Book3 Unit2

UNIT 2: 

UNIT 2 Civil-Rights Heroes

THE FREEDOM GIVERS: 

THE FREEDOM GIVERS And so even though we face the difficulties of today and tomorrow, I still have a dream. It is a dream deeply rooted in the American dream. I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed: "We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal." I have a dream that one day on the red hills of Georgia, the sons of former slaves and the sons of former slave owners will be able to sit down together at the table of brotherhood. I have a dream that one day even the state of Mississippi, a state sweltering with the heat of injustice, sweltering with the heat of oppression, will be transformed into an oasis of freedom and justice. I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character. I have a dream today!

Objectives: 

Objectives 1. understand the main idea ( early civil- rights struggles in the US, esp. the Underground Railroad ). 2. learn to use library resources and other resources for information. 3. grasp the key language points and grammatical structures in the text.

Background: 

Background Freedom and rights Freedom of the individual is considered one of the essential features of western civilization, which is itself sometimes called the Free World. This freedom is often expressed in terms of rights to do certain things or to be treated in a particular way. When a person does something that others think strange, British and American people will often say, “It’s a free country,” meaning that although they disagree with the choice they recognize the other person’s right to make it.

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Americans sometimes call the US the “land of the free”, a phrase taken from its national anthem. British people have always strongly defended their freedom. Fear that they will lose the freedom to decide their own future is behind many people’s lack of enthusiasm for European unity. In Britain and the US the most basic rights include freedom of expression (= freedom to say or write anything), freedom of choice (= freedom to make decisions about your own life) and freedom of worship (= freedom to practice any religion).

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The civil rights movement ( in the US) the national campaign by African-Americans for equal rights, especially in the 1950s and 1960s. The campaign included boycotts (= refusals to buy particular products ), the actions of freedom riders, and in 1963 a march to Washington led by Martin Luther King. It succeeded in causing the introduction of bussing and affirmative action. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 were also introduced as a result of the civil rights movement, which has helped to change the attitudes of many white Americans.

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the Civil Rights Act of 1964 the US law that forced the southern states to allow African-Americans to enter restaurants, hotels, etc. which had been reserved for white people only and to end the practice of having separate areas for black and white people in theatres, train stations, buses, etc. The act was mostly the result of the civil rights movement and was strongly supported by President Lyndon Johnson. It was followed the next year by the Voting Rights Act.

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Uncle Tom’s Cabin a novel ( 1852 ) by the US writer Harriet Beecher Stowe which increased support for the movement to free slaves. It is about a kind slave called Tom who is badly treated and finally killed by Simon Legree. Tom’s daughter Little Eva also dies, and another well-known character in the novel is the slave child Topsy. The name Uncle Tom is sometimes used as an insult to describe an African-American who has too much respect for white people. The Underground Railroad a secret system used in the US before the Civil War for helping thousands of slaves to escape to the free northern states or Canada. The slaves were called “ passengers ”, the people who helped them were “ conductors ”, and the slaves hid in “ stations ” ( safe houses ) along the way.

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Slavery Slavery played a particularly important role in the history of the US. The first slaves were taken to North America from Africa by the Dutch in 1619. By the time of the American Revolution (1775) there were 500,000 slave, mostly in the South. After the Revolution the northern states made slavery illegal but the South needed cheap labor for the cotton plantations. Gradually the South’s economy became dependent on slaves and by 1860, the year before the Civil War, there were about 4 million slaves. Conflict between the North and the South increased, and it became clear that supporters and opponents of slavery could not continue to be part of the same country. In 1861, the slave states left the US and formed their own government. This was the beginning of the Civil War.

Slave Destinations: 

Slave Destinations Brazil – 38% Caribbean –40%

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After the North won the Civil War and brought the southern states back into the US, slavery was ended. But little changed for former slaves. Some moved to the North but there were not enough jobs there and many suffered prejudice from Whites. Those that stayed in the South often worked on the plantations where they had been slaves. They were paid for their work, but had to buy food and clothes. Many had to stay there trying to pay off debts which became larger each year.

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Quaker any member of the Society of Friends, a religious group established in England in the 1650s by George Fox. They were originally called Quakers because members were thought to “quake” or shake with religious excitement. Quakers worship Christ without any formal ceremony or fixed beliefs, and their meetings often involve silent thought or prayer. They are strongly opposed to violence and war, and are active in education and charity work. Grand Central Terminal the best-known railway station in the US. It is on East 42nd Street in New York and was completed in 1913 in the American Beaux Arts style. The main area is very large, and the trains enter and leave the station on 123 tracks, arranged on two levels. The station is often very crowded: You can’t move in there--- it’s like Grand Central Station!

