logging in or signing up ecology Dante Download Post to : URL : Related Presentations : Share Add to Flag Embed Email Send to Blogs and Networks Add to Channel Uploaded from authorPOINTLite Insert YouTube videos in PowerPont slides with aS Desktop Copy embed code: (To copy code, click on the text box) Embed: URL: Thumbnail: WordPress Embed Customize Embed The presentation is successfully added In Your Favorites. Views: 1127 Category: Education License: All Rights Reserved Like it (1) Dislike it (1) Added: February 06, 2008 This Presentation is Public Favorites: 1 Presentation Description No description available. Comments Posting comment... Premium member Presentation Transcript Ecology : Ecology Study of the earth and the process of living animalsWhat is “Ecology”: What is “Ecology” Term coined by Ernst Haekel Young science Started out from Natural Science Used to describe relationships between individuals,communities, and populationsEcology: Ecology Can be divided into Terrestrial and Aquatic Ecosystems Each of these can be divided into Biomes, then to ecoregionsEcoregions of Oklahoma: Ecoregions of OklahomaBiomes: Biomes Here is a slide of biomes across the world Notice that are areas that have the same biome as other parts of the worldBiomes : Biomes These areas are effected by Moisture Wind direction and speed Temperature Biomes: Biomes The one element of that all of these have in common is SOLAR RADIATION !!!Solar radiation: Solar radiation The sun’s movements across the sky has much to do with the seasons, moisture, and temperature of the biomesBiomes: Biomes The Equatorial regions receive a constant amount of solar radiation, where Temperate regions have a varied amount of solar radiation. Equatorial regions get a varied amount of rainfall, where Temperate regions receive a constant amountSolar radiation : Solar radiation Solar radiation directs the wind patterns and water current patterns These in turn bring weather patterns to the ecoregions Warm water currents keep the British Isles warm even though the Islands are at a high LongitudeWater Currents: Water Currents The Gulf Stream flows from the Caribbean all the way to the British IslesBiomes : Biomes This leads to a variation in Primary Productivity Primary Productivity is defined as the amount of plant material that is produced for consumption by herbivoresPrimary Productivity: Primary Productivity The areas in black represent the greatest amount of Productivity Where does Oklahoma Fall?Primary Production: Primary Production Solar Radiation strikes the earth About 1% is used for Photosynthesis Used for the creation of carbohydrates and ATP These are used for growth and reproduction Primary Productivity: Primary Productivity About 90% of energy produced is used in growth, creation of cell walls, and for reproduction About 10% is left over for the next groupPrimary Productivity: Primary Productivity The green plants are called producers. They produce the food for the rest of the groups. These groups are referred to as Trophic LevelsTrophic Levels: Trophic Levels Plants are Primary Producers in an ecosystem The next group is called the Primary Consumers. These are herbivores and will consume primary producersTrophic levels: Trophic levelsTrophic Levels: Trophic Levels Primary consumers Can be large or small Bison-large Primary consumer Mouse-small Primary Consumer Grasshopper-invertebrate consumerConsumers: Consumers Primary Consumers are in turn are consumed by Secondary Consumers. These are Carnivores There are large and small Carnivores Large- Mountain Lion Small- Pygmy ShrewConsumers: Consumers These groups form relationships between each other These relationships are called food webs/chainsTrophic Levels: Trophic Levels Each group is dependent upon the other. If one group is removed, or the content is altered in any way, then there will be a shift in the trophic levels Example: Removal of wolves and mountain lions have allowed the White-Tailed Deer population to grow too largePredator/Prey Relationships: Predator/Prey RelationshipsOther Ecological Principles: Other Ecological Principles Nutrient Cycling All nutrients with the exception of Energy, cycle through the ecosystem Water, Carbon Dioxide, Oxygen, Nitrogen, and