote in all Classical genres At 25—freelance musician in Vienna Partly due to winning the Emperor’s favor Initially successful, then novelty wore off

Listening: 

Listening Don Giovanni (1787) by Mozart Act I: Introduction Listening Guide: p. 177 Brief Set, CD 3:1 Don Giovanni has slipped into the room of Donna Anna. Leporello worriedly waits outside. Donna Anna is not happy to see Don Giovanni. Her father, the Commandant, catches him. They fight a duel and the Commandant is killed. Chpt. 11-Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

Listening: 

Listening Don Giovanni (1787) by Mozart Leporello’s catalog aria (Madamina) Listening Guide: p. 181 Basic Set, CD 3:55 Donna Elvira, an earlier conquest of Don Giovanni’s, tries to see him again. Leporello intercepts her and attempts to discourage her by reading a list, or catalog, of the women Don Giovanni has been with. Chpt. 11-Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

Listening: 

Listening Symphony No. 40 in G Minor (1788) by Mozart (K. 550) Mvt. 1—Molto allegro Listening Guide: p. 160 Brief Set, CD 2:17 Mvt. 2—Andante Listening Guide: p. 182 Basic Set, CD 3:1 Mvt. 3—Menuetto (Allegretto) Listening Guide: p. 183 Basic Set, CD 3:13 Mvt. 4—Allegro assai (very fast) Listening Guide: p. 183 Basic Set, CD 3:16 Chpt. 11-Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

Listening: 

Listening Piano Concerto No. 23 in A Major (1786) by Mozart (K. 488) First movement Listening Guide: p. 185 Brief Set, CD 3:5 Note: Sonata form Cadenza near end of movement (one of few notated by Mozart) Chpt. 11-Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

Chpt. 12: Ludwig van Beethoven: 

Chpt. 12: Ludwig van Beethoven 1770-1827—late Classical, German Son of a professional musician Financially successful as freelance musician Believed in period’s societal changes Wrote final pieces while totally deaf Died in Vienna 20,000 people attended funeral Wrote in all Classical genres Father, Johann, was a singer & abusive alcoholic Forced the boy to study music (wanted $) 9 symphonies 16 string quartets 5 concertos 1 opera Many other sonatas and other works

Listening: 

Listening Piano Sonata in C Minor, Op. 13 (Pathetique, 1798) by Beethoven First movement (Grave-solemn, slow intro.) Listening Guide: p. 191 Basic Set, CD 4:8 Note: Extreme dynamic contrasts & accents Unexpected pauses More use of dissonance than previous composers Chpt. 12-Ludwig van Beethoven

Listening: 

Listening Symphony No. 5 in C Minor, Op. 67 by Beethoven (1808) Mvt. 1—Allegro con brio Listening Guide: p. 194 Brief Set, CD 2:39 Mvt. 2—Andante con moto Listening Guide: p. 197 Brief Set, CD 2:47 Mvt. 3—Allegro (scherzo) Listening Guide: p. 199 Brief Set, CD 2:53 Mvt. 4—Allegro Listening Guide: p. 200 Brief Set, CD 2:57 Chpt. 12-Ludwig van Beethoven