The World ofANCIENT GREECE: The World of ANCIENT GREECE . . . Or the beginnings of democracy


Early Greek city-states: Early Greek city-states Athens and Sparta were strong in different ways. Athens became a great democracy and was governed by all the free males in the city. Sparta was a military state ruled by a small group of people.


Slide5: Athens became wealthy from its trade and colonies. The wealth of Sparta came from the work of slaves. There was great rivalry between Athens and Sparta, which eventually led to a war for rule of Greece in 431.


FYI: FYI Did you know: Women in Ancient Greece dressed in a single rectangular piece of cloth that was just pinned together. The Greeks were the first to have a democratic government.


Slide8: The first Olympic games were held in Greece almost 3000 years ago. The Greeks were the first to develop an alphabet with vowels.


Athens: Athens 500 to 430 B.C.


The Golden Age of Athens: The Golden Age of Athens A time of great writing and learning. The center of Greek civilization and culture


Slide11: Also known as the golden age of Pericles Politician and speaker Able to influence government voting


Slide12: Great artists and thinkers came and thrived.


Slide13: Socrates – a sculptor and teacher. His motto was “know thyself.” He tried to help people understand the meaning of honor, justice, love, patriotism, duty, and friendship. Plato – the greatest of Socrates’ students.


Slide14: Aristotle – wrote books on Greek drama, correct thinking, and the principles of good government. Pythagoras – A Greek mathematician. Famous for his Pythagorean Theorem to measure a triangle’s sides.


Slide15: Democritus – He believed all matter was made of tiny moving particles he called atoms. Hippocrates – The founder of medicine. He taught that all diseases came from natural causes not curses. “whatever ails you is a good diet, rest, and plenty of fresh air.”


Slide16: Herodotus – storyteller and historian. Father of history Thucydides – famous for his history of the Peloponnesian War.


Architecture and sculpture: Architecture and sculpture


Slide19: Athenian soldiers were required to serve two years in the military, one in the garrison and one in a border fort. After the first year, they were given a sword and a shield with the state's emblem on it.


Slide20: The army consisted of horsemen and hoplites, footsoldiers. They were armed with swords, shields, and extremely long lances.


Slide21: Although they served only two years, they could be called at any moment up to age sixty.


Slide22: Most wars between city-states were due to problems concerning harvests or livestock, sometimes only lasting a day or so.


Slide23: There was a truce called every four years in Greece in order for the citizens of different city-states to travel to Athens for the Olympic Games.


…and plays!: …and plays! In open-air theaters.


THE FIRST DEMOCRACY: THE FIRST DEMOCRACY They believed that citizens of a country should govern that country. Democracy – a form of government in which the people rule.


Slide26: Representative democracy – where representatives are chosen to represent groups of people – the USA. Direct democracy – where citizens participate directly. Every citizen of Athens was a member of the Assembly. The Assembly passed the laws.


Who was a citizen?: Who was a citizen? Only free Athenian males could be citizens. Males could take part when they turned 18.


Slide28: Women could not take part in government. Males from other countries and slaves could not take part in government.


SPARTA: SPARTA


Slide30: A military state in Greece. EVERY male became a soldier. Taught to be loyal and obey orders.


Slide31: Began training at age 7 and served until they were 60. It’s soldiers were the most powerful in Greece.


Women in Sparta: Women in Sparta They were citizens and were viewed as equals. Usually married by 20.


Slide33: Did not become soldiers but young women had to remain physically fit. Trained in gymnastics, boxing, wrestling, and running.


Slide34: Because of their emphasis on the military, Spartans did little in the arts and sciences. Today, when we use the word spartan, we mean plain and uncomplaining.


Slide35: In 431 B.C., the Peloponnesian War broke out. Sparta defeated Athens after 27 years of war.


Slide36: Greek gods were important to the Greek way of life. The Greeks worshiped many gods and goddesses and invented stories, or myths, about them. Each god or goddess was a ruler of some part of nature or human life. Here are some of the gods and goddesses:


Slide37: The Greeks believed that Mount Olympus, the tallest mountain in Greece, was the home of the gods. Zeus was considered the most powerful of the Greek gods. He was not the creator of the world though. Segesta, Temple. Interior from E Agrigento. Temple of Hera


Slide38: The Greeks thought there had been several generations of gods. Zeus had a mother and father as well as a number of sons and daughters.


Slide39: Some of these gods were mortal and others were immortal. Not all the gods were pleasant. Some were ugly or deformed.


There were 12 olympians (gods): There were 12 olympians (gods)


The 5 most powerful gods: The 5 most powerful gods Zeus - Chief god of the Greeks. Hera - The goddess of marriage and women. Apollo - The god of sun and light. Athena - Goddess of wisdom, war, the arts, industry, justice and skill. Poseidon - God of the sea.


