ancient egypt

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By: Debbiekyza (12 month(s) ago)

Ancient Civilizations

 

By: Debbiekyza (12 month(s) ago)

Presentation based on classroom textbook.

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Ancient Egypt:

Ancient Egypt

Section 1 Geography and Early Egypt:

Objectives Locate and describe the major river systems and discuss the physical settings that supported permanent settlement and early civilizations Trace the development of agricultural techniques that permitted the production of economic surplus and the emergence of cities as centers of culture and power Main Ideas Egypt was called the “gift of the Nile” because the Nile River was so important Civilization developed after people began farming along the Nile Strong kings unified all of Egypt Section 1 Geography and Early Egypt

Vocabulary:

Cataracts: rapids Delta: a triangle-shaped area of land made from soil deposited by a river Menes: rose to power in Upper Egypt around 3100 BC. Some think he is a myth and that his accomplishments were really those of another kings named Aha, Scorpion, or Narmer Pharaoh: the title used by rulers of Egypt, means “great house”. Egyptians believed that pharaohs were gods in mortal form Dynasty: series of rulers from the same family Vocabulary

Gift of the Nile:

The Nile is the longest river in the world. It begins in central Africa and runs north through Egypt to the Mediterranean Sea, over 4,000 miles. The Nile had cataracts and the delta bringing Egypt fertile farmland. Gift of the Nile

Gift of the Nile:

The silt left behind from the Nile floods were a dark color, which is why Egyptians called their country the black land. The dry desert was called the red land. For Egyptians, the Nile floods were a life-giving miracle. Without the floods, people never could have farmed in Egypt. Gift of the Nile

Upper/Lower Egypt?:

There are two regions, southern and northern. The southern region is Upper Egypt. The northern region is Lower Egypt. Upper/Lower Egypt?

Egyptian Life:

Egyptians found plants, wild geese and ducks, and fish to eat along the Nile. As they began to build small villages, the farmers began to grow wheat and barley (like the Mesopotamians). They also raised fruits, vegetables, cattle, and sheep. Irrigation-Egyptians used canals to direct the river’s flow and carry water to their fields. Egyptian Life

Two Kingdoms:

There were two kingdoms: Lower Egypt and Upper Egypt Each had its own ruler. Lower Egypt’s capital was in Pe . The ruler wore a red crown. Upper Egypt’s capital was in Nekhen . The ruler wore a white, cone-shaped crown Egyptians were protected from invaders by natural barriers. Desert Cataracts Red Sea Two Kingdoms

The First Pharaoh-Menes :

Menes rose to power in Upper Egypt in 3100 BC. Some historians think he is a myth and that his accomplishments were really those of other ancient kings name Aha, Scorpion, or Narmer . Menes worked to unify Upper and Lower Egypt. He married a princess from Lower Egypt to strengthen his control over the newly unified country. He wore both the white crown of Upper Egypt and the red crown of Lower Egypt to symbolize his leadership over the two kingdoms. He combined the two crowns into a double crown. The First Pharaoh-Menes

Menes :

Built a new capital city named Memphis. Memphis became the political and cultural center of Egypt. The First Dynasty lasted for about 200 years. Each ruler following Menes wore the double crown. The extended Egyptian territory southward along the Nile and into Southwest Asia. Menes

Quiz:

Why was Egypt called the gift of the Nile? What attracted early settlers to the Nile Valley? Where was Lower Egypt located? What foods did the Egyptians eat? Who was the first pharaoh of Egypt? Quiz

Section 2 The Old Kingdom :

Objective Understand the relationship between religion and the social and political order in Mesopotamia and Egypt Main Ideas Life in the Old Kingdom was influenced by pharaohs, roles in society, and trade Religion shaped Egyptian life The pyramids were built as huge tombs for Egyptian pharaohs Section 2 The Old Kingdom

Vocabulary:

Old Kingdom: was a period in Egyptian history that last for about 500 years, from about 2700 to 2200 BC Khufu: ruled in the 2500s BC, built many monuments, known for keeping his people well fed, though legend says he was cruel Nobles: people from rich and powerful families Afterlife: life after death Mummies: specially treated bodies wrapped in cloth Elite: People of wealth and power Pyramids: huge, stone tombs with four triangle-shaped sides that met in a point on top Engineering: application of scientific knowledge for practical purposes Vocabulary

Early Pharaohs:

