The Analytic Challenges of the Army's Network-enabled Future Combat Systems : The Analytic Challenges of the Army's Network-enabled Future Combat Systems LTC Duane E. Brucker & Dr. Paul J. Deason US Army TRADOC Analysis Center White Sands Missile Range, New Mexico USA bruckerde@trac.wsmr.army.mil deasonp@trac.wsmr.army.mil


Army Chief of Staff GEN Shinseki’s Vision of the Future Force: Army Chief of Staff GEN Shinseki’s Vision of the Future Force The vision is encompassed in the transformation to a future Objective Force. Primary instrument is the yet-to-be-developed Future Combat System. FCS will be networked to allow real-time situational awareness It will be able to operate more effectively in joint operations. This Objective Force will be more deployable than current heavy divisions, yet have more lethal firepower than today’s light and heavy divisions. Our current operations in Central Asia reinforce the need for Objective Force. Balance this global war against the asymmetries of international terrorism with the regional Threats that demand our attention and a need for conventional warfighting process.


Units of Action: Units of Action Combined Arms Organizations, by Design Sufficient Tactical Autonomy for Close Combat Engagements Fight for Three Days of Continuous Combat Without Resupply Decentralized Operations Enabled by Mutual Support / Virtual Teaming at Standoff Embedded and Networked C4ISR to See First, Understand First, Act First, and Finish Decisively Agility of Hasty Attack With Precision of Deliberate Attack Decisive Close Combat by Fire and Maneuver and Assault: Mounted, Enabled by Dismounted Dismounted, Enabled by Mounted Mounted - When Possible Dismounted - When Necessary Small Unit Excellence


See First: See the parts: • Detect • Identify • Track See the Whole (Recognize): • Aggregate • Fuse Blind the enemy through: Obscurants Jamming/counter-sensor Signature reduction Pattern avoidance Deception Key Enablers: Force enemy to see last See Environment: • Terrain • Weather • Population • Real- Time Terrain Mapping • Dynamic Urban Mapping • Inter-agency Coordination • Combat ID Systems (Soldier/sys) • Reconnaissance • Organic Sensors (Robotic, Multi-spectral, Disposable) • UAV (Organic, All – Source) • Embedded Platform C4ISR • Sensor Fusion Systems • Global Information Grid • Joint C4ISR Network • Leader Training See First OPERATIONAL OVERVIEW – QUALITY OF FIRSTS


Understand First: See the Pattern (Understand) • Concept of Operations • Scheme of Maneuver • Centers of Gravity • Decisive Points • Vulnerabilities See the Next Several Moves (Anticipate ) • Pattern Analysis & Recognition • Experience-based Judgment • Knowledge Focused • On Demand Collaboration • Layered, Redundant Sensors • Recon by Action-compel Response Force Enemy to Reveal Intent Force Enemy to Understand Last Key Enablers: OPERATIONAL OVERVIEW – QUALITY OF FIRSTS Understand First •


Act First: Platform • Remotely Emplace Obstacles • Preemptive & Immediate Counterfire • Jam Computers & Weapons Control • Deceive Deny Enemy Action Unit: • Battle Command/Leadership/C2 • Intent-centric Operations (Vs. Plan-centric) Execution-centric C2 System • Global Info Grid and Joint C4ISR Network • Organic LOS/BLOS/NLOS Fires • Organic M/CM – In Stride Obstacle Detection • Integration of Joint/army Fires and Effects • Autonomy • Determine Options • Decide First • Act to Force Reaction / Skip a Cycle • Transition Between Actions • Establish Objective Area • Execute Shape Action • Transition to Objective Area • Synch Fires and Maneuver • Transition to Assault Force Enemy to Act Last or Wrong Key Enablers: OPERATIONAL OVERVIEW – QUALITY OF FIRSTS Act First


