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An assessment for the management practices of integrated mangrove-aquaculture farming systems in Ca Mau Province, Vietnam: 

An assessment for the management practices of integrated mangrove-aquaculture farming systems in Ca Mau Province, Vietnam Minh Truong Hoang (1), Amararatne Yakupitiyage(2) Donald. J. Macintosh(3) Phuong Nguyen Thanh (1) (1)Aquaculture and Fisheries Science Institute, Cantho University, Vietnam. (2)Asian Institute of Technology (AIT), Bangkok, Thailand, (3) Aarhus University, Denmark.

Mekong delta, Viet Nam : 

Mekong delta, Viet Nam Introduction

Introduction: 

Introduction Issue: mangrove clearance for shrimp farm (1983-1995 has lost 66,253 ha). System: extensive and improved shrimp farm.

Introduction: 

Introduction Income: low Solution: policy of Forest Land Allocation (including reforestation), the recent resettlement policy and bank loans. Purpose: mangrove forest protection and development

Mangrove-aquaculture development & Government policies: 

Mangrove-aquaculture development & Government policies

Objectives: 

Objectives To evaluate current government management policies towards integrated mangrove-shrimp farming and mangrove-shrimp-crab farming systems in Ca Mau Province. To evaluate the physical, socio-economic and technical aspects of the mangrove-shrimp farming and mangrove-shrimp-crab farming systems operation. To provide recommendations to the provincial authorities on ways in which the integrated mangrove-shrimp farming systems in the Mekong Delta can be sustained.

Methodology: 

Methodology Site selection: Forestry and Fisheries Enterprises (184 & Ngoc Hien)

Methodology: 

Methodology Research design: mixed mangrove-shrimp farming system 60 survey samples selected randomly (30 samples per FFE). RRA was applied

Results: 

Results 1- The current government management policies Forest Land Allocation: mangrove/shrimp pond is 70/30 (old policy) and 60/40 (new policy) but it is 55/ 45 at the present. Resettlement: 558 mangrove-aquaculture farming households while the land available is limited (773 ha), i.e. 1.4ha/household further concern.

Results: 

Results Aquaculture tax: USD 18.3 /ha/year. Bank Loan: USD 690/household. 26.7% of the households had taken loans. 2- Physical condition of farm 79% farms have a high topography due to sediment deposition concern for mangrove replanting & loss of integration between the mangrove and shrimp.

Results: 

Results Pond design: water depth:70 ± 10 cm. Sluice gate width ratio: 0.9 ± 0.4 m/ha 3- Technical aspects Shrimp culture technique: stocking density: 6.4 ± 5 inds/m2 (both systems); shrimp seed size: PL12-15 , no feeding, liming and fertilizing. Crab culture technique: 0.09 ± 0.1 crab/m2, no feeding, liming and fertilizing. Technical issue: mixed crustacean species disease

Farm productions: 

Farm productions

Some factors correlate with natural shrimp production : 

Some factors correlate with natural shrimp production The integrated mangrove-shrimp farm system (n = 23) The integrated mangrove-shrimp-crab farm system (n = 35) Production = 426 + 31.7 coded location - 1.94 water area - 2.42 sediment depth + 142 harvesting techniques - 2.46 exchanged water level (R2 = 59.9%) Production = - 122 - 1.25 water area + 595 water depth + 90.1 harvesting technique + 2.66 exchanged water level (R2 = 58.6%)

Harvest technique: 

Harvest technique

Results: 

Results 4- Social aspects Population: 66.7% had come from other districts and provinces because of lack of land. Household size: 5 persons/family Education: 85% (farmers) have low education effect their understanding of mangrove protection policy and technical knowledge for aquaculture. Technical advice: 91.3% - 97.1% had no training in shrimp culture. No technical demonstration farms Bank Loan: USD 690/household; 71.4% - 73.9% had not borrowed money from VBARD. Farmers attitudes: separate mangrove and aquaculture areas.

Results: 

Results Separated or mixed models? Mixed model: Will integration mangroves and aquaculture be maintained ????; Sustainability of mangrove wood production ?????

Economic aspects: 

Economic aspects

Net profit and profit/cost: 

Net profit and profit/cost Net profit: USD 1,145.2 /household/yr (mangrove-shrimp-crab farms) > mangrove-shrimp farms. Ratio of profit/cost: 121% (mangrove-shrimp-crab farms) > mangrove-shrimp farms (41.3%).

Conclusion: 

Conclusion Allocation of Forest Land policy has great socio-economic importance for landless and jobless people and contributes to the mangrove forest protection and management. Bank Loan policy supports the Allocation of Forest Land policy and also contributes to the development of the integrated mangrove-aquaculture farming system. The resettlement (from the FZP to the BZ) has an important role in mangrove forest protection and management but it may create a further population pressure in the BZ. The farms’ physical condition: not optimal for the ecological integration, and the farmers’ shrimp technique was simple, the shrimp and crab yields were reasonable in both the farming systems. Profit from mangrove-shrimp-crab > mangrove-shrimp farming system.

Recommendations: 

Recommendations Education: should be improved and also creation of alternative or new jobs should be promoted Extension activities: should be available more frequently. More research on improving shrimp culture in mangrove areas to reduce the high risk from shrimp disease. Research: planting of economic fruit trees on the high elevation land Supplementary: good quality shrimp seed stock

Recommendations: 

Recommendations Sediment pumping into an area for orchard or fruit plantation development Farms should be zoned separately for hatchery-reared shrimp culture, crab culture and natural shrimp farming. Blood cockle should be stocked in polyculture with shrimp to optimize land utilization.