logging in or signing up Chapter 15 Dora Download Post to : URL : Related Presentations : Share Add to Flag Embed Email Send to Blogs and Networks Add to Channel Uploaded from authorPOINTLite Insert YouTube videos in PowerPont slides with aS Desktop Copy embed code: (To copy code, click on the text box) Embed: URL: Thumbnail: WordPress Embed Customize Embed The presentation is successfully added In Your Favorites. Views: 1940 Category: Education License: All Rights Reserved Like it (0) Dislike it (0) Added: January 18, 2008 This Presentation is Public Favorites: 1 Presentation Description No description available. Comments Posting comment... By: llmoonll (11 month(s) ago) great ,,, i like it.. Saving..... Post Reply Close Saving..... Edit Comment Close Premium member Presentation Transcript Environmental Science: Toward a Sustainable Future Richard T. Wright: Environmental Science: Toward a Sustainable Future Richard T. Wright Environmental Hazards and Human Health PPT by Clark E. Adams Chapter 15Environmental Hazards and Human Health: Environmental Hazards and Human Health Links between human health and the environment Pathways of risk Risk assessmentSome Definitions: Some Definitions Environment: combination of physical, chemical, and biological factors Hazard: anything that can cause injury, death, disease, damage to personal/public property, or deterioration or destruction of environmental components Risk: probability of suffering a loss as a result of exposure to a hazardLinks between Human Health and the Environment: Links between Human Health and the Environment The picture of health Environmental hazards The Picture of Health: Some Terms: The Picture of Health: Some Terms Morbidity: incidence of disease in a population Mortality: incidence of death in a population Epidemiology: study of presence, distribution, and control of disease in a populationCauses of Human Mortality : Causes of Human Mortality Environmental Hazards: Environmental Hazards Cultural Biological Physical ChemicalCultural Hazards: Cultural Hazards Consequence of choice Risky behavior To what cultural hazards do college students commonly subject themselves?Deaths from Various Cultural Hazards: Deaths from Various Cultural Hazards Biological Hazards: Biological Hazards Pathogenic bacteria Fungi Viruses Protozoans Worms Global Map of Tuberculosis, 2001: Global Map of Tuberculosis, 2001Infectious Diseases: Infectious Diseases More prevalent in, but not exclusive to, developing countries Contamination of food and water Lack of resources for sanitation Lack of education Ideal climates for transmission of vector-borne diseases like malariaMalarial Parasite Life Cycle: Malarial Parasite Life CyclePhysical Hazards: Physical Hazards Natural disasters, e.g., tornadoes, floods, hurricanes, and wildfires Avoidance of risk important in prevention, e.g., building homes in floodplains, and living on the coast Climate change: consequences of elevated greenhouse gases Chemical Hazards: Chemical Hazards Result of industrialization Exposure through ingestion, inhalation, absorption through skin May be direct use or accidental Many chemicals are toxic at low levels Chemical Hazards: Chemical Hazards 74 chemicals are known to be carcinogenic (Table 15-2) Environmental carcinogens initiate mutations in DNA; several mutations lead to a malignancyPathways of Risk: Pathways of Risk The risk of being poor The cultural risk of tobacco use Risk and infectious diseases Toxic risk pathwaysThe Risk of Being Poor: The Risk of Being Poor One major pathway for hazards is poverty No money for health insurance Higher probability of exposure to environmental hazards The 10 Leading Global Risk Factors: The 10 Leading Global Risk Factors Fig. 15-9 hereEnvironmental Health: Environmental Health Factors contributing to the environmental health of a nation include: Education Nutrition Commitment from government More equitable distribution of wealth The Cultural Risk of Tobacco Use: The Cultural Risk of Tobacco UseRegulation of Smoking: Regulation of Smoking Warning labels Smoke-free zones in public places FDA regulations Lawsuits against the tobacco industry Risk and Infectious Diseases: Risk and Infectious Diseases One major pathway of risk is contamination of food and water Inadequate hygiene Inferior sewage treatment Control of Infectious Disease: Control of Infectious Disease Genome sequencing of the Anopheles mosquito Bed nets Change in land use practices: wetland development New effective antimalarial drugsWorldwide Distribution of Malaria: Worldwide Distribution of MalariaToxic Risk Pathways: Toxic Risk Pathways Categories of impact of airborne pollutants Chronic: effect takes place over a period of years Acute: life-threatening reaction within a period of hours or days Carcinogenic: pollutants initiate cellular change leading to cancerIndoor Air Pollution: