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Social Psychology: 

Social Psychology Psychology 1107

Introduction: 

Introduction When we talked about personality we talked about similarities in behaviour between and within individuals Most social psychologists don’t dispute these individual differences but they realize the importance of the situation

Introduction: 

Introduction Social psychologists are concerned with how we explains others’ behaviour and how others’ behaviour affects us May be as important as the individual

Attribution Theory: 

Attribution Theory Hieder (1958) People attribute others’ behaviour to their dispositions Personality Sometimes this is over course true, we do have personalities after all We overestimate the importance of personality in others’ behaviour

Attribution Theory: 

Attribution Theory We tend to do the other with us, so when we do something we blame the situation The fundamental attribution error We have more data in essence Attributions have big effects Do you blame the person or the situation, and then do you generalize….

Attitudes: 

Attitudes Attributions can affect, and are affected by attributions Attitudes are behaviours and feelings that predispose us to react in a certain way to Objects Events people

Attitude change: 

Attitude change Do we change the way people think? Not necessarily Attitudes guide actions if Outside influences are minimal Attitude is specifically related to the behaviour Awareness of attitudes is important Counter intuitive

Might be better to change the behaviour: 

Might be better to change the behaviour The foot in the door phenomenon How ‘brainwashing’ worked during the Korean War Drive Carefully (Freedman and Frasier, 1966) 17 % put up big ugly sign All did if they put up a little sign first

Role Playing: 

Role Playing Actually works Zimbardo (1972) Prison experiment Got really scary Had to stop the experiment

Cognitive Dissonance: 

Cognitive Dissonance If I did it it must be right Festinger Rationalize our behaviour Peter Darke’s research on consumer beahviour I really needed a MacBook Pro….

Social Influence: 

Social Influence Funny how we do stuff if other people are eh? UFOs Political ideas Social ideas How does this happen?

Conformity and Obedience: 

Conformity and Obedience Phillips’ odd data Suicides go up after suicides are published So do car crashes Airplane crashes Ash’s classic line length experiments About 1/3 of people give the wrong answer

Factors that affect conformity: 

Factors that affect conformity Made to feel incompetent At least three people High status group Unanimity No prior commitment Our behaviour is in the open Cultural effects

Social Influence: 

Social Influence Normative social influence When it is clear what the norm is Informational social influence When we are not sure about what to do, but we have to do the right thing

Milgram: 

Milgram Teacher and Learner Learner was a confederate Paired associates Wrong answer, given a ‘shock’ ‘You must continue’ 63% completed! Started a big debate about ethics Most participants were happy to learn this scary thing about themselves

More Milgram: 

More Milgram I have a heart condition’ -> no effect! Legitimate authority was the key Affiliation Depersonalization Modeling effects

What does it all mean?: 

What does it all mean? People go against their beliefs under the right circumstances Under the right conditions people will do awful things Don’t let this absolve anyone

Social Facilitation: 

Social Facilitation Improved performance in the presence of others Probably due to arousal The whole Yerkes-Dotson thing

Social Loafing: 

Social Loafing Doing things as a group and loafing When you believe others are trying, you may quit Cultural effects Less accountable

Deindividuation: 

Deindividuation Arousal Diminished responsibility Riots Less likely to help a stranger when you are in a group

Group Polarization: 

Group Polarization Small differences between groups tend to grow More specifically you get an enhancement of a group’s prevailing tendancies

Groupthink: 

Groupthink Overconfidence Conformity Self justification Can be stopped by a good leader that listens to others and welcomes criticism Minorities can affect the group if they stick to their guns

Cultural effects: 

Cultural effects Of course, in social psych cultural effects are going to be huge Different cultures have different norms Personal space for example There are cultural effects on gender roles, though there are quite a few universals too

Prejudice: 

Prejudice Mixture of beliefs, emotions and actions towards a group Influences cognition While blatant prejudice is on the wane, subtler forms are still out there

Victims: 

Victims They experience a few different things Social inequality Exclusion scapegoating

Where does it come from?: 

Where does it come from? We have a need to categorize stuff The availability heuristic does not help much The just world hypothesis They deserve it

Aggression: 

Aggression There are genetic factors There are biochemical factors The frustration aggression hypothesis Learning effects

Conclusions: 

Conclusions Social psychology is cool Just because you think you know something, does not mean you do, lots of counter-intuitive data The situation is important The group is important WE ARE DONE