Zimonyi2007

History of the Turkic speaking peoples in Europe before the Ottomans : 

History of the Turkic speaking peoples in Europe before the Ottomans Eastern Europe from the 4th to the10th century.

Geographical setting: 

Geographical setting Three ecological zones: Forest Steppe Sedentary zone (China, Transoxania, Persia, East Roman Empire, later Byzantium)

The periodisation of the medieval history of the nomads in Eastern Europe : 

The periodisation of the medieval history of the nomads in Eastern Europe Hun empire (370-453) age of migrations : Saragurs, Ogurs and Onogurs before 463 Sabirs circa 506 Avars in the 550s Avar empire in the Carpathian basin (568-803) Khazar empire (628-965) Pechenegs (895-1036) Oguz in the 1050s Cumans/Kipchaks 11-13th century Golden Horde 13-15th century

Muslim and Western Sources concerning the Medieval Nomadic Peoples of Eastern Europe: 

Muslim and Western Sources concerning the Medieval Nomadic Peoples of Eastern Europe

Introduction: 

Introduction Nomads of Eastern Europe: Huns, Avars, Khazars Sources: Latin, Greek, Muslim

Western Sources: 

Western Sources Latin Sources on North-Eastern Eurasia by Penti Aalto and Tuomo Pekkanen. Part I. Wiesbaden 1975, Part II. Wiesbaden 1980 Gyula Moravcsik, Byzantinoturcica I. Die Byzantinischen Quellen der Geschichte der Türkvölker. II. Sprachreste der Türkvölker in den Byzantinischen Quellen. Berlin 1983 Glossar zur frühmittelalterlichen Geschichte im östlichen Europa.Begründet von J. Ferluga, M. Hellmann, H. Ludat. Hrsg. von F. Kämpfer, R. Stichel, K. Zernack. Serie A Lateinische Namen bis 900 (Redaktion R. Ernst, D. Wojtecki) I, II, III. Serie B Griechische Namen bis 1025 (Redaktion A. A. Fourlas, A. A. Katsanakis) I, II. Beiheft Nr. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6. Wiesbaden, 1973-1990.

Greek and Latin Sources on the Nomads: 

Greek and Latin Sources on the Nomads Szádeczky-Kardoss Samu. Az avar történelem forrásai 557-től 806-ig. Die Quellen der Awaren-geschichte von 557 bis 806. Budapest 1998. Farkas Csaba, Greek and Middle-Latin works on the Türk Empire. Szeged 1998 MS.

Muslim Sources I.: 

Muslim Sources I. V. Minorsky, Hudūd al-cĀlam. 'The Regions of the World'. A Persian geography 372 A.H. 982 A.D. Gibb Memorial Series XI. London 1937. Sharaf al-Zamān Tāhir Marvazī on China, the Turks and India. London 1942. Źródła arabskie do dziejów słowiańszczyzny (Arabische Quellen zur Geschichte des Slaventums). I. Hrsg. T. Lewicki. Wrocław, Kraków 1956; II/1. Hrsg. T. Lewicki. Wrocław, Warsawa, Kraków 1969; II/2. Hrsg. T. Lewicki. Wrocław, Warsawa, Kraków 1977; III. Hrsg. A. Kmietowicz, F. Kmietowicz, T. Lewicki. Wrocław, Warszawa, Kraków 1985.

Muslim Sources II.: 

Muslim Sources II. Kmoskó Mihály,Mohamedán írók a steppe népeiről. Földrajzi irodalom (Die Berichte mohammedanischer Autoren über die Steppenvölker. Geographische Literatur). I/1, I/2. Ed. Zimonyi István. Magyar Őstörténeti Könyvtár (Ungarische Frühgeschichtliche Bibliothek) 10, 13. Budapest 1997, 2000. Hansgerd Göckenjan, István Zimonyi, Orientalische Berichte über die Völker Osteuropas und Zentralasiens im Mittelalter. Die Ğayhānī-Tradition. Wiesbaden 2001.

