lectoutline ch18

Quiz # 1: 

Quiz # 1 Write an essay responding to the following question: Compare Ming-Qing imperial rule with that of European absolute monarchies: How were they similar, and how different? To what extent could either system have worked in the other’s context? This is a timed quiz. You have 40 minutes.

Introduction: 

Introduction European encounters with the Americas Changed the world in the late fifteenth century Made the Americas a land where European traditions prevailed Languages Legal and political institutions Religion Profound importance of the slave trade

Periods of European Expansion: 

Periods of European Expansion Four periods of European overseas expansion Initial period of expansion Fifteenth through seventeenth centuries Colonial trade rivalry – England, Spain, France Seventeenth through early nineteenth century New empires in Africa and Asia Nineteenth century Decolonization – mid-twentieth century

Mercantilist Theory: 

Mercantilist Theory A system in which governments heavily regulate trade and commerce in hope of increasing individual national wealth Favorable trade balance of gold and silver National monopoly of home country Colonies provide markets and natural resources Desire to forge trade-tight systems Navigation laws, tariffs, prohibitions Discourage trade with other European nations

Conquest of Aztecs: 

Conquest of Aztecs Hernan Cortès 1484-1547 Small force of 500 soldiers Moctezuma II 1466-1520 May have thought Cortez to be Quetzalcoatl Cortez forms alliance with Tlaxcala Welcomed into Tenochtitlan Capture and death of Moctezuma II Cuauhtemoc defeated in 1521

Conquest of Incas: 

Conquest of Incas Francisco Pizarro – ca. 1478-1541 Two-hundred men Military might that Incas did not understand Atahualpa – ca. 1500-1533 Tricked and captured by Pizarro Garroted in 1533 Cuzco captured Full Spanish control not until 1560’s

Consequences of the Conquests: 

Consequences of the Conquests Conquests of Mexico and Peru Dramatic and brutal events Two huge powerful empires destroyed by small groups with advanced weapons Spread of European diseases Smallpox Impact of isolation Turning point in Americas Entire civilizations destroyed

Roman Catholic Church: 

Roman Catholic Church Vast new regions opened to Catholic Church Relation to crusade against Islamic forces Policy of military conquest on ground of converting non-Christians Eradicating indigenous religious practices Roman Catholic Church always acted as a conservative force Working to protect political power and prestige of the conquerors

Black Legend: 

Black Legend Papacy turned over much of the control of the church in the New World directly to Spanish monarchy Conversion by Franciscans, Dominicans, Jesuits Bartolome de Las Casas – 1474-1566 Dominican Deplored harsh conditions Emergence of “Black Legend” Spanish treatment unprincipled and inhumane

Economies of Exploitation: 

Economies of Exploitation Colonial economy of Spanish America was an economy of exploitation in two senses The organization of labor involved structures of highly dependent servitude or slavery The resources of the continent were exploited in mercantilist fashion for the economic advantage of Spain Conquistadores interested in gold Silver was chief interest of crown – quinto

Encomienda: 

Encomienda A formal grant by the crown Of the right to the labor of a specific number of Native Americans For a particular time Usually a few hundred Native Americans Spanish crown disliked encomienda system Reports of poor treatment Also growing power of encomienda holders

Repartimiento: 

Repartimiento Replaced the encomienda system Copied from the draft practices of the Incas Adaptation of the Inca mita Required adult male Native Americans to devote a set number of days of labor annually to Spanish economic enterprises Time limit led some Spanish managers to use their workers in extremely harsh fashion

Hacienda: 

Hacienda Royal grants led to establishment of large landed estates owned by Peninsulares – whites born in Spain Creoles – whites born in America Transfer of principle of large unit of privately owned land from Europe to America Laborers had formal servitude to owner Debt peonage Two major products – foodstuffs and leather

Decline of the Native Population: 

Decline of the Native Population Extraordinary demographic consequences Exploitation and disease Indian population dies off in huge numbers Indian population in Mexico at time of Columbus’ arrival stood at 25 million Drops to 2 million in less than a century Hispaniola: 100,000 in 1492, 300 in 1570 Peru: 1.3 million in 1570, 600,000 in 1620 Similar numbers elsewhere in Americas Easy supply of exploitable labor drops

Commercial Regulation: 

Commercial Regulation Council of the Indies Nominated viceroys of New Spain and Peru Audiencias – subordinate judicial councils Corregidores – presided over municipal councils Opportunities for royal patronage System of monopolistic trade regulation Casa de Contratacion (House of Trade) Flota – fleet of commercial vehicles

Colonial Brazil and Slavery: 

