NATS1311 081706 bw

NATS 1311-From the Cosmos to Earth: 

NATS 1311-From the Cosmos to Earth Dr. Phillip Anderson

NATS 1311-From the Cosmos to Earth: 

NATS 1311-From the Cosmos to Earth Fall 2006 INSTRUCTOR: Dr. Phillip C. Anderson 972-883-2875 — Room FO2.708D email: phillip.anderson1@utdallas.edu TEACHING ASSISTANTS: Lecture: Delilah Whittington 972-883-2867 — Room FO1.4232 email: delilah.whittington@student.utdallas.edu Labs: Jeff Peden 973-883-2867 — Room FO1.426 email: loganpeden@sbcglobal.net OFFICE HOURS: Dr. Anderson: Tuesday/Thursday 11:00 AM – 11:55 PM and by appointment Ms. Whittington : Tuesday/Thursday, 12:30 - 1:45 PM and by appointment.

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Fall 2006 TEXT: The Cosmic Perspective: Bennett, Donahue, Schneider, Voit, 3rd Edition Slides will be available on web at www.utdallas.edu/~pca015000 GRADING: Exams (3) 2 Exams(Sep 21, Oct 26) @ 25% each = 50% Final Exam (Nov. 30 @ 8am) = 30% Quizzes = 10% Short quizzes may be given during any class period Homework = 10% ATTENDANCE WILL BE MANDATORY. A seating chart will be made on the second day of class and attendance will be taken from this chart. It will be used to decide whether to raise or lower grades on the cusp. There will be no extra credit work available. Your grade will depend on the above evaluations.

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Please take your seat in one of the first eight rows. This will be your assigned seat where you will sit throughout the semester. Role will be taken based on this seating. Follow the links to each class’s notes(at www.utdallas.edu/~pca015000) They will be available at least the day before the class. Any movies in the notes will be separated out and put in a separate directory. They can be played with Quicktime.

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For the benefit of your fellow students and your instructors, please practice common courtesy with regard to all class interactions. Please be sure your cell phone and beeper are OFF. Be on time for class. Do not leave class early. Attendance may be checked at any time. If you must miss a class inform Dr. Anderson in advance by phone or e-mail. Please do not use your laptops and the wireless network to play games, attend chat rooms, etc… It is important to pay attention in class. We will move quickly and each new topic will build on concepts previously covered. If you fall behind at any time, you will find it difficult to catch up. Quizzes may by given at any time and may cover topics from the current or a previous class.

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Exams and Quizzes The exams will be held on September 21nd and October 26th. The final will be on November 30 @ 8:00 AM. I will provide you with a review handout a week prior to the exams. We will also have an optional review session before each exam. There will be ~13 quizzes. I will drop the worst three. The exams and quizzes will deal only with subjects covered in class. However, you should read the relevant portions of the text before and/or after class as they will provide you with more detailed descriptions of the covered subjects. A slightly different description may also give you a better understanding of the subject matter.

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This course can be a fun and rewarding experience. Few topics have inspired humans throughout the ages so much as the mysteries of the heavens. You will be provided with the opportunity to explore these mysteries in depth and learn about many important concepts from physics and astronomy using some simple mathematics. We will be occasionally performing laboratory experiments in class demonstrating relevant principles of physics. However, it is also a demanding course. We will move quickly and each new topic will build on concepts previously covered. If you fall behind at any time, you will find it difficult to catch up. You are expected to pay attention in class and study for every class. We may have quizzes at any time.

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FALL 2006 - HOMEWORK PROJECT Select an atticle from a newspaper or a news magazine dealing with science and its relationship with society, that is, with the environment, weather, global warming, space exploration, health, dna, genetic engineering, etc. Articles dealing with purely social issues will not be accepted. Write a report on the article. The report must contain: 1. Title of the article. 2. Name of publication (Dallas Morning News, New York Times, Time, Newsweek. Reports from the internet are acceptable. 3. Date of publication. 4. A paragraph of two or three sentences on the main theme of the article and how it relates to a current science issue. 5. Your name and assigned seat number in the upper right hand corner.

