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Edit Comment Close By: fayazsk25 (21 month(s) ago) how can i download this presentation Saving..... Post Reply Close Saving..... Edit Comment Close Premium member Presentation Transcript Environment and Natural Resources: Environment and Natural Resources Geog 313 Lecture 2Outline: Outline Lecture Discussion Movie H.W. Environment : Environment How are resources defined? Cultural value: a society’s cultural values influence people’s decision that a commodity is desirable and acceptable to use. Technology: must be high enough to use the resource or provide multiple uses. Economy system: affects whether a resource is affordable and accessible.Religion and Nature: Religion and Nature Judeo-Christian Perspective- the view that nature was created by God and is subject to God in the same way that a child is subject to parents. Taoist Perspective- the view that nature be valued for its own sake, not for how it might be exploited. Human beings need to be in harmony with nature. Buddhist Perspective- the view that nothing exists in and of itself and everything is part of a natural complex and interdependent. It is up to human beings to care for all of life, and the integrity of the universe. Islamic Perspective- the view that heavens and Earth were made for human purposes. Animistic Perspective- the view that natural phenomena—both animate and inanimate—possess an indwelling spirit or consciousness.Views on the Environment: Views on the Environment Environmental determinism- was a doctrine that held that human activities are controlled by the environment such as: Social development Economic development Behavior Possibilists- believe the natural environment does no more than limit the range of choices, affording opportunities rather than imposing limitations. Sustainable development: economic development that increases wealth but avoids environmental destruction.Environmental Hazards in Latin America: Environmental Hazards in Latin America Earthquakes Volcanic eruptions Tsunamis Mudslides Drought Flooding El Niño/Niña Hurricanes Deforestation Desertification What type of environmental hazards can we find?Hurricanes: HurricanesGeneral Path of Hurricanes: General Path of Hurricanes When is hurricane season? Hurricane season is from June to November. Because of the shape of South America, most Atlantic hurricanes are steered northwestward into the Caribbean. What countries are affected by hurricanes?Hurricane Mitch: Hurricane Mitch Hurricane Mitch, the fourth-strongest Atlantic hurricane on record. On October 27, 1998, Mitch battered the Caribbean coast of Central America with wind speeds of 180 mph (290 km/ph) for eight days and dropped 50 inches of rain in some areas. Hurricane Mitch: Hurricane Mitch Hurricane Mitch: Hurricane Mitch Why was Hurricane Mitch such a devastating hurricane? Hurricane Mitch came at a time when the region was recovering from the: -Earthquakes of the 1970s and 1980s, -Civil wars in the 1980s, and - Enjoying some peace and some economic prosperity in the 1990s. Hurricane Mitch: Hurricane Mitch What was the economic situation of Central America before Hurricane Mitch? Before Hurricane Mitch occurred, the social gap between the rich and the poor was increasing and the magnitude of the poverty level was astronomical. For example: Out of 1,000 children born in our countries [Central America], 425 will have mothers who are illiterate, 130 will be born underweight, 84 will die before the age of five, 678 will live in poverty; . . . out of those 540 will be undernourished; 400 will not have access to portable water; and only 68 would be able to complete the six grade (Ordoñez & Gamboa, p. 19).Hurricane Mitch: Hurricane Mitch What countries where affected? The countries suffering the most after the civil wars and at the hands of Hurricane Mitch are Nicaragua, Honduras, and El Salvador. How were they affected? The three countries accounted for most of the $10 billion in total damages, 9,000 deaths and 10,000 missing and millions displaced (Hunt, 1999, p. A7).Hurricane Mitch (Nicaragua): Hurricane Mitch (Nicaragua) How was Nicaragua affected? In Nicaragua, the force of Hurricane Mitch killed 3,000 