PAL GAL

6. Programmable Logic Device- Programmable Array Logic (PAL)- Generic Array Logic (GAL) : 6. Programmable Logic Device - Programmable Array Logic (PAL) - Generic Array Logic (GAL) Tocci Chapter 11 (Memory Devices) Read section 11-10 Review questions of section 11-10 Chapter 12 (Applications of a PLD) Read section 12-1 to 12-3


Programmable Logic Device : Programmable Logic Device What is a Programmable Logic Device (PLD)? an IC that contains large numbers of gates, flip-flops and registers that are interconnected on the chip can be configured by the user to perform a logic function many of the connections are fusible links that can be broken


Programmable Logic Device : Programmable Logic Device Problems of using standard ICs in logic design: require hundreds or thousands of these ICs require a considerable amount of circuit board space require a great deal of time and cost in inserting, soldering, and testing require to keep a significant inventory of ICs


Advantages of using PLDs : Advantages of using PLDs Advantages of reducing the no. of ICs using PLD: less board space fewer printed circuit boards smaller enclosures lower power requirements (i.e., smaller power supplies) faster and less costly assembly processes higher reliability (fewer ICs and circuit connections => easier troubleshooting) availability of design software


Programmable Logic Device : Programmable Logic Device Basic Ideas of PLD A PLD consists of an array of AND gates and an array of OR gates Each input feeds both a non-inverting buffer and an inverting buffer to produce the true and inverted forms of each variable. (i.e. the input lines to the AND-gate array) The AND outputs are called the product lines Each product line is connected to one of the inputs of each OR gate Three fundamental types of standard PLDs: PROM, PAL, and PLA


Internal Structures of PLD : Internal Structures of PLD


Programmable Array Logic (PAL) : Programmable Array Logic (PAL)


PAL : PAL Programmable Array Logic (PAL) The input lines to the AND array are programmable and the output lines to the OR array are hard-wired Simplify the logic function (e.g. using K-map) before putting design into PLA. K-maps


PAL : PAL


Programmable Logic Devices : Programmable Logic Devices PROM PAL PLA Input lines hard-wired prog. prog. Output lines prog. hard-wired prog. Versatility low moderate high Difficulty in low moderate high manufacturing, programming and testing


Generic Array Logic (GAL) : Generic Array Logic (GAL) Instead of using one-time programmable fuse links, GAL use an EEPROM array. Block diagram of GAL 16V8A See Fig. 12-1, P.775, Tocci 8 dedicated input pins 2 special function pins (CK, OE) 8 pins that can be used as inputs or outputs


Output Structure in PLD : Output Structure in PLD Output logic marcrocells of 16V8R


Output Structure in PLD : Output Structure in PLD The macrocell can be individually configured to bypass the flip-flop. The output can either be programmed to be registered (with flip-flop) or combinational (flip-flop bypassed). The PLD can be programmed as sequential or combinational logic.


Practical Design of using PLD : Practical Design of using PLD Simple combinational logic implementation Example 12-1 and Fig. 12-6, P.780, Tocci Simple sequential logic implementation Example 12-2 and Fig. 12-8, P.782-3, Tocci


Programming PLD : Programming PLD Equipment to design and build circuits using PLDs (Fig. 12-11, P.787) personal computer PLD development software programming fixture software to drive the programming fixture PLD JEDEC - a standard format for transferring programming data for PLDs (independent of PLD manufacturers or software)


Development Software : Development Software Allow users to enter their design in some convenient way Automatically create a JEDEC file Original software - PALASM (PAL assembler) Powerful development software tools are referred as compiler. They can accept more abstract representation of same design and translate it into hardware details necessary to program the PLD. e.g. CUPL, ABEL Some high-level compiler include schematic capture option allowing entry operation by drawing a logic circuit diagram Logic compiler also allow to enter the design in the form of truth table or state table. Some even accept timing diagram as input.