Latin West: 

Latin West Carpathian basin Huns Avars Hungarians North of the Black See

Map1: 

Map1

Byzantium: 

Byzantium Balkans Huns Avars Bulghars Crimea Caucasus Saragurs Sabirs Khazars

Map 2: 

Map 2

Caliphate: 

Caliphate Caucasus Khazars Transoxania Pechenegs Khazars Volga Bulghars Hungarians Alans Andalusia Hungarians Pechenegs Khazars

Map 3: 

Map 3

Nomadic Factor in the Medieval History of Europe: 

Nomadic Factor in the Medieval History of Europe

Formation of Medieval Europe: 

Formation of Medieval Europe Ranke: Einheit der romanischen und germanischen Völker Szűcs: 1. 4-5th century 2. 10th century Schlesinger: 1. Roman Germania 2. German Germania 3. Slavic Germania Wenskus: 1. Mediterraneum 2. Nomads of the Pontic steppe 3. Barbaricum of the north-eastern forests 4. Barbaricum of the forests north of the Alps

Nomadic polities in the Middle Ages: 

Nomadic polities in the Middle Ages Capathian basin: Huns Avars Hungarians Lower Volga Khazars Golden Horde

Huns: 

Huns Goths Germans Huns

Slide22: 

Avars Lombards

Slide23: 

Avars Slavs Franks

Slide24: 

Hungarians

Slide25: 

Khazars Caliphate Rus’

Slide26: 

Golden Horde

Conclusions: 

Conclusions Medieval Europe: the synthesis of the Mediterreneum with the forest The Hungarian plain and the South Russian steppe separated the Mediterraneum from the forest The synthesis of the Mediterraneum and the forest spread eastward in the forest zone absorbing the Hungarian plain by 1000 and the steppe of Eastern Europe by the middle of the 16th century.

Dominance between the steppe and forest: 

Dominance between the steppe and forest 4-10th centuries Huns, Avars, Khazars determined the fate of the forest 11-13th centuries balance of power between Kievan Russia and Cumans 13-14th centuries Mongol rule of the forest 16th century the nomads had to submit Russia

The languages of Eastern Europe : 

The languages of Eastern Europe Iranian speaking nomads:Scythians, Sarmatians and Alans early period appearance of the Turkic speaking elements Huns in the 4th century A.D. The Onogurs, Ogurs, Saragurs, Sabirs, Bulghars, Khazars - The Turkic became dominant in Eastern Europe in the 4-6th centuries – Chuvash type dominance The Kipchak migration in the 11th century - Common Turkic dominance in the 12-15th century

Language and people: 

Language and people The formation of Turkic languages can be identified with that of the Turkic peoples. 2. The Turks were organized into a people from various elements by a Kaghan (Bumin), the founder of the Turk empire. 3. The formation of the Tukic peoples took place as a longer process.

Mühlmann : 

Mühlmann it is the linguists’ fault that they talk about Indo-European ‘peoples’, not Indo-European ‘languages’. To put it another way, what we call a linguistic community, is by no means a community in a sociological sense, only a group of speakers of the same language, a statistical set. This is valid not only for general concepts like Indo-Europeans, but also for subcategories like Germans, Celts, Slavs, etc. ‘We have to expel the concept of people from the research on origins. Terminology is not indifferent, since incorrect terminology leads unawares to incorrect thoughts. The mix-up and blending of linguistic and ethnic categories is as a scientific impossibility, just like the thimbleriging with linguistic and physical anthropological terminology used to be.’

Slide32: 

linguistic affinity is a conceptually well defined and well founded term, the affinity of peoples is a concept difficult historically to interpret, since under people we mean a larger group whose cohesion is ensured by a commonly accepted fiction. This means that while in the case of smaller, consanguineous communities, kinship can be verified, in the case of larger groups, tribal alliances, kinship it is obviously a fiction within the community (imagined community). Thus, in case of the affinity of peoples, we create a ‘kinship’ between two fictions, which is a conceptual paradox. In this sense, we cannot talk about the affinity of peoples, only about peoples speaking related languages.

Concept of nation: 

Concept of nation

Study of history from national angel: 

Study of history from national angel Nation is modern phenomenon The process of history can be selected from national angel? Modern nation and its historical antecedents

Common characters of nation: 

Common characters of nation Everyone has a nationality and equality before law The state depends on the idea of nation Civic allegiance is neglected for the sake of the nation

Definition of nation: 

Definition of nation "'Nationality' is an old formation of history, as are 'society' as a concept of sovereign political community and the notion of 'political loyalty', with no inherent connection between these three categories in earlier periods and structures. What is new and has existed only since the end of the 18th century is the historical fusion and functional connection of the three categories, that is nation as we now understand it."