people displaced 900,000 destroyed billions of dollars of infrastructure. Mitch never made direct contact with Nicaragua unlike Honduras, but the heavy rainfall of 50 inches in some areas caused deadly landslides. http://www.cnn.com/WEATHER/9811/02/mitch.01/Hurricane Mitch (Nicaragua): Hurricane Mitch (Nicaragua) Mudslide: For example, in the Casitas Volcano, a deadly mudslide killed most of the 4,000 residents of the area and destroyed 30 communities. The mudslide also destroyed part of the Pan-American Highway, which serves as the lifeline for transporting goods across Central America. In the northeastern part of Nicaragua, floodwaters washed away more than 50 communities and displaced 50,000 Mixquita Indians who lived near the banks of the Cocos River (Kovaleski, 1998, p. A27). http://environment.nicanet.org/environment_care.htmHurricane Mitch (Nicaragua): Hurricane Mitch (Nicaragua) What would Nicaragua need to recover? Nicaragua will need an estimated “$1 billion to rebuild damaged infrastructure, including 1,500 miles or roads and highways, 80 bridges, more than 300 schools dozens of health clinics, civic buildings and public markets that were damaged or destroyed” (Kovaleski, 1998, p. A26). http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/Hazards/What/Lahars/CasitaLahar.html http://www.iadb.org/regions/re2/consultative_group/backgrounder3.htm Hurricane Mitch (Honduras): Hurricane Mitch (Honduras) What was the economic situation before Hurricane Mitch? The political, economic, and social situation of Honduras before Hurricane Mitch was oblique. In the case of the government of President Callejas (1990-1994), Honduras experienced an economic collapse during his last year in office. “Foreign debt increased from $3 billion to $3.5 billion, the fiscal incremented from 5 percent to 11 percent, and inflation triple to 30 percent” (Ordoñez & Gamboa, 1997, p.145). The economic crisis affected the Honduran society by increasing unemployment from 22% to 30%. President Callejas took over the country with a poverty rate of 53%, and at the end of his term the poverty rate increased to 60%. Hurricane Mitch (Honduras): Hurricane Mitch (Honduras) What was the destruction from Hurricane Mitch? In the case of Honduras, the destruction caused by Mitch is greater than any other country in the region. Hurricane Mitch became the deadliest natural disaster ever to hit the country since Hurricane Fifi in 1974. http://landslides.usgs.gov/Honduras/ Hurricane Mitch (Honduras): Hurricane Mitch (Honduras) What was the destruction from Hurricane Mitch? Mitch’s aftermath left 6,076 casualties, millions homeless (Moore, 1998, p. A1) An estimated $3.4 billion in damages (Hunt, 1999, p. 9) 11,000 missing (Kovaleski, 1998, A1) 83,000 thousand homes destroyed, (Sobieraj, 1999, p. A7) 70% of the agriculture output devastated - 60% of the nations infrastructure destroyed including 170 bridges (Moore, 1998, A36). http://landslides.usgs.gov/Honduras/ Hurricane Mitch (Honduras): Hurricane Mitch (Honduras) What was the destruction from Hurricane Mitch? According to the “banana industry and government officials, flooding destroyed not just the banana crop, but the plant themselves—in other words, virtually the entire banana industry [which has an estimated loss of $255 million over the next two years]” (Anderson, 1998, p. A39). The storm crippled agriculture, which has been the backbone of the country for more than a century. The company laid off most of its workers and lost 11 million banana plants in their 17,300 acres. Overall, the banana economy lost an estimated 90% of the industry and a total of 27 million banana plants (Anderson, 1998, p. A39). http://www.atmosphere.mpg.de/enid/26i.html Earthquakes: Earthquakes Why does Latin America experience so much seismic activity?Earthquakes: Earthquakes Why does Latin America experience so much seismic activity? http://www.alertnet.org/thefacts/reliefresources/228607.htm Nicaragua Earthquake (1972): Nicaragua Earthquake (1972) On December 23, 1972, an earthquake with a magnitude of 6.2 struck the capital city of Managua, leaving 10,000 people dead and the city destroyed (Leonard, 1987, p. 2). http://www.alertnet.org/thefacts/reliefresources/228607.htm