Phosphorus are commonly cited examples.Water Cycle: Water Cycle Also termed the Hydrologic Cycle Only 0.62% of all water on Earth is fit for consumption. The rest is locked away or is marine!Carbon Cycle: Carbon Cycle Carbon cycles as CO2 Has been implicated in Greenhouse Effect Can hold heat in by forming a cloud layer over the EarthGreenhouse Effect: Greenhouse Effect Has led to an increase in global temperature Caused by the burning of Fossil Fuels Can be traced to the middle 1700’sGlobal Warming: Global Warming Global Warming is a different process The introduction of certain gases into the atmosphere Most notably CH4Nitrogen Cycle: Nitrogen Cycle Needed for Amino Acid synthesis and ATP synthesis Involved in Terrestrial Eutrophication Eutrophication=the over use of a chemical that leads to uncontrolled growth of plants Phosphorus Cycle: Phosphorus Cycle Important for Nucleic acids and cell membranes Aquatic eutrophication Human Impact: Human Impact Air pollution is a serious impact the following will present new material and be a review of certain principlesAir Pollution: Air Pollution Local effects-plant level Global effects-community levelAir Pollution-Local level : Air Pollution-Local level Nitrous Oxides Sulfur Oxides OzoneNitrous Oxides: Nitrous Oxides N2O -Nitrous oxide NO -Nitric Oxide NO2 -Nitrogen Dioxide Effects NOX: Effects NOX Enters leaf through stoma into sub-stomatal crypt Diffuses through cuticle Effects NOX: Effects NOX Uptake through RootsSulfur Oxides: Sulfur Oxides Sulfur Dioxide Important Ingredient of Acid Rain Formation Dry Particulate= SO2 + OH + MHSO3 +M HSO3 + O2 HO2 + SO3 SO3 + H2O H2SO4Sulfur Oxides Cont.: Sulfur Oxides Cont. Liquid Sulfuric Acid Formation 2 SO2 + 2 H2O SO3-2 + HSO3- +3H+ HSO3- + H2O2 HSO4- + H2OEffects of SO2: Effects of SO2 Erosion of Cuticle Injury to Mesophyll CellsEffects of SO2: Effects of SO2 Interference of Stomatal OpeningsEffects of SO2: Effects of SO2 Inhibition of Photosynthesis at the thylakoid membraneEffects of SO2: Effects of SO2 Interference of Photosynthesis at the point where carbon dioxide enters the Calvin-Benson Cycle Effects of SO2: Effects of SO2 Leaching of Micronutrients from the leaf tissue Leaching of Micronutrients from the soil Cation ExchangeOzone: Ozone Two different types Stratospheric Tropospheric Forms from combustion of fossil fuels Formation of Ozonides and hydroxyhydroperoxides Air Pollution-Global level: Air Pollution-Global level Nitrogen Sulfur Carbon Monoxide Carbon DioxideTerrestrial Eutrophication: Terrestrial Eutrophication Addition of nitrogen to the air, either by pollution or fertilizing of fields can cause eutrophication of eastern forestsTerrestrial Eutrophication: Terrestrial EutrophicationSulfur dioxide: Sulfur dioxide Long-term exposure to acid rain has lead to the destruction of local plant communities. In New England and up-state New York the loss of nutrients from the soil has resulted in the loss of thousands of trees Sulfur dioxide: Sulfur dioxide Canada has sued the U.S for damages from Sulfur Dioxide emissions from the U.S. carried across the border. In Europe the same events have happened to the forests as in the U.S. and Canada.Sulfur dioxide: Sulfur dioxideCarbon Monoxide, Carbon Dioxide: Carbon Monoxide, Carbon Dioxide Greenhouse Effect Increased Primary Productivity Change in Ecoregion StructureGreenhouse Effect: Greenhouse EffectGreenhouse Effect: Greenhouse EffectGreenhouse Effect: Greenhouse Effect Increasing Carbon Dioxide levels and increasing temperatureGreenhouse Effect: Greenhouse Effect Increases Primary Productivity increases intake of CO2 increase plant biomass a good thing?Greenhouse Effect: Greenhouse Effect Increased temperature leads to: movement of plant communities northward melting of polar icecaps: loss of significant land areas in the United States melting of permafrostMelting Polar Icecaps: Melting Polar IcecapsMelting of Permafrost: Melting of PermafrostHuman Impacts: Human Impacts These are but a few items to consider We will not cover water pollution but there are issues that will need to be covered There are several books that you may want to read this summer Silent Spring by Rachel Carlson is the best You do not have the permission to view this presentation. 