Developed Countries: Indoor Air Pollution: Developed Countries Hazardous fumes from home products Well-insulated buildings Long exposure to indoor airIndoor Air Pollution: Developing Countries: Indoor Air Pollution: Developing Countries Results from burning biofuels (wood, dung) inside homes Acute respiratory infections in children Chronic lung diseases Lung cancer Birth-related problemsRisk Assessment: Risk Assessment Environmental risk assessment by the EPA Public-health risk assessment Risk management Risk perceptionDefinition of Risk Assessment : Definition of Risk Assessment The process of evaluating the risks associated with a particular hazard before taking some action in which the particular hazard is presentLoss of Life Expectancy from Various Risks: Top Five (see Fig. 15-16): Loss of Life Expectancy from Various Risks: Top Five (see Fig. 15-16) Alcoholic Poverty Smoking – male Poor social connections Heart diseaseLoss of Life Expectancy from Various Risks: Loss of Life Expectancy from Various RisksEnvironmental Risk Assessment by the EPA: Environmental Risk Assessment by the EPA Hazard assessment (What chemicals cause cancer?) Dose-response assessment (How much?) Exposure assessment (How long?) Risk characterization (How many will die?)Public-Health Risk Assessment: Public-Health Risk Assessment Potential global impact High likelihood of causality Modifiability Availability of data (see Table 15-4)Risk Management: Risk Management Usually involves: Cost–benefit analysis Risk–benefit analysis Public preferencesRisk Perception: Hazard vs. Outrage: Risk Perception: Hazard vs. Outrage Hazard: expresses primarily a concern for fatalities onlyRisk Perception: Hazard vs. Outrage: Risk Perception: Hazard vs. Outrage Outrage includes: Lack of familiarity with technology Extent to which the risk is voluntary Public impressions of hazards Overselling safety Morality Control Fairness Risk Assessment/Management: Risk Assessment/Management Some suggest we use distributive justice in making decisions about risk Ethical process of making certain that everyone receives proper consideration Should reduce environmental racism/injusticeRisk Assessment/Management: Risk Assessment/Management Not a perfect system Precautionary principle Lack of certainty should not be used as a reason for preventing environmental degradation/hazards End of Chapter 15: End of Chapter 15 You do not have the permission to view this presentation. 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Chapter 15 Dora Download Post to : URL : Related Presentations : Share Add to Flag Embed Email Send to Blogs and Networks Add to Channel Uploaded from authorPOINTLite Insert YouTube videos in PowerPont slides with aS Desktop Copy embed code: (To copy code, click on the text box) Embed: URL: Thumbnail: WordPress Embed Customize Embed The presentation is successfully added In Your Favorites. Views: 1940 Category: Education License: All Rights Reserved Like it (0) Dislike it (0) Added: January 18, 2008 This Presentation is Public Favorites: 1 Presentation Description No description available. Comments Posting comment... By: llmoonll (11 month(s) ago) great ,,, i like it.. Saving..... Post Reply Close Saving..... Edit Comment Close Premium member Presentation Transcript Environmental Science: Toward a Sustainable Future Richard T. Wright: Environmental Science: Toward a Sustainable Future Richard T. Wright Environmental Hazards and Human Health PPT by Clark E. Adams Chapter 15Environmental Hazards and Human Health: Environmental Hazards and Human Health Links between human health and the environment Pathways of risk Risk assessmentSome Definitions: Some Definitions Environment: combination of physical, chemical, and biological factors Hazard: anything that can cause injury, death, disease, damage to personal/public property, or deterioration or destruction of environmental components Risk: probability of suffering a loss as a result of exposure to a hazardLinks between Human Health and the Environment: Links between Human Health and the Environment The picture of health Environmental hazards The Picture of Health: Some Terms: The Picture of Health: Some Terms Morbidity: incidence of disease in a population Mortality: incidence of death in a population Epidemiology: study of presence, distribution, and control of disease in a populationCauses of Human Mortality : Causes of Human Mortality Environmental Hazards: Environmental Hazards Cultural Biological Physical ChemicalCultural Hazards: Cultural Hazards Consequence of choice Risky behavior To what cultural hazards do college students commonly subject themselves?Deaths from Various Cultural Hazards: Deaths from Various Cultural Hazards Biological Hazards: Biological Hazards Pathogenic bacteria Fungi Viruses Protozoans Worms Global Map of Tuberculosis, 2001: Global Map of Tuberculosis, 