PART3 Peripheral Injuries

Tortures, taunting, and trials – from the garden to conviction: 

Tortures, taunting, and trials – from the garden to conviction

Peripheral Damages: 

Peripheral Damages The Roman soldiers were professional executioners – they knew their trade well The temple guards and loyal friends of the high priest, though not professionals, were not driven by loyalty to the governor or to Rome – but were driven by hatred of Jesus and all that he stood for!

Who were These Men With Judas?: 

Who were These Men With Judas? The band composed of about 20 soldiers selected from the temple guard and from others of the military under the orders of Annas and Caiphas all had swords some armed with spears and sticks some carried lanterns, and torches

Caiphas and Annas Took No Chances: 

Caiphas and Annas Took No Chances Group composed of: four archers (common bailiffs carrying cords and chains) six agents (courtiers of Annas and Caiphas acting in the capacity of spies – and most bitter enemies of Jesus) Many more soldiers (perhaps hundreds) were stationed in Orphel and along the street called Millo – to the house of Annas on Mount Zion

Slide5: 

Millo Orphel House of Annas The Garden

After the Kiss: 

After the Kiss With the greatest brutality, they tied his hands as tightly as possible with hard new cords – encircled his waist with a species of belt studded with iron points, and bound his hands to it with ornate bands; while on his neck they put a collar covered with iron points – leather straps fastened from the collar to his belt

Scripture: 

Scripture …at that moment they stepped to lay hands on Jesus and arrested him….Matthew 26:50 …then they led Jesus off to the high priest….Mark 15:53 ….they led him away under arrest and brought him to the house of the high priest….Luke 22:54 Then the soldiers of the cohort, their tribune, and the Jewish guards arrested Jesus and bound him. They led him first to Annas, the father-in-law of Caiphas...John 18:12

The Road to Annas and CaiphasThey led him first to Annas, the father-in-law of Caiphas who was high priest that year….John 18:13: 

The Road to Annas and Caiphas They led him first to Annas, the father-in-law of Caiphas who was high priest that year….John 18:13 Orphel Mt. Zion

The Ropes: 

The Ropes Then four ropes were tied to different sections of the belt These ropes were then held by the archers to drag Jesus from side to side in a cruel manner – this brought them great favor from the six Pharisees accompanying the band

The Road: 

The Road Led along the roughest road with the sharpest of stones – and through the thickest mire; they pulled the ropes tightly and violently and struck him with knotted cords Jesus was barefoot; did not take long before his feet became cut up and bloodied Procession proceeded at a good pace; when they left the road which runs between the Garden of Olives and that of Gethsemane, they reached a bridge crossing the Torrent of Cedron

Adding Insult to Injury: 

Adding Insult to Injury From the moment of his arrest, the insults began; the Pharisees and enemies of Our Lord cast insults to his family, his followers, and Jesus himself; blaspheming and swearing at his very existence Many of his enemies threw mud and dirt at him, calling him every vile name; the entire time they were inflicting the most painful physical punishment – remember, the hematidrosis experienced in the garden amplified every hurt much more because his skin was now sensitized - this would continue throughout the next day

Repeated Falls: 

Repeated Falls The barbarous manner in which the archers used the ropes tied to Our Lord’s waist, caused him to fall over and over; dragging him along the rough road as they went – his knees soon became bloodied Halfway over the bridge, they struck him with such violence that they threw him off into the water; falling first on his knee and then on his face

Slide13: 

“But I am a worm, not a man; the scorn of men, despised by the people. All who see me scoff at me; they mock me with parted lips, they wag their heads”….Psalm 22:7-8 “They open their mouths against me like ravening and roaring lions….Psalm 22:14 “Indeed, many dogs surround me, a pack of evildoers closes in upon me”….Psalm 22:17 Psalm 22

Liquid Reprieve: 

Liquid Reprieve Though they mocked him and spit upon him, he was able to drink some water “In his thirst he will drink water from the torrent” ….Psalm 110:7 Using the ropes, the archers dragged Jesus through the Cedron to the shore Note: Many historians believe the city sewage drained into the Cedron; thus Jesus may have been so thirsty that he was willing to drink tainted water