Finish Decisively: • Destroy Enemy Ability to Fight • Eliminate Enemy Freedom of Action • Exploit Success • Conduct Close Combat-transition To Assault • Follow Through to Enemy Destruction • Tactical Overmatch • Organic LOS/BLOS/NLOS Fires • Organic Non - Lethal Fires • Situational Understanding – Red and Blue • Global Information Grid and Joint C4ISR Network • Scaleable Integrated Joint Fires and Effects • • Vertical Maneuver • All Forms of Offense - Exploitation Pursuit • Sustainment for 3 Days High Optempo • Campaign Qualities • Mobility • No Tactical Pause • Focus on “Profitable Fight” • Block Moves to Sanctuary • Assault: Mounted, Dismounted, Mounted Sptd by Dismounted, Dismounted Sptd by Mounted - Finish Decisively OPERATIONAL OVERVIEW – QUALITY OF FIRSTS Key Enablers: Capable of Independent Action


Slide8: Employment Unit of Action in Decisive Tactical Combat HOW to FIGHT Before Contact Develop Situation Out of Contact Decide, When / Where to Fight Set Conditions Maneuver to Position of Advantage During Contact Initiate Decisive Combat at Chosen Time / Place Continue to Develop the Situation in Contact Continue to Integrate RSTA, Maneuver, and Fires and the Network Tactical Assault Finish the Enemy Through Assault Transition to next engagement


Slide9: Lethality Assured First Round Kill / or 4 X 8 Hole LOS/BLOS KE Rapid Fire Kill on the Move Precision Long Range Destructive Fires, Close Fire Support on Demand Non-Lethal Effects Create Dilemmas for the Enemy Survivability Situational Understanding, Slew to Cue Avenge Kill Active and Passive Protection Against KE / CE Detect Mines and Booby Traps at Standoff Ground and Vertical Sensors That Are Acoustic, Seismic, Magnetic, Thermal, Chemical, LADAR, and Radar Detectors Mobility C130 Crucible Assured Mobility, over Varied Terrain, with Speed and Precision Thermobaric Munitions to Destroy Mines at Standoff Required Capabilities for Tactical Concepts


Slide10: Leadership Battle Command on the Move, Over Greater Distances Decentralized Small Unit Actions Cognitive and Adaptive, Maintain Initiative Teaming/virtual Teaming Knowledge Uninterrupted C2 Network Access to SOF, Army, Joint, Coalition, and Home Station Ops Center En-route Mission Planning and Rehearsal Sensor to Shooter, and Cueing Sustain Crew Chief With Embedded TMDE Commonality of Parts Medical Evacuation Self and Like Recovery Required Capabilities for Tactical Concepts


Battle Command: Battle Command The Art and Science of Applying Leadership and Decision Making to Achieve Mission Success Leadership Commander Driven – Purpose Oriented – Knowledge Focused – Mission Orders Command and Control Over Greater Distances Rapidly Transition From Stand-off to Close Assault Rapidly Decide When to Remain Mounted for Tactical Stand-off, and When to Dismount to Support Mounted Maneuver and for Close Assault Decentralized Actions Small Unit Initiative


Battle Command: Battle Command Network Systems Robust, persistent, ubiquitous Mobile, scalable, self healing Information assurance Reach On demand collaborative environment


Slide13: UE (XX/XXX) UA (X) UA (II) UA (II) Sensors & Processors SIGINT IMINT MASINT HUMINT Counterintelligence UA (I) Robotics UA (I) UA (I) UA (I) Knowledge Centers UA (X) Theater/National


Slide14: Enables Rapid Decision-Making Synchronized Combined Arms Maneuver Selecting When / Where to Fight Maximum Lethality / Survivability Unit of Action CDR sensor soldier CDR sensor soldier sensor CDR sensor soldier sensor Unit of Action Unit of Action Tactical Infosphere of Unit of Action


Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance (ISR): Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance (ISR) UA Leverages National, Joint, and Theater Sensors and Collection Assets That Have Access to the Operational Area Collect and Displays a Seamless, Fully Integrated, Multidimensional, and Tailorable Common Operating Picture Embedded ISR Enables Commanders to Effectively Lead During Dynamically Changing Operations Anywhere in the Battlespace Sensor to Shooter Sensor to Decider Sensor to Database


DTLOMS IMPLICATIONS: DTLOMS IMPLICATIONS Doctrine: Continuous Running Commander’s Estimate Terrain Clearance Procedures Assured Mobility Regardless of Obstacles (Predict, Detect, Prevent, Avoid, Neutralize) Effective Integration of On-board Sensors With Robotic Sensors Anticipate Enemy Action Through Pattern Analysis and Establish Engagement Criteria Rapidly Adjustable Sensor to Shooter Relationships Integrated Sensor Management Procedures