Colonial Brazil and Slavery Treaty of Tordesillas – 1494 Portuguese control over Brazil Very different labor practices than Spain Imported African slaves early Preeminence of sugar production Fazendas – large sugar cane estates Gold discoveries Portuguese allowed more local autonomy

French Colonies: 

French Colonies French explorers sailed down St. Lawrence River Fur traders Roman Catholic Jesuit missionaries Trade rather than extensive settlements Quebec – founded in 1608 Absence of a drive to permanently claim land Reduced conflicts between French and Native Americans

British Colonies: 

British Colonies Settlement for enrichment Virginia and New Amsterdam Development by royal favorites Carolinas Refuge for English debtors Georgia Pursuit of religious freedom Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Pennsylvania, Maryland

British Interactions: 

British Interactions Complex relations with Native American population Little interest in missionary efforts English encountered no large Native cities Occasional well-organized opposition Powhatan conspiracy, Pequots, Iroquois Agriculture was largest economic activity Southern colonies dependent upon slaves Close ties with England until 1760’s

Slavery in the Americas: 

Slavery in the Americas By 1600 the slave population exceeded the white population in the West Indies Decline in slave numbers in South America Slaves imported into Jamestown in 1619 Cultivation of sugar led to spread of slavery in Brazil and West Indies Only slavery provided enough workers for profitable plantations Caribbean was world center for sugar production

Plantation Economy: 

Plantation Economy New World plantations formed vast corridor of slave societies – novel in world history Social and economic influences of slavery touched the plantations, but also West Africa, western Europe, New England Still impacts these societies today Part of larger system of transatlantic trade Americas – labor-intensive raw materials Europe – manufactured items Africa – slaves, gold, ivory, wood

Slavery on the Plantations: 

Slavery on the Plantations Conditions of slaves differed between colonies Vast slave-holding was the exception Slaves in Portuguese regions had fewest legal protections Slave owners always feared slave revolts Revolts were actually rare Slave laws favored masters over slaves Children of slaves became slaves Slave families could be separated

Daily Life of Slaves: 

Daily Life of Slaves Daily life of most slaves consisted of Hard agricultural labor Poor diet and clothing Inadequate housing Death rates among slaves was high Became separated from African religious beliefs Mixed Christianity with African beliefs European racial prejudice against Africans

Transatlantic Slave Trade: 

Transatlantic Slave Trade Plantations drew Africans into the heart of transatlantic economy West and central Africa – center for slaves Economic needs of colonial powers Willingness to exploit weaker peoples Built on racist notion that non-European, non-white tribal peoples were subhuman Portuguese have early monopoly Later joined by other Europeans, Americans

Background of Slavery: 

Background of Slavery Slave institutions in sub-Saharan Africa were ancient Included traffic with Mediterranean world Islamic states of southwestern Asia and North Africa continued and expanded trade Different forms of slavery Chattel slavery became predominate sanctioned form of transatlantic trade Less dehumanizing forms of trade existed All slavery built on exploitation and degradation

Slavery and Slaving in Africa: 

Slavery and Slaving in Africa Oriental slave trade – trade to Islamic lands Sudan and Horn of Africa – main sources Occidental slave trade – managed by Europeans Western coast of Africa – main source Portuguese developed plantation system of slave labor Until the full development of transatlantic trade, Africa had been no more significant than any other part of the world in the slave trade

Growth of Occidental Trade: 

Growth of Occidental Trade By 1650 the Occidental slave trade Equaled the Oriental trade Far surpassed it for the following two centuries West Africa saw a sharp decline in productive male population Between 1640-1690 – number of slaves doubled Increase in internal African warfare Formal end of African indigenous slavery Gold Coast – 1874; Sierra Leone – 1928

African Side of Atlantic Trade: 

African Side of Atlantic Trade Africans actively involved in slave trade European slave traders generally obtained slaves from African middlemen at coastal fort towns Sometimes private middlemen Sometimes government-supported They undertook actual capture of slaves Some African societies profited from trade Locations for slaves changed over the years

Extent of the Slave Trade: 

Extent of the Slave Trade Greatest active period for Occidental trade 1701-1810 – 60% of total Total numbers still debated Number who died along the way – unknown Best estimates based on numbers who arrived Occidental trade – at least 11 million Oriental trade – at least 5 million Enslaved within African – 15 million

Concluding Generalizations: 

Concluding Generalizations In general the slave trade Measurably changed patterns of life and balances of power By stimulating trade or warfare By disrupting previous market and political structures By substantially increasing slavery inside Africa By disrupting the male-female ratio