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Methodist a member of the Methodist Church, the largest of the Protestant Free Churches in Britain and the US. It was established in 1739 by John Wesley as part of the Church of England but it became separate from it in 1795. It was introduced into the US in the 18th century and today has over 50 million members around the world. It emphasized the importance of moral issues, both personal and social. The Deep South the most southern states of the south-east US: Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, South Carolina and eastern Texas. They are among the states that once had slaves and left the Union during the Civil War. They still have racial problems and the people there are mostly conservative in their politics and religion.

Text Structure: 

Text Structure

1. story: 

1. story n. storey (房屋的)层 eg. There are three storeys / stories including the ground floor. the first storey (A.E.) = the ground floor (B.E.) ( com. ) floor, layer, level 2. slender adj. (of people) slim ; not very wide but comparatively long or high ; small a ~~ girl, ~~ hopes, ~~ legs

3. settlement: 

3. settlement n. a place where people have come to settle / live eg. This village is said to be the ~~ of a group of artists. settle v. ① (cause to) live in a place for a long time ~~ (sb.) in sp. eg. People would usually choose to ~~ (themselves) in somewhere they can find adequate food and water. ② (cause to) become calm or quiet ~~ down eg. This medicine can ~~ your nerves. I can only fall asleep after the noise ~~d down.

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③ make more tight or close eg. Shake the bottle to ~~ the sugar. ④ decide, solve eg. I’ll be glad when it’s all ~~d. Relating phrases settle down (使)安坐 ~~ sb. down in a chair / 定 居 /定下心来 settle for 接受，勉强同意 ~~ such a dull life settle in / into 熟悉或习惯于 ~~ my new job settle on 决定，同意，选择　~~ this dress settle up (with) 结帐 ~~ the waiter after a meal

4.confident: 

4.confident adj. feeling or showing trust in oneself or one’s ability be ~~ about / of / that clause eg. 练得越多，对自己越有信心。 The more you practice, the more ~~ you are about yourself. confidence n. have ~~ in sb. / sth. (com.) confidential adj. 机密的 5. racial adj. relating to a person’s race, or to different races of people ~~ discrimination / prejudice

6. stand up for: 

6. stand up for speak, work in favor of sb. / sth. ; support sb. / sth. ~~ sb. / sth. eg. You have to be prepared to ~~ the things you believe in. (com.) stand for 代表 ; stand up 站起来 7. historic adj. famous or important in history　历史上有名的，　　　　 有历史性的，有历史记载的 eg. A city with a long history usually owns many ~~ buildings. 景德镇是个历史名镇。 Jingde is a ~~ town.

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(com.) ① historical adj. belong to history 有关历史的,历史上的,史实的 eg. Many ~~ documents were destroyed in the fire. I am quite fond of ~~ novels cause I can learn a lot from them. historical novel 指关于真实存在的人或事的故事 historic 形容事指这事会留在历史记载中 sth. historic is surely historical, but sth. historical is not necessarily historic. ② history history book 指叙述过去真正发生的事情的书，通常是指教科书。

8. site: 

8. site n. place where a building is situated eg. The local government hasn’t chosen the site for the new city library. web-site 网址 9. mission n. particular task or duty eg. They have been on a ~~ to rescue those people caught in a fire. 他的使命就是帮助需要帮助的人。 His ~~ is to help those who are in need.

10. forge: 

10. forge n. create by means of much hard work eg. She ~~ a new career for herself as a singer. 11. underground adj. in or into secrecy or hiding eg. Some ~~ organizations are undertaking some kind of illegal activity. 12. liberate v. set free ~~ sb. / sth. from eg. He wishes to ~~ himself from desperation with the help of this medicine. liberal adj. 自由的 liberation n. 解放、释放 liberty n. 自由 ( Statue of Liberty)

13. authorize: 

13. authorize v. give approval or permission for sth ; give authority to eg. The city ~~d a housing project. He was ~~d to act for that old. The central government ~~d $200 million to build a park at the downtown. authority n. 权威, 权力, (pl.) 当局 authorization n. 授权, 认可　authoritarian adj. 专制的 14. exploit n. brave or adventurous deed or action (usu.pl) eg. We’re amazed at the ~~s of the famous heroes. v. make use of, take advantage of, develop eg. They are sent to ~~ the coal fields in the desert.