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ecology Dante Download Post to : URL : Related Presentations : Share Add to Flag Embed Email Send to Blogs and Networks Add to Channel Uploaded from authorPOINTLite Insert YouTube videos in PowerPont slides with aS Desktop Copy embed code: (To copy code, click on the text box) Embed: URL: Thumbnail: WordPress Embed Customize Embed The presentation is successfully added In Your Favorites. Views: 1127 Category: Education License: All Rights Reserved Like it (1) Dislike it (1) Added: February 06, 2008 This Presentation is Public Favorites: 1 Presentation Description No description available. Comments Posting comment... Premium member Presentation Transcript Ecology : Ecology Study of the earth and the process of living animalsWhat is “Ecology”: What is “Ecology” Term coined by Ernst Haekel Young science Started out from Natural Science Used to describe relationships between individuals,communities, and populationsEcology: Ecology Can be divided into Terrestrial and Aquatic Ecosystems Each of these can be divided into Biomes, then to ecoregionsEcoregions of Oklahoma: Ecoregions of OklahomaBiomes: Biomes Here is a slide of biomes across the world Notice that are areas that have the same biome as other parts of the worldBiomes : Biomes These areas are effected by Moisture Wind direction and speed Temperature Biomes: Biomes The one element of that all of these have in common is SOLAR RADIATION !!!Solar radiation: Solar radiation The sun’s movements across the sky has much to do with the seasons, moisture, and temperature of the biomesBiomes: Biomes The Equatorial regions receive a constant amount of solar radiation, where Temperate regions have a varied amount of solar radiation. Equatorial regions get a varied amount of rainfall, where Temperate regions receive a constant amountSolar radiation : Solar radiation Solar radiation directs the wind patterns and water current patterns These in turn bring weather patterns to the ecoregions Warm water currents keep the British Isles warm even though the Islands are at a high LongitudeWater Currents: Water Currents The Gulf Stream flows from the Caribbean all the way to the British IslesBiomes : Biomes This leads to a variation in Primary Productivity Primary Productivity is defined as the amount of plant material that is produced for consumption by herbivoresPrimary Productivity: Primary Productivity The areas in black represent the greatest amount of Productivity Where does Oklahoma Fall?Primary Production: Primary Production Solar Radiation strikes the earth About 1% is used for Photosynthesis Used for the creation of carbohydrates and ATP These are used for growth and reproduction Primary Productivity: Primary Productivity About 90% of energy produced is used in growth, creation of cell walls, and for reproduction About 10% is left over for the next groupPrimary Productivity: Primary Productivity The green plants are called producers. They produce the food for the rest of the groups. These groups are referred to as Trophic LevelsTrophic Levels: Trophic Levels Plants are Primary Producers in an ecosystem The next group is called the Primary Consumers. These are herbivores and will consume primary producersTrophic levels: Trophic levelsTrophic Levels: Trophic Levels Primary consumers Can be large or small Bison-large Primary consumer Mouse-small Primary Consumer Grasshopper-invertebrate consumerConsumers: Consumers Primary Consumers are in turn are consumed by Secondary Consumers. These are Carnivores There are large and small Carnivores Large- Mountain Lion Small- Pygmy ShrewConsumers: Consumers These groups form relationships between each other These relationships are called food webs/chainsTrophic Levels: Trophic Levels Each group is dependent upon the other. If one group is removed, or the content is altered in any way, then there will be a shift in the trophic levels Example: Removal of wolves and mountain lions have allowed the White-Tailed Deer population to grow too largePredator/Prey Relationships: Predator/Prey RelationshipsOther Ecological Principles: Other Ecological Principles Nutrient Cycling All nutrients with the exception of Energy, cycle through the ecosystem