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FALL 2006 — HOMEWORK PROJECT Attach a copy of the article to the report. Please staple the article to the report before coming to class. We do not have a stapler in class. Reports are due every Thursday starting on August 24 with the last one due on November 16. Late reports will not be accepted. A report is considered late if not handed in by the end of class (10:45 am) on the date due.

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SYLLABUS - Fall 2006 Chapter Introduction - Overview of the mysteries of the Universe 1 Exploration of Nature, Science – A Way of Knowing Fundamental quantities Measurement units Scales of distances The Sky and the Calendar 2/3 Coordinate Systems – Celestial Sphere Motions of earth – Rotation, Revolution, Precession Eclipses Time – Day, Year, Calendar Seasons

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SYLLABUS - Fall 2006 Chapter 3. The Universe – A sense of time. 3 Early Models of the Universe Greek Astronomers - Ptolemaic Model Heliocentric Model - Copernicus, Tyco Brahe, The Origin of Modern Astronomy Galileo, Kepler Kepler’s Laws of Planetary Motion 4. The Material World 4 Particles of Matter – Atoms, Atomic Structure Atomic Spectra – Hydrogen Atom What is Inside the Atom? The Nucleus – Geochronology, Stability, Radioactivity, Fission, Fusion

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SYLLABUS - Fall 2006 Chapter Order in the Universe – Newton 5 Motion - Velocity, Acceleration Force, Work, Energy, Power Newton’s Laws of Motion Gravity, Tides 6. Exploring the Universe 6,7 Waves and wave motion Electromagnetic radiation, Spectrum Light Radiation – Black Body, Planck’s Law Wien and Stefan-Boltzmann Law Telescopes and Observatories

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SYLLABUS - Fall 2006 Chapter The Solar System Overview 8 Planetary Geology - Terrestrial Planets – Mercury, Venus, Mars 10 Planetary atmospheres 11 Jovian Planets – Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, Pluto 12 Comets, Meteorites, Asteroids 13 Life in the Universe 14 8. The Sun 15 Properties of the sun Energy production

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SYLLABUS - Fall 2006 Chapter 9. The Stars 16,17 Magnitudes, Color temperature Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram Birth, Youth and Middle age of Stars Death of Stars 18 White Dwarfs, Neutron Stars, Black Holes 11. Cosmology, Big Bang Theory, Missing Mass 23

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NATS 1111 - From the Cosmos to Earth Lab Syllabus - FALL 2006 The NATS 1111 lab is to be taken concurrently with NATS 1311 – From the Cosmos to the Earth. It consists of seven laboratory experiments and one project to be performed throughout the semester off campus. These experiments are fun, thought provoking, and demonstrate many important concepts from physics and astronomy. Grading will be based on attendance and lab reports. We will have labs every other week with a project to be performed at home. There will also be three opportunities to make up missed labs. Labs will not be accepted late without prior arrangements

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Experiments 1. Cubes – Learn about deductive reasoning. 2. Measurement and Prediction - Explore the necessity for accurate and reliable data from measurements in order to make predictions. Measure the density of several objects. 3. Conservation of Energy/Momentum - Study laws of conservation of momentum and energy. Determine speed of a ball by 2 different methods. Find percentage difference between the two values of speed. 4. Spectral Lines - Observe and record spectra from several light sources. Become familiar with Kirchhoff’s Laws 5. Lenses/Telescope - Study the characteristics of lenses and mirrors. Combine lenses to make a telescope. 6. Pressure of the Atmosphere - Determine the relationship, i.e., the formula, between the pressure and volume of a confined sample of air. 7. Star charts – Learn how to use constellation charts.

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Project (choose one): 8a. Sunrise/sunset – Plot the location and time of the sun at sunrise or sunset (once per week). 8b. Moon location/phases - Plot the location and phase of moon over complete synodic month, i. e., from new moon to new moon (every other day).