15. intent: 

15. intent adj. having the stated firm intention be ~~ on (doing) sth. eg. He is so ~~ on his work that he spends 18 hours a day on it. 16. peer v. look closely or carefully, esp. as if unable to see well ~~ at / through / into (com.) peep, peek 偷看 17. decade n. period of ten years (com.) anniversary century millennium

18. on the side: 

18. on the side as an additional job or source of income ; secretly eg. Some teachers have ways of making some money ~~. He works at a bar in his spare time ~~. 19. head v. go ~~ for sp. eg. I’m heading for the gym. 20. capture v. go after to catch sb. or sth. , take over eg. In order to ~~ the escaped prisoner, they have worked for five days continuously.

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n. capturing or being captured eg. All the police involved were overjoyed by the news of the ~~ of that dangerous criminal. capturer n. 捕获者 21. close in ( on / around) come near to, esp. in order to attack from several directions ; surround eg. We need to speed up, or the capturers will ~~ on us soon. 在他逃脱五分钟后，警察就包围了他。 Only five minutes after his fleeing, he was closed in by the police.

22. leg: 

22. leg n. a part of a trip eg. The first ~~ of our trip is from Hong Kong to Hawaii. 23. course n. continuous movement in space or time the ~~ of sth. eg. We shall be serving drinks and desserts during the ~~ of flight. 24. painful adj. causing pain ; hurting eg. He’s got a lot of ~~ memories of his childhood. Cutting a finger is quite ~~.

24. religious: 

24. religious adj. ① of religion eg. People have different ~~ beliefs even they have the same nationality. ② serious and conscientious eg. His attitude toward arts could be called as ~~. (antonym) irreligious religion n. n. ① a belief that people hold to direct their behavior and give them moral instructions ② sth that people firmly believe and seriously deal with eg. Baseball is a ~~ with him. He makes a ~~ of it. Christianity, Buddhism, Islam

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Christianity the Bible (Old Testament & New Testament) God / Jesus, Jerusalem Islam the Koran Allah / Muhammad , Mecca Buddhism Buddhist sutras Buddha

25. conviction: 

25. conviction n. firm opinion or belief eg. The old woman had a firm conviction that there would be a better life after death. 26. terminal n. ① ( building at the ) end of a railway line, bus route, etc. eg. Some people believe that they can reach the happy ~~ of their lives with religious conviction. ② a pc connects the user with a computer system eg. All staff have ~~s attached to the company’s main computer. adj. at the end eg. the ~~ station the ~~ stage

sb. come to do sth.: 

sb. come to do sth. 表示 do sth. at the end of a fairly long process, 使用 这样的结构可以使句子更简洁。可以避免重复使用 finally, eventually, at last, gradually等表示这种意思的副词。 Exercise : 1) … we come to appreciate the value of life. 2) … people will come to like genetically modified crops someday … 3) …, we have come to realize the necessity of hiring a computer-security expert. 4) … came to understand that the Chinese preferred “ teaching by holding the hand ”.

27. impose: 

27. impose v. ① place a (penalty, tax, etc.) officially on sb. / sth. eg. The government is trying to ~~ a further tax on wines. Those factories which pollute the environment should be ~~d fines heavily. ② try to make sb. accept (an opinion or a belief) ~~ sth. on sb. eg. Parents should not ~~ their own wills on their children. imposition n. 强行，强人所难 28. as for with regard to , as to 至于，关于 eg. Some people have complained, but ~~ me I’m satisfied with the working conditions here.

29. transport: 

29. transport v. take sth. / sb. from one place to another in a vehicle eg. Pipe lines are used mainly to ~~ liquids or gases over long distances. 用船运送货物是相对较经济的方式。 It is a comparatively cheaper way to ~~ cargos through ships. n. transportation ~~ ships 30. disguise v. give sb. / sth. a false appearance 改装, 掩饰, 伪装 ~~ sb. / sth. as eg. The actress ~~d herself as a man so that no one can recognize her.