Water, Carbon Dioxide, Oxygen, Nitrogen, and Phosphorus are commonly cited examples.Water Cycle: Water Cycle Also termed the Hydrologic Cycle Only 0.62% of all water on Earth is fit for consumption. The rest is locked away or is marine!Carbon Cycle: Carbon Cycle Carbon cycles as CO2 Has been implicated in Greenhouse Effect Can hold heat in by forming a cloud layer over the EarthGreenhouse Effect: Greenhouse Effect Has led to an increase in global temperature Caused by the burning of Fossil Fuels Can be traced to the middle 1700’sGlobal Warming: Global Warming Global Warming is a different process The introduction of certain gases into the atmosphere Most notably CH4Nitrogen Cycle: Nitrogen Cycle Needed for Amino Acid synthesis and ATP synthesis Involved in Terrestrial Eutrophication Eutrophication=the over use of a chemical that leads to uncontrolled growth of plants Phosphorus Cycle: Phosphorus Cycle Important for Nucleic acids and cell membranes Aquatic eutrophication Human Impact: Human Impact Air pollution is a serious impact the following will present new material and be a review of certain principlesAir Pollution: Air Pollution Local effects-plant level Global effects-community levelAir Pollution-Local level : Air Pollution-Local level Nitrous Oxides Sulfur Oxides OzoneNitrous Oxides: Nitrous Oxides N2O -Nitrous oxide NO -Nitric Oxide NO2 -Nitrogen Dioxide Effects NOX: Effects NOX Enters leaf through stoma into sub-stomatal crypt Diffuses through cuticle Effects NOX: Effects NOX Uptake through RootsSulfur Oxides: Sulfur Oxides Sulfur Dioxide Important Ingredient of Acid Rain Formation Dry Particulate= SO2 + OH + MHSO3 +M HSO3 + O2 HO2 + SO3 SO3 + H2O H2SO4Sulfur Oxides Cont.: Sulfur Oxides Cont. Liquid Sulfuric Acid Formation 2 SO2 + 2 H2O SO3-2 + HSO3- +3H+ HSO3- + H2O2 HSO4- + H2OEffects of SO2: Effects of SO2 Erosion of Cuticle Injury to Mesophyll CellsEffects of SO2: Effects of SO2 Interference of Stomatal OpeningsEffects of SO2: Effects of SO2 Inhibition of Photosynthesis at the thylakoid membraneEffects of SO2: Effects of SO2 Interference of Photosynthesis at the point where carbon dioxide enters the Calvin-Benson Cycle Effects of SO2: Effects of SO2 Leaching of Micronutrients from the leaf tissue Leaching of Micronutrients from the soil Cation ExchangeOzone: Ozone Two different types Stratospheric Tropospheric Forms from combustion of fossil fuels Formation of Ozonides and hydroxyhydroperoxides Air Pollution-Global level: Air Pollution-Global level Nitrogen Sulfur Carbon Monoxide Carbon DioxideTerrestrial Eutrophication: Terrestrial Eutrophication Addition of nitrogen to the air, either by pollution or fertilizing of fields can cause eutrophication of eastern forestsTerrestrial Eutrophication: Terrestrial EutrophicationSulfur dioxide: Sulfur dioxide Long-term exposure to acid rain has lead to the destruction of local plant communities. In New England and up-state New York the loss of nutrients from the soil has resulted in the loss of thousands of trees Sulfur dioxide: Sulfur dioxide Canada has sued the U.S for damages from Sulfur Dioxide emissions from the U.S. carried across the border. In Europe the same events have happened to the forests as in the U.S. and Canada.Sulfur dioxide: Sulfur dioxideCarbon Monoxide, Carbon Dioxide: Carbon Monoxide, Carbon Dioxide Greenhouse Effect Increased Primary Productivity Change in Ecoregion StructureGreenhouse Effect: Greenhouse EffectGreenhouse Effect: Greenhouse EffectGreenhouse Effect: Greenhouse Effect Increasing Carbon Dioxide levels and increasing temperatureGreenhouse Effect: Greenhouse Effect Increases Primary Productivity increases intake of CO2 increase plant biomass a good thing?Greenhouse Effect: Greenhouse Effect Increased temperature leads to: movement of plant communities northward melting of polar icecaps: loss of significant land areas in the United States melting of permafrostMelting Polar Icecaps: Melting Polar IcecapsMelting of Permafrost: Melting of PermafrostHuman Impacts: Human Impacts These are but a few items to consider We will not cover water pollution but there are issues that will need to be covered There are several books that you may want to read this summer Silent Spring by Rachel Carlson is the best