2001Infectious Diseases: Infectious Diseases More prevalent in, but not exclusive to, developing countries Contamination of food and water Lack of resources for sanitation Lack of education Ideal climates for transmission of vector-borne diseases like malariaMalarial Parasite Life Cycle: Malarial Parasite Life CyclePhysical Hazards: Physical Hazards Natural disasters, e.g., tornadoes, floods, hurricanes, and wildfires Avoidance of risk important in prevention, e.g., building homes in floodplains, and living on the coast Climate change: consequences of elevated greenhouse gases Chemical Hazards: Chemical Hazards Result of industrialization Exposure through ingestion, inhalation, absorption through skin May be direct use or accidental Many chemicals are toxic at low levels Chemical Hazards: Chemical Hazards 74 chemicals are known to be carcinogenic (Table 15-2) Environmental carcinogens initiate mutations in DNA; several mutations lead to a malignancyPathways of Risk: Pathways of Risk The risk of being poor The cultural risk of tobacco use Risk and infectious diseases Toxic risk pathwaysThe Risk of Being Poor: The Risk of Being Poor One major pathway for hazards is poverty No money for health insurance Higher probability of exposure to environmental hazards The 10 Leading Global Risk Factors: The 10 Leading Global Risk Factors Fig. 15-9 hereEnvironmental Health: Environmental Health Factors contributing to the environmental health of a nation include: Education Nutrition Commitment from government More equitable distribution of wealth The Cultural Risk of Tobacco Use: The Cultural Risk of Tobacco UseRegulation of Smoking: Regulation of Smoking Warning labels Smoke-free zones in public places FDA regulations Lawsuits against the tobacco industry Risk and Infectious Diseases: Risk and Infectious Diseases One major pathway of risk is contamination of food and water Inadequate hygiene Inferior sewage treatment Control of Infectious Disease: Control of Infectious Disease Genome sequencing of the Anopheles mosquito Bed nets Change in land use practices: wetland development New effective antimalarial drugsWorldwide Distribution of Malaria: Worldwide Distribution of MalariaToxic Risk Pathways: Toxic Risk Pathways Categories of impact of airborne pollutants Chronic: effect takes place over a period of years Acute: life-threatening reaction within a period of hours or days Carcinogenic: pollutants initiate cellular change leading to cancerIndoor Air Pollution: Developed Countries: Indoor Air Pollution: Developed Countries Hazardous fumes from home products Well-insulated buildings Long exposure to indoor airIndoor Air Pollution: Developing Countries: Indoor Air Pollution: Developing Countries Results from burning biofuels (wood, dung) inside homes Acute respiratory infections in children Chronic lung diseases Lung cancer Birth-related problemsRisk Assessment: Risk Assessment Environmental risk assessment by the EPA Public-health risk assessment Risk management Risk perceptionDefinition of Risk Assessment : Definition of Risk Assessment The process of evaluating the risks associated with a particular hazard before taking some action in which the particular hazard is presentLoss of Life Expectancy from Various Risks: Top Five (see Fig. 15-16): Loss of Life Expectancy from Various Risks: Top Five (see Fig. 15-16) Alcoholic Poverty Smoking – male Poor social connections Heart diseaseLoss of Life Expectancy from Various Risks: Loss of Life Expectancy from Various RisksEnvironmental Risk Assessment by the EPA: Environmental Risk Assessment by the EPA Hazard assessment (What chemicals cause cancer?) Dose-response assessment (How much?) Exposure assessment (How long?) Risk characterization (How many will die?)Public-Health Risk Assessment: Public-Health Risk Assessment Potential global impact High likelihood of causality Modifiability Availability of data (see Table 15-4)Risk Management: Risk Management Usually involves: Cost–benefit analysis Risk–benefit analysis Public preferencesRisk Perception: Hazard vs. Outrage: Risk Perception: Hazard vs. Outrage Hazard: expresses primarily a concern for fatalities onlyRisk Perception: Hazard vs. Outrage: Risk Perception: Hazard vs. Outrage Outrage includes: Lack of familiarity with technology Extent to which the risk is voluntary Public impressions of hazards Overselling safety Morality Control Fairness Risk Assessment/Management: Risk Assessment/Management Some suggest we use distributive justice in making decisions about risk Ethical process of making certain that everyone receives proper consideration Should reduce environmental racism/injusticeRisk Assessment/Management: Risk Assessment/Management Not a perfect system Precautionary principle Lack of certainty should not be used as a reason for preventing environmental degradation/hazards End of Chapter 15: End of Chapter 15