The Road Continues: 

The Road Continues Not quite midnight when four archers inhumanly dragged Jesus over a narrow path which was choked up with stones, rock fragments, thistles, and thorns…his feet bleeding profusely The six brutal Pharisees walked as closed to Our Lord as possible; struck him constantly with sharp pointed sticks and continued to incite the archers to greater cruelty

Near the Gate of Orphel: 

Near the Gate of Orphel He fell as they approached the Gate of Orphel and appeared unable to continue One had compassion and loosened his fetters and brought Jesus water from a neighboring fountain…the entire time, Jesus was barraged by insults and contumelious language from the six Pharisees Note: Of all the inhabitants of Jerusalem, those from Orphel were most likely to be sympathetic to Jesus – they were poorer and more common-folk

The View in Orphel: 

The View in Orphel The inhabitants of Orphel looked upon Jesus; his face was white, disfigured, and wounded, his hair disheveled, his dress wet and soiled, and his savage and drunken guards were dragging him about and striking him with sticks like a poor dumb animal led to the slaughter This continued as Jesus fell seven times between Mount Olivet and the house of Annas

Slide18: 

Steps to Mt. Zion

The House of Annas: 

The House of Annas It was about midnight when Jesus reached the palace of Annas; feet and knees bloodied The soldiers who first arrested Jesus now dragged him roughly into a large hall where Annas was surrounded by a large number of councilors, servants, and soldiers Jesus stood before Annas. He looked exhausted and haggard; his garments were covered with mud, his hands manacled, his head bowed down, and he spoke not a word

Who Was Annas?: 

Who Was Annas? The father in law of Caiphas, the high priest A former high priest himself, he was replaced years earlier by the then prefect Valerius Gratus (prior to Pilate’s reign as procurator) Some historians believe him to be the real power of Jerusalem and that Caiphas consulted with him regularly prior to doing anything major

Annas is Provoked: 

Annas is Provoked At a question from Annas, Jesus raised his head and answered, “I have spoken openly for all to hear….Why ask me now? ….ask those who have heard me speak…” Annas becomes furious and indignant; a nearby guard sees this and immediately strikes our lord with his iron gauntlet

Scripture: 

Scripture “At this reply, one of the guards who was standing nearby gave Jesus a sharp blow on the face”……John 18:22

Just a Slap?: 

Just a Slap? The gospels uses the words “a sharp blow”….the shroud shows that Jesus had been “punched” several times and had a broken nose Remember; every slap, punch, push, etc had an even greater effect because of the softening of the skin from hematidrosis (during his agony in the garden)

“Why Strike Me?”: 

“Why Strike Me?” Jesus was so nearly prostrated by the violence of the blow, that when the guards likewise reviled and struck him, he fell quite down and blood trickled from his face on to the floor Laughter, insults, and bitter words resounded through the hall. The archers dragged him roughly up again

A Parade of False Witnesses: 

A Parade of False Witnesses Many came to testify against him (those who supported Jesus were not permitted into the hall)….their accusations and lies brought with them insults and derisive gestures The archers struck him repeatedly when he would not answer his accusers

From Annas to Caiphas: 

From Annas to Caiphas After questioning was completed in the house of Annas, Jesus was rebound tightly and led amid hisses, shouts, and repeated blows - to the Court of Caiphas This distance was no more than three hundred steps

Scripture: 

Scripture “They led him first to Annas, the father-in-law of Caiphas who was high priest that year. It was Caiphas who had proposed to the Jews the advantage of having one man die for the people”……John 18:13-14

Who Was Caiphas?: 

Who Was Caiphas? Prior to Pilate’s arrival in Judea as prefect or procurator, Valerius Gratus (15 – 26 AD) changed the High Priest four times in his 11 year reign Annas who was in office when Gratus began his reign as prefect Ismael ben Phiabi Eleazar Simon, son of Camith Joseph Caiphas Pilate made no changes, since he was satisfied with Gratus’ last choice of Caiphus

Why Caiphas?: 