Nicaragua Earthquake (1972): Nicaragua Earthquake (1972) Foreign technicians declared the city of Managua a disaster zone and advised a new city to be reconstructed in a safer area. International aid poured into Nicaragua to rebuild Managua and help the victims recuperate from the devastating earthquake. Mexico Earthquake (1985): Mexico Earthquake (1985) On September 19, 1985, Mexico City was struck by an earthquake measuring 7.8. The death toll was at least 5,000. Left 150,000 homeless. Mexico City is built on a former lake bed. http://www.uwsp.edu/geo/faculty/ritter/glossary/e_g/earthquake.html http://www.amerrescue.org/mexicocity/ Mexico Earthquake (1985): Mexico Earthquake (1985) Public buildings during the 1985 earthquakes such as hospitals and apartment buildings did not stand to the earthquake. Buildings in Mexico City are now required to incorporate features that enable them to withstand earthquakes. Many use tower structures which utilize deep pilings to give them a secure base in the bed sediments. http://www.tenorissimo.com/domingo/Articles/excel92098.htmEl Salvador Earthquake (1986): El Salvador Earthquake (1986) http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/elsalvador3.htm http://gbgm-umc.org/nwo/01ja/elsalvador.html El Salvador Earthquake (2001): El Salvador Earthquake (2001) http://www.unisdr.org/wcdr/thematic-sessions/presentations/session4-9/el-salvador.pdf El Salvador Earthquake 2001: El Salvador Earthquake 2001El Salvador Earthquake 2001: El Salvador Earthquake 2001Volcanoes: Volcanoes Volcanoes: Volcanoes The string of volcanoes in Mexico and Central America is related to the subduction zones between the North American and Congo plates. The Andean volcanoes reflect tectonic activity associated with the subduction zone between the South American and Nazca Plates. Mountain building occurs when tectonic plates move toward each other and force up sediments that have accumulated between them. The Andes are still tectonically active: Earthquakes and volcanic eruptions are common. The Andes run like a spinal cord along the western margin of South America. They present a barrier to east-west travel. http://www.volcanolive.com/world.html El Niño: El Niño During the winter of 1997-1998, El Niño caused enormous damage and hundreds of deaths. What is El Niño? During El Niño year, winds from near Australia blow warm water eastward to the coast of South America (Ecuador and Peru). During periods of El Niño, winds that usually blow from east to west over central Pacific ocean, from the cold ocean current to the warm waters of East Asia, slow or even reverse. El Niño: El Niño What countries are affected and how? San Francisco, California between November to March received 40.25 inches of rain—Normal is 16.39. The 15 inches was the most for that month in the 150 years of record keeping. Acapulco, Mexico was badly battered by torrential rains and high, wind-blow tides. Parts of South America, especially Ecuador, Peru, and Chile were ravaged by floods and mudslides, while drought and fires scorched eastern South America. http://www.nationalgeographic.com/elNiño/mainpage.html La Niña: La Niña What is La Niña? The cold ebb in low-latitude Pacific Ocean surface temperature between El Niño peaks is called La Niña. What are the impacts of La Niña? La Niña often features drier than normal conditions in the Southwest in late summer through the subsequent winter. Drier than normal conditions also typically occur in the Central Plains in the fall, and in the Southeast in the winter. In contrast, the Pacific Northwest is more likely to be wetter than normal in the late fall and early winter with the presence of a well-established La Niña. Additionally, on average La Niña winters are warmer than normal in the Southeast and colder than normal in the Northwest. http://www.elNiño.noaa.gov/ La Nina El Niño http://www.publicaffairs.noaa.gov/lanina.html El Niño/La Nina: El Niño/La NinaBrazil and Deforestation: Brazil and Deforestation http://www.rain-tree.com/facts.htm 1975 1992 Tropical rainforests in the state of Rondonia, Brazil start along roads and then fans out to create the “fishbone.” The fastest and cheapest way to clear areas for