DTLOMS IMPLICATIONS: DTLOMS IMPLICATIONS Training: Multifunctional Soldiers Trained to Perform a Greater Range of Tasks Collective Training With Two or More Platforms/units to Develop Synchronization Skills Training to Reflect the Increased Speed, Quantity, and Quality of Available Operational Information Provided System / Platform - Embedded Training System


DTLOMS IMPLICATIONS: DTLOMS IMPLICATIONS Leader Development: Identify and Develop Company Grade Leaders Capable of Decentralized / Independent Ops Required Multi-functional Skills Must Be Introduced at Earliest Stages Accelerated Junior Leader Development to Function in an Information Environment Using Emerging Tactics, Doctrine, and Organizations Ability to Manage Multiple Sensory Inputs/outputs Develop Leaders Ability to Rapidly Synthesize Information


Slide19: Organization: Correct Mix Between Manned and Unmanned Systems Ability to Exercise C2 From Any Location Integrated Effects Management Structure LOS/BLOS/NLOS Availability at Every Echelon UGS and UAVs to Support Maneuver at Every Echelon Capability to Sustain Mobility and Momentum, Neutralize Obstacles in Stride DTLOMS IMPLICATIONS


Slide20: Materiel: Establish/maintain COP With All Elements of the Joint Air Ground Maneuver Team Transmit/receive Combined Arms Mission Orders and Graphics Throughout All Echelons Dynamically Task Joint and Organic Sensors to Acquire/engage Targets With Organic and Joint Fires, Receive BDA and Ensure BCID Enable Real Time Combat Simulation Modeling, Collaborative Mission Planning and Interactive Rehearsal Provide Real Time Threat Target Management, Cognitive Decision Aids and Course of Action Development Tools Provide Automated Obstacle, Mine and Booby-trap Detection on the Move Provide Robotics (Air/ground) for High Risk and Burdensome Tasks Ensure Adaptive Platform Signature Management/reduction Mechanisms DTLOMS IMPLICATIONS


Slide21: Materiel: Provide Multi-spectural Aided Target Detection, Classification, Recognition and Identification Sensing Capability With Fratricide Prevention Characteristics Ensure Automated Battle Space Management for Netted Fires, Manned-unmanned Aviation and Fires Support Coordination Multi-function Precision Munitions and Sensors With Loiter Attributes Capable of Employment in Complex, Urban and Sub-terrainian Environments DTLOMS IMPLICATIONS


DTLOMS IMPLICATIONS: DTLOMS IMPLICATIONS Soldiers: Multiple Skill Sets Adaptive Soldiers & Multifunctional Crews That Blend Skills Increased Stamina and Endurance Filtered COP for Small Units and Soldiers


Slide23: 400 Km 300 Km Richmond Washington Roanoke Charlottesville 150 KM 45 KM Divisions today; Move to Contact Movement to Contact


Slide24: R9 R5 SOF SOF Richmond Washington Roanoke Charlottesville UA Develops Situation Out of Contact Attack on the Move with Deliberate Information 300 Km 400 Km


Slide25: BCOTM Sensor to shooter Battle command with actionable information Unprecedented opportunity to understand enemy and environment Collaborative planning and virtual rehearsals on the move BCOTM OAV-M 4-6 km 3-5 km 2 3 3 2 OAV-M Battle Command on the Move


Slide26: Battle Command (C4ISR) Enables battle command with relevant, actionable information with TOC-like capability, anywhere on the battlefield Unprecedented opportunity to understand enemy and environment Accelerates collaboration Commander-centric versus plan -centric Enables understanding where and when we must transition between actions


Slide27: Sensor Enabled Information Dominance OAV-M OAV-L ARV Comanche RPG COP Point and Shoot Engagement


Slide28: OAV-L Identifies Enemy Armor Closing on a UA Squad Beyond LOS of the Squad Cooperative Engagement


Slide29: Point and Shoot New overwatch techniques: overwatch is now three dimensional; small units can overwatch at greater distances and while moving. Cooperative engagements between multiple lines of operation NLOS and BLOS systems permit mutual support between small units operating on dispersed axes


Slide30: Operational Maneuver to Intercept an Enemy