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n. things used to disguise sb. / sth. sth. in ~~ 指外表看不见的事实或表象与事实正好相反的事物 eg. His illness was a blessing in ~~, because he afterwards married his nurse. (com.) distinguish v. 区别，分辨 31. abolish v. end the existence of ( a law, custom, system, etc. ) eg. Slavery was not finally ~~ed in the British Empire until 1833. In order to protect wild animals, we should ~~ the global fur industry. abolition n. 废除，终止

32. make the best of : 

32. make the best of accept an unsatisfactory situation cheerfully and try to manage as well as you can 尽量利用，充分利用 eg. The living condition in he village were very poor, but we had to ~~ it. 我们要充分利用所拥有的资源来创造机会。 We should ~~ all the resource we own to create opportunities. 33. compel v. make ( sb. ) do sth ; force ~~ sb. to do eg. Most children don’t like to be compelled to learn various courses at weekends.

34. at risk: 

34. at risk threatened by the possibility of loss failure, etc. ; in danger at …( adj. ) risk ( of / from sth. ) eg. It is reported that some areas in North China are at high risk of water shortage. 木制建筑有着火的危险。 Wooden buildings are ~~ from fire. 35. starve v. ( cause a person or an animal to ) suffer severely or die from hunger eg. Some people ~~d to death during the long drought. In order to lose weight, she has ~~d herself for nearly two weeks. starvation n. 饥饿

36. in the eyes of: 

36. in the eyes of in the opinion of eg. ~~ his students, Mr. White is a friend more than a teacher. 在所有父母看来,无论他们的孩子多大都还是小孩子。 ~~ all the parents, their children are still young kids no matter how old they are. 37. pass for appear like ; be accepted or looked upon as ( = pass as ) ( attention ) 主动形式表示被动意义 eg. He speaks English well enough to ~~ a native speaker. 有些绢花看起 来就跟真的一样。 Some silk flowers ~~ real ones.

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1) Many slaves traveled under cover of night, their faces sometimes caked with white powder. 2) Determined to live free someday, he managed to get trained in iron molding. 3) Levi Coffin, a Quaker raised in North Carolina, … 4) Two weeks later, starving and exhausted, the family reached Cincinnati, …

现在分词与过去分词: 

现在分词与过去分词 Ⅰ. 它们都属于非谓语动词，其用法和意义相当于 形容词或副词。在句子中多用作定语、状语、 补语、表语或独立成分。 Ⅱ. 现在分词由动词原形加 ing 构成，过去分词一 般由动词原形加 ed 构成（有部分为不规则变 化)注意它们与动词作谓语时的现在进行时形式 和一般过去时形式的区别。 Ⅲ. 现分与过分的区别 1) 现分表示的意义是主动的，进行的 过分表示的意义是被动的，完成的 个别过分（多为不及物动词）不表示被动，只 表示完成。 fallen leaves, newly arrived goods, boiled water

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2) 现分有完成式，被动式和完成被动式。 现分的被动式作状语时，与过分用法、意义无差 别。而如需强调分词动作在主句动作之前完成或 发生时，要用现分的完成被动式。 3) 分词的独立结构 主要用于当分词动作的主语与句子的主语不一致 时。有时可用 with / without + 名词（或代词 宾格）+ 分词的结构。 如：The rain having stopped, the soldiers continued their march. The boy returned, their faces covered with sweat. He fell asleep with the lamp burning.

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4) 分词短语作句子的独立成分（相当于状语） 如：Generally speaking, I prefer rice to noodle. Judged by his accent, he must be a German. Exercises : ① __ economically, one gallon of oil will last at least two months. a. Using b. Used c. Having used d. To be used ② His parents __ , the orphan is now taken care of by the government. a. have died b. dead c. dying d. having died ③ __ to continue his studies, James quitted school. a. Not wishing b. Not to wish c. Having not wished d. Wishing not ④ __ , they went swimming. a. Being a hot day b. It was a hot day c. Due to a hot day d. The day being hot

Slide45: 

Through many dangers, toils and snares, We have already come; ’Tis grace hath brought me safe thus far, And grace will lead me home. The Lord has promised good to me, His Word my hope secures; He will my Shield and Portion be, As long as life endures. Yea, when this flesh and heart shall fail, And mortal life shall cease, I shall possess, within the veil, A life of joy and peace. The earth shall soon dissolve like snow, The sun forbear to shine; But God, Who called me here below, Shall be forever mine. When we’ve been there ten thousand years, Bright shining as the sun, We’ve no less days to sing God’s praise Than when we’d first begun. amazing grace     Amazing grace! How sweet the sound That saved a wretch like me! I once was lost, but now am found; Was blind, but now I see. ’Twas grace that taught my heart to fear, And grace my fears relieved; How precious did that grace appear The hour I first believed.