farms and ranches is to burn them. About the size of Oregon, Portland, Rondonia is the state with the largest percentage of its forest destroyed by fire. Brazil and Deforestation: Brazil and DeforestationBrazil and Deforestation: Brazil and DeforestationCentral America and Deforestation: Central America and Deforestation When a person cuts down a tree, it causes deforestation, which leads to land degradation, erosion, and watershed deterioration. Central America originally was covered by forest; today 60% of the forest has been deforested mostly since 1950. El Salvador has the most severe case of deforestation with only 2% of the country remaining covered with woodlands (Leonard, 1987, p. 119). Nicaragua is losing an estimated 3.6% of its woodlands and has declined from 47% in the 1970s to 33% in the 1980s; while Honduras lost 3.7% of its forest annually and went from 40% to 36%. Central America as a region is being deforested at a rate of between 500 and 1,000 square kilometers of tropical forests every year (Leonard, 1987, p. 119-120). World Timber Harvesting: World Timber Harvesting Source: Bergman and Renwick, 2003Forest Cover and Deforestation Rate: Forest Cover and Deforestation Rate Source: Bergman and Renwick, 2003Desertification Hazard: Desertification Hazard Fig. 10-14: The most severe desertification hazards are in northern Africa, central Australia, and the southwestern parts of Africa, Asia, North America, and South America.Changing the Landscape: Changing the Landscape Deforestation- the removal of trees from a forested area without adequate replanting. Desertification- the extension of desert like conditions as a result of climatic change or human activities. Such as overgrazing or deforestation, usually in arid or semi-arid regions.Water: Water Why is water so important? Availability of water Modifications of streams/dams Water quality Agricultural runoff into streams Industrial pollution Oil spills Surface mining Sewage discharge Water Availability: Water Availability Source: Bergman and Renwick, 2003Mexico City: Mexico City By the 1950s, had a population of more than 2 million and an area of 20 sq mi. By 2000, its population was estimated at 21 million and its area over 1160 sq mi.!!!!! Each year the city pours more than 5 million tons of pollutants into the air. More than 5 million people citywide have no access to tap water. Some 4 million residents have no access to the sewage system. 1/3 of all families averaging five people live in just a single room.Energy Resources: Energy Resources What was the legacy of the Industrial Revolution in the environment? Discovery Utilization Dependency Technology to use fossil fuel (coal, oil, and natural gas). Dependency on Energy Resources: Dependency on Energy Resources Source: Bergman and Renwick, 2003Per Capital Oil Use: Per Capital Oil Use Source: Bergman and Renwick, 2003Energy Trend in U.S. (1950-1998): Energy Trend in U.S. (1950-1998) Source: Bergman and Renwick, 2003Discussion: Discussion Compare and contrast between Sao Paulo and Mexico city. What are the problems facing each city? What role do humans play? Who are the key players? What are the solutions? Which city has a brighter future?Discussion: Discussion Who and how should natural resources be develop and utilize in Latin America? Venezuela- petroleum Bolivia- natural gas Brazil- rainforest Environment Paper : Environment Paper What natural hazards affect your country? How do human beings play a role in natural hazards? In what ways have natural hazards impacted your country? (i.e. economically, migration, infrastructure, etc.) The paper should be a minimum of two pages. Provide a title page and follow the guidelines in your syllabus. You do not have the permission to view this presentation. In order to view it, please contact the author of the presentation.