The Egyptian political system was built on the belief that the pharaoh was both a king and a god. They believed that the pharaoh had come to earth to manage Egypt for the rest of the gods. So, pharaoh had absolute power over all land and people. This meant that if crops did not grow well or if disease struck, the people blamed pharaoh. The people also demanded that the pharaoh make trade profitable and prevent wars. Early Pharaohs

Khufu:

The most famous pharaoh of the Old Kingdom, who ruled in the 25oos BC. Little is known about Khufu’s life. Legend says that he was cruel, but historical records say that the people who worked for him were well fed. He is best known for the monuments that were built to him. Khufu

Society:

As population grew, social classes appeared. Egyptians believed that a well-ordered society would keep their kingdom strong. Pharaoh Priests, key government officials Lesser officials, scribes, and a few rich craftspeople Farmers and other laborers (most of the population made up this class, 80%) Farmers, servants, and slaves worked on pharaoh’s building projects Society

Trade:

Egypt traded with some of its neighbors Traders travelled south along the Nile to Nubia to acquire gold, copper, ivory, slaves, and stone for building. Trade with Syria provided Egypt with wood for building and for fire. Trade

Religion and Egyptian Life:

Egyptians worshipped many gods, polytheism Egyptian officials expected everyone to worship the same gods, though how they worshipped might be different from place to place. They built temples to the gods all over the kingdom. Temples collected payments from both worshippers and the government These payments allowed the temples to grow more influential Religion and Egyptian Life

Religion and Egyptian Life:

One of the gods people in Memphis prayed to was Ptah , the creator of the world. There were gods for nearly everything, including the sun, the sky, and the earth. The gods mixed human and animal forms Anubis, the god of the dead, had a human body but a jackal’s head Re, or Amon -re, the sun god Osiris, the god of the underworld Isis, the goddess of magic Horus, a sky god, god of the pharaohs Thoth, the god of wisdom Geb , the earth god Religion and Egyptian Life

Emphasis on the Afterlife:

Afterlife: life after death Egyptians believed that the afterlife was a happy place It is an ideal world where all the people are young and healthy Stems from the idea of Ka, or a person’s life force, leaving the body and becoming a spirit The ka remained linked to the body and could not leave its burial site The ka had all the same needs that the person had when he or she was living, eating, sleeping, and entertainment; so, people filled tombs with objects for the afterlife. Emphasis on the Afterlife

Burial Practices:

When a person died, relatives were expected to bring food and beverages to their loved ones’ tombs so the ka would not be hungry or thirsty. The body needed to be preserved for the afterlife before being placed in the tomb. If the body rotted, the spirit would not recognize it, breaking the link between the body and spirit. Burial Practices

Burial Practices:

Egyptians preserved bodies as mummies Mummification took many weeks to complete Only wealthy people could afford mummification Poor people did nto need the process since the shallow graves at the edge of the desert preserved the bodies naturally Burial Practices

Pyramids:

Since Egyptians believed that burial sites were very important, especially for royalty. They built spectacular monuments to bury their rulers. The most spectacular were the pyramids. The largest pyramid is the Great Pyramid of Khufu near the town of Giza. The burial chamber was deep inside the pyramid. Historians are not sure how the Egyptians built the pyramids, but thousands of workers seemed to be needed to build a single pyramid. Pyramids

Pyramids:

The government kept records and paid the peasants for their work. Wages for working on these projects were paid in goods, such as grain, rather than money. The size and shape of the pyramid were symbolic. The pharaoh’s journey to the afterlife Making the pharaoh’s spirit happy was a way of ensuring one’s own happy afterlife To ensure that pharaohs remained safe after their deaths, pyramid texts were written to protect them. The pyramid texts were magical spells and hymns written on the tomb walls Pyramids

Quiz Notes:

Social Structure Pharaoh Priests, key government officials Lesser officials, scribes, and a few rich craftspeople Farmers and other laborers When a person died, relatives were expected to bring food and beverages to their loved ones’ tombs so the ka would not be hungry or thirsty. The body needed to be preserved for the afterlife before being placed in the tomb. If the body rotted, the spirit would not recognize it, breaking the link between the body and spirit. The size and shape of the pyramid were symbolic. The pharaoh’s journey to the afterlife Making the pharaoh’s spirit happy was a way of ensuring one’s own happy afterlife Quiz Notes

Quiz:

Draw the social class structure used in the Old Kingdom How did religious beliefs affect Egyptian burial practices? Why were the pyramids important to the ancient Egyptians? *Extra credit: How do you think the Egyptians built the pyramids? Quiz