alcohol1

Alcohol: 

Alcohol Ethyl alcohol or ethanol Only caffeine is used more widely Recreational, not therapeutic

Vocabulary of alcohol: 

Vocabulary of alcohol < Arabic al kuhl, powder of antimony A series of organic compounds w/ OH Isopropyl alcohol, methanol, ethanol Fermentation: Sugar + water + yeast ---> ethanol +CO2 Distillation: Perhaps discovered in Arabia, first described in detail by the Dominican scholar Albertus Magnus

Albertus Magnus (1193-1280): 

Albertus Magnus (1193-1280) German saint, teacher of Thomas Aquinas

More vocabulary of alcohol: 

More vocabulary of alcohol Fermented beverages: Beer, wine, cider, and mead Distilled beverages: Brandy, rum, usquebaugh/whiskey/bourbon, schnapps: Aqua vitae Fortified beverages: Sherry, port, madeira, muscatel, vermouth, Cisco Mixed beverages: Gin, vodka, liqueurs

Still more vocabulary: 

Still more vocabulary Measuring alcohol content: The moonshiner’s test The proof system Proof spirits Overproof liquor Proof numbers The US system: Percentage by volume The British system: Percentage by weight

History of alcohol: 

History of alcohol Multiple people groups, except native North Americans and Pacific Islanders Ancient Egypt, Babylonia, and Israel Classical Greece Rome and the Christians Britain

Slide7: 

Gin Lane, a woodcut by English painter and engraver William Hogarth (1697-1764). Hogarth satirized contemporary English life. Note the deplorable Conditions, gender alienation, and the implied connection to gin.

Slide8: 

The picture is different on Beer Street, as Hogarth depicts a scene of prosperity for the masses, a flourishing of the arts and learning in the public square, affection between the genders, and ruination for the pawnbroker.

The gin epidemic in Britain: 

The gin epidemic in Britain Significant Events By Year Gallons Sold

America and alcohol: 

America and alcohol British immigrants brought heavy drinking habits to the colonies Spanish settlers in California brought grapevines: Cortez, Jesuits, Franciscans Puritans landed at Plymouth Rock perhaps because they ran out of beer: Crew’s supply Brewing began almost immediately in taverns; commercially at New Amsterdam (1633) and (legally) at Charlestown, MA (1637)

More American history: 

More American history Puritans used alcohol, but put progressive legal and social controls on abuse Colonial Harvard had its own brewery: Commencements became uproars. American Revolution brought social changes and problem drinking: Business first The Triangular Trade Fur trading with Native Americans

Slide12: 

The Whiskey Rebellion Western Expansion Industrial Revolution The temperance movement and respectability: Character The Webb-Kenyon Law (1913) The Eighteenth Amendment (1920) and the Volstead Act (1919): Effective? The Twenty-First Amendment (1933)

Pharmacokinetics of alcohol: 

Pharmacokinetics of alcohol Administration and absorption Oral Both water and fat soluble 80% absorption from upper intestine Thus, rate limiting factor is stomach emptying Total absorption is unaffected by food 90% + access to all body compartments

Pharmacokinetics of alcohol 2: 

Pharmacokinetics of alcohol 2 Metabolism and excretion 95% of alcohol is metabolized by alcohol dehydrogenase enzyme and CYP450 enzymes 85% of that metabolism is in the liver up to 15% is done in the stomach All women, alcoholic or not, have 60% less stomach alcohol dehydrogenase than men Women appear to be even more vulnerable than men to intoxication and chronic effects

Pharmacokinetics of alcohol 3: 

Pharmacokinetics of alcohol 3 More on metabolism: Two-step metabolism: Alcohol is converted by alcohol dehydrogenase to acetaldehyde (co-factor: NAD+ to NADH) Acetaldehyde is converted by aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH)to acetic acid, then to CO2 and water in the Krebs cycle (ATP to AMP) Most Europeans and Africans are homozygous for the active form of ALDH; 10% of Koreans, Japanese, and Chinese are homozygous for the inactive form, and another 40% are heterozygous. Zero order metabolism Disulfiram/Antabuse

Pharmacodynamics of alcohol: 

Pharmacodynamics of alcohol Perhaps not unitary High doses may disrupt membrane functioning (“fluidization”) Low doses act on synapses, particularly glutamate. Inhibits NMDA receptors for glutamate and decreases glutamate release Intoxication produces memory loss; glutamate transmission is reduced at BAC of 0.03% Abstinence syndrome hyperexcitability from up-regulation of NMDA receptors Withdrawal seizures due to up-regulated NMDA receptors Increased glutamate release during withdrawal is excitotoxic on up-regulated NMDA receptors: brain damage

GABA effects: 

GABA effects GABAA-2L subunit: EtOH is an agonist protein kinase phosphorylation intracellular mRNA changes GABA antagonists picrotoxin (Cl- channel blocker) and bicuculline (GABA competitor) are partial antagonists for EtOH GABA agonists increase ethanol’s effects GABA-consequent effects on Ach, NMDA, and DA

Other neurotransmitter effects: 

Other neurotransmitter effects Inhibits release of Ach: Cognitive impairment Agonizes DA from VTA to nucleus accumbens, the “reward center.” Addiction is thus a combination of DA positive reinforcement and GABA negative reinforcement. Opioid effects

Lipid solubility of alcohols: 

Lipid solubility of alcohols