geog323 lecture1b environment Danior Download Post to : URL : Related Presentations : Share Add to Flag Embed Email Send to Blogs and Networks Add to Channel Uploaded from authorPOINTLite Insert YouTube videos in PowerPont slides with aS Desktop Copy embed code: (To copy code, click on the text box) Embed: URL: Thumbnail: WordPress Embed Customize Embed The presentation is successfully added In Your Favorites. Views: 1115 Category: Entertainment License: All Rights Reserved Like it (0) Dislike it (0) Added: November 23, 2007 This Presentation is Public Favorites: 0 Presentation Description No description available. Comments Posting comment... By: jaka_dj (15 month(s) ago) may i have this slide to enrich my teaching material Saving..... Post Reply Close Saving..... Edit Comment Close By: fayazsk25 (21 month(s) ago) sir please send u r presentation to do my project my emilid is fayazsk25@gmail.com Saving..... Post Reply Close Saving..... Edit Comment Close By: fayazsk25 (21 month(s) ago) how can i download this presentation Saving..... Post Reply Close Saving..... Edit Comment Close Premium member Presentation Transcript Environment and Natural Resources: Environment and Natural Resources Geog 313 Lecture 2Outline: Outline Lecture Discussion Movie H.W. Environment : Environment How are resources defined? Cultural value: a society’s cultural values influence people’s decision that a commodity is desirable and acceptable to use. Technology: must be high enough to use the resource or provide multiple uses. Economy system: affects whether a resource is affordable and accessible.Religion and Nature: Religion and Nature Judeo-Christian Perspective- the view that nature was created by God and is subject to God in the same way that a child is subject to parents. Taoist Perspective- the view that nature be valued for its own sake, not for how it might be exploited. Human beings need to be in harmony with nature. Buddhist Perspective- the view that nothing exists in and of itself and everything is part of a natural complex and interdependent. It is up to human beings to care for all of life, and the integrity of the universe. Islamic Perspective- the view that heavens and Earth were made for human purposes. Animistic Perspective- the view that natural phenomena—both animate and inanimate—possess an indwelling spirit or consciousness.Views on the Environment: Views on the Environment Environmental determinism- was a doctrine that held that human activities are controlled by the environment such as: Social development Economic development Behavior Possibilists- believe the natural environment does no more than limit the range of choices, affording opportunities rather than imposing limitations. Sustainable development: economic development that increases wealth but avoids environmental destruction.Environmental Hazards in Latin America: Environmental Hazards in Latin America Earthquakes Volcanic eruptions Tsunamis Mudslides Drought Flooding El Niño/Niña Hurricanes Deforestation Desertification What type of environmental hazards can we find?Hurricanes: HurricanesGeneral Path of Hurricanes: General Path of Hurricanes When is hurricane season? Hurricane season is from June to November. Because of the shape of South America, most Atlantic hurricanes are steered northwestward into the Caribbean. What countries are affected by hurricanes?Hurricane Mitch: Hurricane Mitch Hurricane Mitch, the fourth-strongest Atlantic hurricane on record. On October 27, 1998, Mitch battered the Caribbean coast of Central America with wind speeds of 180 mph (290 km/ph) for eight days and dropped 50 inches of rain in some areas. Hurricane Mitch: Hurricane Mitch Hurricane Mitch: Hurricane Mitch Why was Hurricane Mitch such a devastating hurricane? Hurricane Mitch came at a time when the region was recovering from the: -Earthquakes of the 1970s and 1980s, -Civil wars in the 1980s, and - Enjoying some peace and some economic prosperity in the 1990s. Hurricane Mitch: Hurricane Mitch What was the economic situation of Central America before Hurricane Mitch? Before Hurricane Mitch occurred, the social gap between the rich and the poor was increasing and the magnitude of the poverty level was astronomical. For example: Out of 1,000 children born in our countries [Central America], 425 will have mothers who are illiterate, 130 will be born underweight, 84 will die before the age of five, 678 will live in poverty; . . . out of those 540 will be undernourished; 400 will not have access to portable water; and only 68 would be able to complete the six grade (Ordoñez & Gamboa, p. 