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Lab Project 8a 1. Find a location from where you can observe either the sunrise or sunset. Note some landmarks, such as trees or light poles, etc. Make a sketch of the location and on the sketch plot the position on the horizon that the sun either rises or sets (morning or evening). Record the date and the time when you first see the sun rise or last see it set. Do this about once per week consistent with weather conditions. You MUST have at least 3 months of observations. 2. Write a three to four page paper on: A. How and where you made your observations. B. How did the sunrise or sunset position change with time? C. How fast did it change? Was the change uniform over the three month period? D. Why did the sunrise or sunset position move as you observed it. E. What problems did you encounter in doing this project and how did you solve those problems? 3. The project is to be turned in at the final on November 30.

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Lab Project 8b 1. Plot the location and phase of moon over a complete synodic month, e.g., from new moon to new moon on an all-sky diagram as shown below. In an all-sky diagram, zenith is at the center and the edge of the circle is the horizon with the compass points indicated as in the figure. Estimate the compass direction of the moon (use a compass or the north star) and the angle of the moon above the horizon. Plot its location on the diagram using: (distance from edge of the circle to moon location)/radius = (angle above the horizon)/90 location around circle = cardinal direction (N,S,E,W)

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In the example in the diagram, the moon is in the southeast, 30 degrees above the horizon. Draw a picture of the moon at the location as it appears, in other words its phase. Do it at the same time every night. Obviously there will be times when the weather does not cooperate but there should be at least 15 nights in which you perform the observation.

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2. Write a three to four page paper on: A. How and where you made your observations. B. How did the moon’s position and appearance change with time? C. How fast did they change? Was the change uniform over the observation period? D. Why did the moon’s position and appearance move as you observed it? E. What problems did you encounter in doing this project and how did you solve those problems? 3. The project is to be turned in at the final on November 30.

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NATS 1111 - From the Cosmos to Earth Lab FALL 2006 Schedule Date Experiment Report Due Aug 22 - 24 1. Cubes Sep 5 - 7 Sep 5 - 7 2. Measurement and Prediction Sep 19 - 21 Sep 19 - 21 3. Conservation of Energy/Momentum Oct 3 - 5 Sep 26 - 28 Makeup lab Oct 3 - 5 Oct 3 - 5 4. Spectral Lines Oct 17 – 19 Oct 17 - 19 5. Lenses/Telescope Oct 31 - Nov 2 Oct 24 - 26 Makeup lab Oct 31 - Nov 2 Oct 31 - Nov 2 6. Pressure of Atmosphere Nov 14 - 16 Nov 14 - 16 7. Mass of Moon Nov 30 Nov 21 - 22 Makeup lab Nov 30 Project Aug 17 8a. Plot of sunrise/sunset Nov 30 or Aug 17 8b. Plot of sunrise/sunset Nov 30

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MEASUREMENT SYSTEMS

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FUNDAMENTAL QUANTITIES

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SCALES OF DISTANCE Note that from henceforth, we will use metric units: 1 mile = 1.61 km 1 foot = 0.305 m 1 inch = 2.54 cm

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EXPONENTIAL NOTATION

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Our Place in the Cosmos

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Light Travel Time

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1.25 s

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The Solar System 8.3 min 41 min 85 min 5.5 hr

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Alpha Centauri - closest star - 4.3 LY Our Milky Way Galaxy

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The Milky Way

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Spiral Galaxies Similar to the Milky Way View from above Edge view

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The Milky Way The Sun is located on the Orion spiral arm about 30,000 LY from the galactic center It takes about 230 million years for the sun to complete one orbit around the galactic center

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Other Galaxies in Our Local Group The Andromeda Galaxy 2.3 million LY away A Ring Galaxy

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Deep field view - about 10 billion LY away

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In our galaxy there are about 200 billion stars In our universe there are over 100 billion galaxies There are more stars in the universe than there are grains of sand on the Earth

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If the Universe was one year old (instead of 15 billion years) The Cosmic Calendar (Carl Sagan)