The other seven. . .: The other seven. . . Artemis - The moon goddess Hermes - The messenger or herald of the gods Aphrodite - Goddess of love and beauty Ares - god of war. Hated by the other gods and humans because of his violence Hestia - Goddess of the hearth fire Hades - God of the underworld and wealth Demeter - Goddess of agriculture, plants, and harvest


The Olympics: The Olympics Entrance to Olympic stadium in Greece


Slide44: No one knows why the games started. Here are a few myths explaining why the first games were held: One legend says the games were started when Hercules brought a sacred olive tree to Olympia. Others say the Olympic Games were first held as part of a religious festival honoring Zeus.


Slide45: The games were held every four years at four different shrines: Olympia - Zeus honored Nemean Gamea at Nemea (in southern Greece) - Zeus honored


Slide46: Isthmian Games at Isthmia in Corinth -  Poseidon honored Pythian Games at Delphi - Apollo honored


776 B. C. The first Olympic games were held.: 776 B. C. The first Olympic games were held. Lasted 5 days Featured sports, music, and drama All wars stopped Oxen sacrificed to Zeus at the end


The Events: The Events The Pentathlon Running Chariot races Horse races Boxing The Marathon


THE MODERN OLYMPICS: THE MODERN OLYMPICS Baron Pierre de Coubertin 1896


ACCOMPLISHMENTSOF THE GREEKS: ACCOMPLISHMENTS OF THE GREEKS They developed the world’s first democracy They were the first to take a scientific approach to medicine. Hippocrates is known as the father of medicine.


Slide51: The first dramas in outdoor theaters. Invented the rules of geometry. Only the Bible has been more widely studied Developed the art of philosophy The Iliad and the Odyssey by homer


Slide52: They wrote the first histories They studied and described a way to classify, or group different types of plants. They created magnificent buildings and sculptures.


Slide53: The final end of Athenian democracy A year after their defeat of Athens in 404 BC, the Spartans allowed the Athenians to replace the government of the ‘Thirty Tyrants’ with a new democracy.


Slide54: As a system of government, democracy quickly spread to a number of other leading city-states, despite the authoritarian grip of Sparta on the Greek world. However, Sparta's dominance was not to last.


Slide55: Overextended and unable to adjust to new battle techniques, in 371 BC Spartan hoplites suffered their first major defeat in 200 years at the hands of the Theban general Epaminodas. Only a decade later Sparta had been reduced to a shadow of its former self.


Slide56: But Thebes' dominance of Greece would be short-lived. A new power had begun to assert its leadership over the country: Macedonia. Once a backwater, the Macedonian king, Philip II, had turned his country into a military powerhouse.


Slide57: Philip's decisive victory came in 338 BC, when he defeated a combined force from Athens and Thebes. A year later Philip formed the League of Corinth which established him as the ruler, or hegemon, of a federal Greece.


Slide58: Democracy in Athens had finally come to an end. The destiny of Greece would thereafter become inseparable with the empire of Philip's son: Alexander the Great.


Greek alphabet: Greek alphabet


Slide60: Aesop was born in the year 620 B. C. in Greece. He was born a slave. His first master was Xanthus and his second master was Jadmon. Aesop was granted his freedom by Jadmon. After gaining his freedom Aesop raised his status from slavery to one of high respect. He traveled through many countries.


Slide61: Each of his fables have a lesson to be told. Many of the fables are a means of political and social criticism. The stories end with a moral to assure the reader understands the message. Over 600 fables are have been collected and written down.


ANCIENT ROMA: ANCIENT ROMA Its rise and fall. . . .


Slide63: Rome began as a group of small villages in an area of seven hills on the Tiber River in southern Europe. The villages grew in the hills until they became one large town. This town eventually became the largest empire in the world, with hundreds of nationalities and tribes and almost 100 million people


From Etruscans to Romans: From Etruscans to Romans The Etruscans invaded and conquered Rome about 750 B.C. They ruled for about 200 years. The people of Rome drove out the Etruscans about 500 B.C.


Roman Citizens: Roman Citizens Two classes Patricians – rich nobles Plebeians – common people For over 100 years the patricians controlled the government Passed laws that were unfair to the plebeians


The Beginnings: The Beginnings 46 B.C. Julius Caesar took power in Rome Built new buildings, reduced taxes, made life better for the plebeians The Senate, made up of patricians, thought Caesar had too much power murdered him in 44 B.C.


Slide67: Caesar’s adopted son Octavian took power in 27 B.C. Changed his name to Augustus meaning “great” This was the beginning of the Roman Empire


Slide68: Beginning of a 200 year period - Pax Romana (Roman Peace) A time of peace and progress Augustus ruled from 27 B.C. to A.D. 14 With the death of Marcus Aurelius, in A.D. 180, a long decline began


Slide69: Set up a new form of government called a republic No kings or queens – Citizens choose the people to run the government Free men allowed to vote Women and slaves were not


Timeline: Timeline 800 B.C. – Etruscans conquer Italy 450 B.C. – Romans adopt a code of laws 44 B.C. – Julius Caesar is assassinated 31 B.C. – Augustus becomes first Roman emperor A.D. 476 – Roman Empire falls


Slide72: The Roman Empire stretched from the Middle East to Great Britain. Hard to control because it was so large. A.D. 290 emperor Diocletian divided the empire into two sections Western Empire and the Eastern Empire


Slide73: Constantine took power in A.D. 324 and shifted the capital from Rome to Constantinople 5th century the Huns (Romans called them barbarians) invaded the Roman Empire. The Huns conquered the Western Empire The Eastern Empire lasted for another 1000 years.