Why Caiphas? Caiphas was chosen as high priest because he could be relied on to support Roman interests and also could command some respect among the people He knew how to act in complete accord with the Roman governors of Tiberius’ reign – in other words, he was very political and knew how to appease the Romans

Who Was The Sanhedrin: 

Who Was The Sanhedrin Normally consisted of 71 members, including the chief member – the high priest Membership comprised of three parts The priestly families, primarily the Sadducees who believed in the written word The Ancients, elderly men who had attained success as laymen and who were appointed to the high court out of respect The Scribes who believed in oral tradition – mostly the Pharisees

The Sanhedrin: 

The Sanhedrin There were other Sanhedrin around Judea, but only the great Sanhedrin of Jerusalem was the official court of the land The Supreme Court of Palestine and the legislative body Herod the Great weakened the Sanhedrin considerably…on his deathbed, he ordered that many members of the Sanhedrin be killed upon his death

The Sadducees: 

The Sadducees Believed firmly in the written law Denied the authority of oral tradition Conflicting mostly with the Scribes They denied destiny altogether and placed God beyond doing or seeing anything bad; considered that good or bad was a human choice The denied the soul’s performance as well as rewards or punishment in the underworld

The Pharisees: 

The Pharisees The name Pharisee means “pure” or “separated” Lived thriftily giving in to no luxury They normally deferred to the elders Claimed that everything was affected by destiny; but also realized that humans had some power (free will) Believed in a final accounting of rewards and punishment after life Their beliefs appealed to the masses They believed and followed an oral tradition and interpreted law and rules to live by

The Pharisees and the Sadducees: 

The Pharisees and the Sadducees The Pharisees and Sadducees were the two most well known Jewish sects of the time; the Essenes being the third Both, to some extent opposed Jesus during his ministry and both received condemnation from him The Pharisees primarily came from middle class families and were zealous for the Mosaic law; the Sadducees from the wealthy aristocracy and embraced Hellenism

The Scribes: 

The Scribes Mostly younger men The doctors of the law; the fervent, sometimes brilliant and dynamic fragment of the court Some of the scribes were Sadducees, but most were Pharisees – men who interpreted and reinterpreted the oral law and tried to find an inner meaning of the ancient written law

Before the Tribunal of Caiphas: 

Before the Tribunal of Caiphas Caiphas made use of the most insulting language, and the archers again struck and abused our Lord…attempting to force him to speak by their repeated blows Repeated blows from the under-servants of the members of the tribunal At one point, the archers seized our Lord by the hair, pulled his head back, and gave him blows under the chin

Scripture: 

Scripture “I order you to tell us under oath before the living God whether you are the Messiah, the Son of God.” Jesus answered, “It is you who say it. But I tell you this: Soon you will see the Son of Man seated at the right hand of the Power and coming on the clouds of heaven.” At this, the high priest tore his robe….Matthew 26: 63-65

The Tearing of the Mantle: 

The Tearing of the Mantle When Jesus admitted that he was the Messiah, the son of the living God; Caiphas dramatically tore his robe and amidst the cries of “he has blasphemed” condemned Jesus With the other members of the council, Caiphas departed the tribunal leaving our Lord in the hands of the wolves

A Swarm of Wasps: 

A Swarm of Wasps This crowd surrounded Jesus like a swarm of infuriated wasps, and began to heap every imaginable insult upon him and pulled out handfuls of his hair and beard Spat upon him Struck him with their fists Wounded him with sharp-pointed sticks Ran needles into his body

The Wolves Have Their Day: 

The Wolves Have Their Day Around his neck, they hung a long iron chain – with an iron ring at each end, studded with sharp points – which bruised and tore his knees as he walked They pinioned his arm and put a reed (scepter) into his hand, and covered him with spittle – also throwing mud and filth over his hair, as well as his chest – and crowned him with straw and mud

The Wolves at Play: 

The Wolves at Play Covering his eyes with a dirty rag, they mocked him as they slapped and struck him repeatedly They seized the chain which hung around his neck and dragged him to and fro – and by use of their pointed sticks they could direct him to walk in the direction they wanted him to go They dragged him around the room, before all the remaining members of the council – each abusing him and ridiculing him – trying to outdo each other