19).Hurricane Mitch: Hurricane Mitch What countries where affected? The countries suffering the most after the civil wars and at the hands of Hurricane Mitch are Nicaragua, Honduras, and El Salvador. How were they affected? The three countries accounted for most of the $10 billion in total damages, 9,000 deaths and 10,000 missing and millions displaced (Hunt, 1999, p. A7).Hurricane Mitch (Nicaragua): Hurricane Mitch (Nicaragua) How was Nicaragua affected? In Nicaragua, the force of Hurricane Mitch killed 3,000 people displaced 900,000 destroyed billions of dollars of infrastructure. Mitch never made direct contact with Nicaragua unlike Honduras, but the heavy rainfall of 50 inches in some areas caused deadly landslides. http://www.cnn.com/WEATHER/9811/02/mitch.01/Hurricane Mitch (Nicaragua): Hurricane Mitch (Nicaragua) Mudslide: For example, in the Casitas Volcano, a deadly mudslide killed most of the 4,000 residents of the area and destroyed 30 communities. The mudslide also destroyed part of the Pan-American Highway, which serves as the lifeline for transporting goods across Central America. In the northeastern part of Nicaragua, floodwaters washed away more than 50 communities and displaced 50,000 Mixquita Indians who lived near the banks of the Cocos River (Kovaleski, 1998, p. A27). http://environment.nicanet.org/environment_care.htmHurricane Mitch (Nicaragua): Hurricane Mitch (Nicaragua) What would Nicaragua need to recover? Nicaragua will need an estimated “$1 billion to rebuild damaged infrastructure, including 1,500 miles or roads and highways, 80 bridges, more than 300 schools dozens of health clinics, civic buildings and public markets that were damaged or destroyed” (Kovaleski, 1998, p. A26). http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/Hazards/What/Lahars/CasitaLahar.html http://www.iadb.org/regions/re2/consultative_group/backgrounder3.htm Hurricane Mitch (Honduras): Hurricane Mitch (Honduras) What was the economic situation before Hurricane Mitch? The political, economic, and social situation of Honduras before Hurricane Mitch was oblique. In the case of the government of President Callejas (1990-1994), Honduras experienced an economic collapse during his last year in office. “Foreign debt increased from $3 billion to $3.5 billion, the fiscal incremented from 5 percent to 11 percent, and inflation triple to 30 percent” (Ordoñez & Gamboa, 1997, p.145). The economic crisis affected the Honduran society by increasing unemployment from 22% to 30%. President Callejas took over the country with a poverty rate of 53%, and at the end of his term the poverty rate increased to 60%. Hurricane Mitch (Honduras): Hurricane Mitch (Honduras) What was the destruction from Hurricane Mitch? In the case of Honduras, the destruction caused by Mitch is greater than any other country in the region. Hurricane Mitch became the deadliest natural disaster ever to hit the country since Hurricane Fifi in 1974. http://landslides.usgs.gov/Honduras/ Hurricane Mitch (Honduras): Hurricane Mitch (Honduras) What was the destruction from Hurricane Mitch? Mitch’s aftermath left 6,076 casualties, millions homeless (Moore, 1998, p. A1) An estimated $3.4 billion in damages (Hunt, 1999, p. 9) 11,000 missing (Kovaleski, 1998, A1) 83,000 thousand homes destroyed, (Sobieraj, 1999, p. A7) 70% of the agriculture output devastated - 60% of the nations infrastructure destroyed including 170 bridges (Moore, 1998, A36). http://landslides.usgs.gov/Honduras/ Hurricane Mitch (Honduras): Hurricane Mitch (Honduras) What was the destruction from Hurricane Mitch? According to the “banana industry and government officials, flooding destroyed not just the banana crop, but the plant themselves—in other words, virtually the entire banana industry [which has an estimated loss of $255 million over the next two years]” (Anderson, 1998, p. A39). The storm crippled agriculture, which has been the backbone of the country for more than a century. The company laid off most of its workers and lost 11 million banana plants in their 17,300 acres. Overall, the banana economy lost an estimated 90% of the industry and a total of 27 million banana plants (Anderson, 1998, p. A39). http://www.atmosphere.mpg.de/enid/26i.html