Roman Gods: Roman Gods Jupiter - King of gods and god of light Juno - Queen of the gods Vesta – goddess of the hearth Mars – god of war Ceres – goddess of the harvest, mother earth Minerva – goddess of wisdom Venus – goddess of love. Her son was Cupid


Slide76: Janus – god of the beginnings (January) Diana – goddess of the moon and of hunting Neptune – god of the sea Vulcan – god of fire Mercury – messenger of the gods and protector of traders


Accomplishments of the Romans: Accomplishments of the Romans They wrote a set of laws that became the basis of many legal systems for many countries of Europe and Latin America. They built roads, bridges, and aqueducts to carry water. Ancient Roman Alphabet


Slide80: Building on architecture developed by the Greeks, Roman architects built the arch, the dome, and the column.


Slide81: Some famous Roman buildings are the 1) Temple of Vesta, 2) the Pantheon, 3) the Colosseum, 4) the Theater of Pompey, and 5) the Arch of Titus. 1 2 3 5 4


Slide82: Even aqueducts were designed using arches and columns.


Slide84: They created sculptures that actually looked like the people they portrayed, a first in ancient times. Their language (Latin) became the basis for many other languages, including French, Italian, Spanish, and Portuguese.


Slide85: The Roman poet Virgil wrote an epic poem, the Aeneid, which traces Rome’s origins to Aeneas, one of the warriors in the Iliad by Homer.


They united people and created peace in a vast empire.: They united people and created peace in a vast empire.


Slide87: They invented Roman numerals, which are still used today. The numbers that we use are called Arabic numbers, as the Europeans learned them from the Arabs, although they were invented in India. Romans had a completely different number system.


The ups and downs: The ups and downs Roman republic ends about 27 B.C. when Augustus became emperor.


Reasons for the Fall of Rome: Reasons for the Fall of Rome There was no orderly way of choosing an emperor. Often done by military leaders They murdered the emperor when they didn’t like them To support the large army, Romans were heavily taxed.


Slide90: Created burdens for the common people. Small farmers could not compete with large landowners, who used slaves for labor. Less food was grown because of poor farming methods on estates.


Slide91: People without jobs, such as out-or-work small farmers, used up tax money Diseases killed about a third of the people


Roman Numerals: Roman Numerals …a quick lesson


Slide93: Arabic Roman 1 I 5 V 10 X 50 L 100 C 500 D 1000 M


But why did the Romans choose these letters as symbols?: But why did the Romans choose these letters as symbols? Well, the Romans counted on their fingers! I or II or III or IIII are different numbers of fingers held up.


Slide95: the thumb and little finger make a V, and it's a lot easier than to draw the whole hand. Ten fingers are both hands, and X is two V's (with one upside down).


Slide96: The Romans spoke a language called Latin, and the Latin for hundred is Centum. So C stands for hundred. What do these words mean? Century - Centurion - Centimetre - Cent - Centipede Fifty is half of a hundred, so the Romans took the symbol for hundred, C, and cut it in half. This makes an L, which became fifty.


Slide97: The Latin for thousand is Mille. So M stands for thousand. What do these words mean? Millennium - Millimetre - Millipede Five hundred is half of a thousand, so the Romans took the symbol for thousand, M, and cut it in half the other way. This makes a (sort of) D, which became five hundred.


DAYS: DAYS English Saxon Title of God Roman/French Monday Mona The MoonMoon Lundi Tuesday Tiu God of War MarsMardi Wednesday Woden The Cunning God MercuryMecredi Thursday Thor Thunder God JoveJeudi Friday Freyja Goddess of Love Venus Vendredi Saturday --- God of Time SaturnSamedi Sunday Sunne The Sun SunDimanche


Month Names: Month Names Where do the month names come from? Name Comes from Who or what? Why? January Janus God of Doors This month opens the year. February februo purify This was a Roman month of sacrifices and purification. March Mars God of War Start of year for soldiers (no fighting during winter) April aperire Open This is the month when trees open their leaves. May Maia Goddess of Growth This is the month when plants really start to grow. June Juno Queen of the Gods July Julius Caesar Ruler of Rome He reorganised the calendar. August Augustus Ruler of Rome He thought he was at least as important as Julius Caesar! September septem seven Seventh month (counting from March) October octo eight Eighth month (counting from March) November novem nine Ninth month (counting from March) December decem ten Tenth month (counting from March)