Peter’s Heavy Heart: 

Peter’s Heavy Heart As they began their march from the chamber – Peter, who had been lurking outside (and who was just about to deny our Lord) caught a glimpse of Jesus As they were dragging him backwards and forwards by pulling ropes and chains – and he had a crown of straw upon his head A glance from Jesus cut right through Peter’s heart

Incarcerated: 

Incarcerated Jesus was placed in a small dark cell until daylight; still clothed in the old dirty mantle, and covered with the spittle and other filth which they had thrown over him – he was still bound He was without water, nor food – he was not permitted to sleep His captors were relentless in their brutality; the insults and beatings continued throughout the night – occasionally the guards were relieved and a new group would begin their cruelty to our Lord

Preparing For Pilate: 

Preparing For Pilate In the morning, the guards dragged him from the cell They all competed to see who could heap the most abusive language towards our Lord A chain was fastened around his neck – something done to criminals condemned to death They descended slowly down the north side of Mount Zion and crossed a part of lower town – through the most public part of town – past the eastern side of the Temple, called Akra (Acre) Caiphas, Annas, and many other Pharisees led the procession towards the palace and tribunal of Pilate

Slide45: 

The Road to Pontius Pilate, ….They bound Jesus, led him away, and handed him over to Pilate…. Mark 15:1 Mt. Zion Acre (Akra)

Scripture: 

Scripture They bound him and led him away to be handed over to the procurator, Pilate….Mathew 27:2 As soon as it was daybreak the chief priests with the elders and scribes (that is, the whole Sanhedrin) reached a decision. They bound Jesus, led him away, and handed him over to Pilate….Mark 15:1

“Indeed Many Dogs Surround Me”: 

Jesus was stripped of all save his undergarment, which was stained and soiled by the filth which had been flung upon it Jesus was colorless, haggard, his face swollen and bleeding and his merciless persecutors tormenting him more and more “Indeed Many Dogs Surround Me”

A Pack of Evildoers Closes In Upon Me: 

They mocked and with derisive gestures called him king, and tossed stones, bits of wood, and filthy rags in his path Scarcely able to support himself, receiving blows from some, buffets from others; curses, abuse, and the most scurrilous language A Pack of Evildoers Closes In Upon Me

Before Pilate: 

Before Pilate It was just after sunrise when the procession reached the palace of Pilate The brutal guards dragged Jesus to the foot of the flight of stairs which led to the judgment seat of Pilate

Who was Pontius Pilate: 

Who was Pontius Pilate Nothing is known of him prior to his arrival in Judea He was most certainly from the equestrian class He served for 11 years as prefect (procurator) His administration (according to Philo) was harsh and corrupt Was disliked by most and extremely superstitious – worshiped many false gods Had nothing but contempt for the Jewish leaders

Pilate’s Administration : 

Pilate’s Administration The lack of a Syrian legate for the first six year’s of his administration gave Pilate much more freedom to make decisions on his own (without having to call in troops to help him) Unlike his predecessor (Valerius Gratus), he did not change the high priest once – he was completely satisfied with Joseph Caiphas’ loyalty to the Roman Administration

Pilate’s Angering of the Jews: 

Pilate’s Angering of the Jews Josephus writes that Pilate brought standards containing offensive effigies of Caesar into Jerusalem (under cover of darkness) – infuriating the Jews Brought Roman coinage into the territory – depicting the faces of Roman emperors Pilate used temple money to build an aqueduct for Jerusalem – again arousing the hostility of many of the locals (even though this aqueduct was beneficial)

Incidents of Pilate’s Administration: 

Sometime between 30 and 33 AD, Pilate (in cooperation with the Jewish leaders) had Jesus of Nazareth put to death Massacred a number of Samaritans who had threatened an uprising – This event in late 36 or early 37 AD caused Pilate’s removal from his position In short, Pilate disliked the Jews and did all in his power to incite them and make them angry Incidents of Pilate’s Administration

Pilate’s Contempt for the Jews: 