Earthquakes: Earthquakes Why does Latin America experience so much seismic activity?Earthquakes: Earthquakes Why does Latin America experience so much seismic activity? http://www.alertnet.org/thefacts/reliefresources/228607.htm Nicaragua Earthquake (1972): Nicaragua Earthquake (1972) On December 23, 1972, an earthquake with a magnitude of 6.2 struck the capital city of Managua, leaving 10,000 people dead and the city destroyed (Leonard, 1987, p. 2). http://www.alertnet.org/thefacts/reliefresources/228607.htm Nicaragua Earthquake (1972): Nicaragua Earthquake (1972) Foreign technicians declared the city of Managua a disaster zone and advised a new city to be reconstructed in a safer area. International aid poured into Nicaragua to rebuild Managua and help the victims recuperate from the devastating earthquake. Mexico Earthquake (1985): Mexico Earthquake (1985) On September 19, 1985, Mexico City was struck by an earthquake measuring 7.8. The death toll was at least 5,000. Left 150,000 homeless. Mexico City is built on a former lake bed. http://www.uwsp.edu/geo/faculty/ritter/glossary/e_g/earthquake.html http://www.amerrescue.org/mexicocity/ Mexico Earthquake (1985): Mexico Earthquake (1985) Public buildings during the 1985 earthquakes such as hospitals and apartment buildings did not stand to the earthquake. Buildings in Mexico City are now required to incorporate features that enable them to withstand earthquakes. Many use tower structures which utilize deep pilings to give them a secure base in the bed sediments. http://www.tenorissimo.com/domingo/Articles/excel92098.htmEl Salvador Earthquake (1986): El Salvador Earthquake (1986) http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/elsalvador3.htm http://gbgm-umc.org/nwo/01ja/elsalvador.html El Salvador Earthquake (2001): El Salvador Earthquake (2001) http://www.unisdr.org/wcdr/thematic-sessions/presentations/session4-9/el-salvador.pdf El Salvador Earthquake 2001: El Salvador Earthquake 2001El Salvador Earthquake 2001: El Salvador Earthquake 2001Volcanoes: Volcanoes Volcanoes: Volcanoes The string of volcanoes in Mexico and Central America is related to the subduction zones between the North American and Congo plates. The Andean volcanoes reflect tectonic activity associated with the subduction zone between the South American and Nazca Plates. Mountain building occurs when tectonic plates move toward each other and force up sediments that have accumulated between them. The Andes are still tectonically active: Earthquakes and volcanic eruptions are common. The Andes run like a spinal cord along the western margin of South America. They present a barrier to east-west travel. http://www.volcanolive.com/world.html El Niño: El Niño During the winter of 1997-1998, El Niño caused enormous damage and hundreds of deaths. What is El Niño? During El Niño year, winds from near Australia blow warm water eastward to the coast of South America (Ecuador and Peru). During periods of El Niño, winds that usually blow from east to west over central Pacific ocean, from the cold ocean current to the warm waters of East Asia, slow or even reverse. El Niño: El Niño What countries are affected and how? San Francisco, California between November to March received 40.25 inches of rain—Normal is 16.39. The 15 inches was the most for that month in the 150 years of record keeping. Acapulco, Mexico was badly battered by torrential rains and high, wind-blow tides. Parts of South America, especially Ecuador, Peru, and Chile were ravaged by floods and mudslides, while drought and fires scorched eastern South America. http://www.nationalgeographic.com/elNiño/mainpage.html La Niña: La Niña What is La Niña? The cold ebb in low-latitude Pacific Ocean surface temperature between El Niño peaks is called La Niña. What are the impacts of La Niña? La Niña often features drier than normal conditions in the Southwest in late summer through the subsequent winter. Drier than normal conditions also typically occur in the Central Plains in the fall, and in the Southeast in the winter. In contrast, the Pacific Northwest is more likely to be wetter than normal in the late fall and early winter with the presence of a well-established La