Pilate’s Contempt for the Jews Pilate was disgusted with the Jews and their treatment of Jesus; he admonished them The Jewish leaders were extremely provoked by the manner Pilate assumed towards them and at the humble position they were obliged to occupy to get Pilate to condemn Our Lord

Pilate Passes the Torch to Herod: 

Pilate Passes the Torch to Herod “He stirs up the people by his teaching throughout the whole of Judea, from Galilee, where he began, to this very place. On hearing this, Pilate asked if the man was a Galilean. And when he learned that he was under Herod’s jurisdiction…..Luke 23: 5-7

Slide56: 

The Road to Herod Antipas He sent him to Herod, who also happened to be in Jerusalem at the time….Luke 23:7

The Barking of the Dogs: 

The Barking of the Dogs The enemies of our Lord were enraged by Pilate’s decision, they gave vent to their anger by ill-treating Jesus even more than before. They overwhelmed him with curses and blows as they hurriedly pushed and pulled him through the crowd toward the palace of Herod

Origin of the Herods: 

Origin of the Herods The Herods were really not Jewish, they were from Idumea (Edom) – though, this land is close to Judea and Herod’s father Antipater, worshipped the Jewish God, it still made the Herods hated by the local inhabitants of Galilee, Samaria, and Judea – they believed him to be racially impure So of course, the Pharisees were not pleased to have Jesus sent to Herod

Slide59: 

Idumea Jerusalem

Slide60: 

King Herod, the Great

Slide61: 

The Herod family were Idumeans. That is, they were descended from Abraham through Isaac and Esau – rather than through Isaac and Jacob. They saw themselves as Jewish, participating in God’s covenant with Abraham, but their ancestors had not gone to Egypt with Joseph and returned with Moses and Joshua – though they saw themselves as Jews, the Jewish people did not Impure Lineage – according to the Jews

Herod the Great: 

Herod the Great Named Tetrarch of Galilee after he was able to convince Mark Anthony of his loyalty to Rome (after Caesar had been assassinated) (Herod’s brother, Phasael became the Tetrarch of Jerusalem) The same man who told the magi to report back to him if they found the baby Jesus; and who subsequently slaughtered many innocent babies under the age of two - in order to kill Jesus as well…Matthew, Chapter 2

Who was Herod Antipas?: 

Who was Herod Antipas? King Herod’s death in 4 BC (which means Jesus was born prior to 4BC), resulted in his kingdom being divided between his three sons: Herod Antipas – Galilee and Peraea Philip – Batanae, Trachonitis, Auranitis and some of Zeno Archelaus – Idumaea, Judea, and Samaria Herod Antipas is the same Herod who wed his brother’s wife and stirred the dire warnings of John the Baptist, who Herod Antipas later put to death

Slide64: 

The Family Tree

Slide65: 

P – Philip HA – Herod Antipas A - Archelaus The Dividing of Palestine Judea Galilee Peraea Samaria

Slide66: 

Galilee Jerusalem in Judea

The Exile of Archelaus: 

The Exile of Archelaus Ten years later (the year 6 AD), because of the brutality of Archelaus and Roman expansionist policies, Archelaus was exiled and his territory (Judea) transformed into a Roman province St. Joseph feared Archelaus (Matthew 2:22) because of his cruelty and this forced Joseph (upon his return from Egypt) to settle the family in Nazareth in Galilee (which was ruled by Herod Antipas)

Slide68: 

Nazareth in Galilee

Herod Antipas Appalled: 

Herod Antipas Appalled Herod Antipas beheld Jesus stripped of all clothing save the remnant of a mantle, scarcely able to stand, and his countenance totally disfigured from the blows he had received, and from the mud and missiles which the rabble had flung at his head – even Herod was shocked and disgusted (at the Pharisees) Herod Antipas had the guards procure a basin of water and attempt to clean Jesus some; though the guards did everything to cause Jesus more pain while they cleaned him

The Silent King: 

The Silent King “Herod was extremely pleased to see Jesus….he was hoping to see him perform some miracle….He questioned Jesus at considerable length but Jesus made no answer….Herod and his guards then treated him with contempt and insult”…..Luke 23:8-11