Niña. Additionally, on average La Niña winters are warmer than normal in the Southeast and colder than normal in the Northwest. http://www.elNiño.noaa.gov/ La Nina El Niño http://www.publicaffairs.noaa.gov/lanina.html El Niño/La Nina: El Niño/La NinaBrazil and Deforestation: Brazil and Deforestation http://www.rain-tree.com/facts.htm 1975 1992 Tropical rainforests in the state of Rondonia, Brazil start along roads and then fans out to create the “fishbone.” The fastest and cheapest way to clear areas for farms and ranches is to burn them. About the size of Oregon, Portland, Rondonia is the state with the largest percentage of its forest destroyed by fire. Brazil and Deforestation: Brazil and DeforestationBrazil and Deforestation: Brazil and DeforestationCentral America and Deforestation: Central America and Deforestation When a person cuts down a tree, it causes deforestation, which leads to land degradation, erosion, and watershed deterioration. Central America originally was covered by forest; today 60% of the forest has been deforested mostly since 1950. El Salvador has the most severe case of deforestation with only 2% of the country remaining covered with woodlands (Leonard, 1987, p. 119). Nicaragua is losing an estimated 3.6% of its woodlands and has declined from 47% in the 1970s to 33% in the 1980s; while Honduras lost 3.7% of its forest annually and went from 40% to 36%. Central America as a region is being deforested at a rate of between 500 and 1,000 square kilometers of tropical forests every year (Leonard, 1987, p. 119-120). World Timber Harvesting: World Timber Harvesting Source: Bergman and Renwick, 2003Forest Cover and Deforestation Rate: Forest Cover and Deforestation Rate Source: Bergman and Renwick, 2003Desertification Hazard: Desertification Hazard Fig. 10-14: The most severe desertification hazards are in northern Africa, central Australia, and the southwestern parts of Africa, Asia, North America, and South America.Changing the Landscape: Changing the Landscape Deforestation- the removal of trees from a forested area without adequate replanting. Desertification- the extension of desert like conditions as a result of climatic change or human activities. Such as overgrazing or deforestation, usually in arid or semi-arid regions.Water: Water Why is water so important? Availability of water Modifications of streams/dams Water quality Agricultural runoff into streams Industrial pollution Oil spills Surface mining Sewage discharge Water Availability: Water Availability Source: Bergman and Renwick, 2003Mexico City: Mexico City By the 1950s, had a population of more than 2 million and an area of 20 sq mi. By 2000, its population was estimated at 21 million and its area over 1160 sq mi.!!!!! Each year the city pours more than 5 million tons of pollutants into the air. More than 5 million people citywide have no access to tap water. Some 4 million residents have no access to the sewage system. 1/3 of all families averaging five people live in just a single room.Energy Resources: Energy Resources What was the legacy of the Industrial Revolution in the environment? Discovery Utilization Dependency Technology to use fossil fuel (coal, oil, and natural gas). Dependency on Energy Resources: Dependency on Energy Resources Source: Bergman and Renwick, 2003Per Capital Oil Use: Per Capital Oil Use Source: Bergman and Renwick, 2003Energy Trend in U.S. (1950-1998): Energy Trend in U.S. (1950-1998) Source: Bergman and Renwick, 2003Discussion: Discussion Compare and contrast between Sao Paulo and Mexico city. What are the problems facing each city? What role do humans play? Who are the key players? What are the solutions? Which city has a brighter future?Discussion: Discussion Who and how should natural resources be develop and utilize in Latin America? Venezuela- petroleum Bolivia- natural gas Brazil- rainforest Environment Paper : Environment Paper What natural hazards affect your country? How do human beings play a role in natural hazards? In what ways have natural hazards impacted your country? (i.e. economically, migration, infrastructure, etc.) The paper should be a minimum of two pages. Provide a title page and follow the guidelines in your syllabus.