Slide71: 

The Return to Pilate …after which they put a magnificent robe on him and sent him back to Pilate… Mark 23:11

The Long and Winding Road: 

The Long and Winding Road They led him by a much longer road: in order to let the persons of that part of the town see him in the state of ignominy to which he was reduced To give their emissaries more time to stir up the populace Road was extremely rough and uneven

The Soldiers Pitch In: 

The Soldiers Pitch In Encouraged by the Pharisees, the soldiers continued to torment our Lord The long garment he wore impeded his steps and caused him to fall heavily more than once Instead of helping him up, the cruel guards (as well as some of the bystanders) attempted to get him to arise by kicking and striking him harder

At the Foot of Pilate: 

At the Foot of Pilate Was about 8:00 AM when the archers dragged Jesus up the stairs of the Pilate’s palace Entangled in his long robe, he fell upon the white marble steps which were stained with blood from his sacred head The mob laughed at his fall and the archers struck him instead of assisting him to rise

Slide75: 

The Fortress of Antonia

The Fortress Antonia: 

The Fortress Antonia

Close-up of the Antonia Fortress: 

Close-up of the Antonia Fortress

The Great Temple and the Fortress of Antonia: 

The Great Temple and the Fortress of Antonia

A Military Fortress: 

A Military Fortress

Slide80: 

Built by King Herod in honor of Mark Anthony

Pilate’s Dilemma: 

Pilate’s Dilemma Over and over again, Pilate argued that Jesus was innocent and had not committed any crime Because of his weakness, he gave into the mobs and sentence Jesus to be scourged and later on to-be-crucified

More Peripheral Damages: 

More Peripheral Damages The side of Jesus’ face had been hit very hard. The shroud suggests swelling of the forehead and brow, a bruise or swelling of the right upper lip and swelling of the jaw – there is no way of knowing when these injuries occurred. We can surmise that his stomach was punched several times

Scripture: 

Scripture I gave my back to those who beat me, my cheeks to those who plucked my beard, My face I did not shield from buffets and spitting. The Lord is my help, therefore I am not disgraced….Isaiah 50: 5-7

Why so Brutal? : 

Why so Brutal? When Jesus was first arrested – until the time Pilate ordered Him crucified, the Roman soldiers had no idea Jesus would eventually be put-to-death….therefore, there was no need for them to be gentle with Jesus – they must have beat him at every available opportunity The hatred of the Pharisees drove the soldiers to more vicious beatings upon our Lord The Pharisees and archers were merciless and relentless in their administration of pain to Jesus

Professional Executioners: 

Professional Executioners Just who were these soldiers? They were professional executioners; trained to administer punishment. They did not care if a victim was innocent. They believed that if a person was foolish enough to be in their custody, he must be guilty of something

Timing of Peripheral Damage: 

Timing of Peripheral Damage On the road from the garden to the house of Annas and Caiphas During and after the Sanhedrin trial On the way to Pontius Pilate’s palace The trips between Pilate and Herod Before and after the scourging During the crowning On the way to execution – by this time the soldiers may have been concerned about keeping Jesus alive and peripheral damages may have ceased At Golgotha when they tore the robe from his bloodied body

The Scriptures: 

The Scriptures “..then they spit in His face and struck Him with their fists…” Matthew 26:67 “…but he did not attempt to hide from their mocking and spitting! When they finished, he was unrecognizable….” Isaiah 50:6 ….just as there were many who were appalled at Him – His appearance was so disfigured beyond that of any man and His form marred beyond human likeness….” Isaiah 52:14

Recap of the Peripheral Damages: 

Recap of the Peripheral Damages By the time Jesus was sent to be scourged, his condition would include: Total exhaustion from being dragged by ropes and chains from the garden, up Mt. Zion to Annas and Caiphas, across the city to Pilate, a trip to Herod and back All along the way, he had been kicked, beaten, punched, pushed, smacked – remember the pain of these was amplified because of the hematidrosis experienced in the garden – his feet and knees were torn open and bloodied He had been spit upon and had mud and other disgusting matter thrown on him He probably had not had sleep nor anything to drink in some time