Nationality: 

Nationality Secondary in-group – face to face group We-consciousness – belief in common origin – blood community – immagined community Culture Language

Society: 

Society Political society sovereign political community based on unity of law and public utility authority rest within the community Politically organised society political subordination authority from divine sphere

Loyalty: 

Loyalty Political loyalty Loyalty to nationality Religious loyalty

Historical ModelsGentility: 

Historical Models Gentility Origo, mores, lingua Strong and stable monarchic rule Socialy stratified – free status of individuals Ethnic consciousness based on common origin, tradition and language coincides with loyalty to the political power and with the consciousness of common law for the free.

Greco-Roman antiquity: 

Greco-Roman antiquity Political society in Greek cities Populus Romanus in Roman Empire Nationality is secondary

Mediaeval Europe: 

Mediaeval Europe 10th century: Territorial nationalities (Burgundia – Hungary) 13th century Formation of autonomus cities and corporate bodies Medieval nation = orders pars pro toto

Typology of nation: 

Typology of nation Territorial state nationalism nationality and political framework concide strong bourgoisie Ethnic linguistic nationalism nationality and political framwork differ strong nobility

Uygurs: 

Uygurs Uyghur bodun under Turkic Khaganate (552-744) Uyghur Khaganate = Empire = ellig bodun (744-840) Manichaism Tarim Basin – Uyghur state – Mongol Empire Buddhism and Islam 16th-19th centuries lack of Uyghur identity 1920s – Soviet experts: the Turkic speaking, Muslim, settled way of life = Uyghurs

Tatars: 

Tatars Volga Bulgharia Islam Tatar (Golden Horde) Kazan Tatar

World-religions among the nomads of Eastern Europe : 

World-religions among the nomads of Eastern Europe Judaism was adopted by the Khazars in the first half of the 9th century the Volga Bulghars embraced Islam in the beginning of the 10th century Christianity spread among the Rus’, Hungarians and Pechenegs at the end of the 10th century

Umayyads : 

Umayyads 722 the Muslims attacked the Khazar capital, Balanjar and the Khazar ruler had to move his residence to the lower Volga. 737 the Muslim troops crossed the Caucasus and reached the capital on the Volga. The Khazar ruler was forced to embrace Islam.

Abbasids: 

Abbasids Prosperous trade between the caliphate and the Khazar Empire in the ninth century. Muslim merchants obtain slaves, wax, honey and furs for dirhams. The Khazar capital had a great Muslim colony with mosques, imams and mu’ezzins and schools.

Samanids: 

Samanids 922 Volga Bulghars 965 Khazars 988 Kievan Rus’ Pechenegs (c.1010) Hungarians

Golden Horde: 

Golden Horde Berke (1257-67) Özbek (1312-1342)

The chapter of the Jayhani-tradition on the Pechenegs: 

The chapter of the Jayhani-tradition on the Pechenegs Seminar

Jayhani-tradition: 

Jayhani-tradition

Behğet üt-tevārīh: 

Behğet üt-tevārīh التينجي قبيله يه بجناكيان درلر بو قوم دخي متصل يلك اون ايكي آي يخسول و بايله سفر ايدرلر و هر قنده كم زياده باران ياغوب جانب آسماندن ابواب غنيمت و احسان فتح اولوب عباد الله اوزرنه نعمت بي كران و غنيمت بي قياس و بي پايان بخش اولنه لاجرم آنده وارب اقامت ايدرلر و بونلرك مملكتلري طولا و عريضا و بسطا و عريضا اوج كونلك يولدر و ناحيه لري شمال جانبندن زمين قبجاق در اما ناحيه غزبي لاري ولايت حزر و صقلاب در و بو قومك مال و نعمت و مكنت و قدرتلري بي حد و بي كران و بي قياس و بي پاياندر و بو قوم حشم صاحب طبل علم لر در  Altıncı kabîleye Becenekiyân derler. Bu kavm dahi muttasıl yılın on iki ay yoksul ve bayle sefer ederler ve her kanda kim ziyâde bârân yağup cânib-i âsmândan abvâb-i ganîmet ve ihsân feth olup ibâd allâh üzerine nîmet-i bî-kerân ve ganîmet-i bî-kiyâs ve bî-pâyân bahş oluna lâ-cerem anda varıp ikâmet ederler. Ve bunların memleketleri tavlan ve arîzan ve basîtan ve arîzan üç günlük yoldır. Nâhiyeleri şimâl canibinden zemîn-i Kıpçak dır ama nâhiye-i garbîları vilâyet-i Hazar ve Saklâbdır. Bu kavmın mâl ve nîmet ve miknet ve kudretleri bî-hadd ve bî-kerân ve bî-kiyâs ve bî-pâyân ve bu kavm-i haşem sâhib-i tabl alemlerdir The sixth tribe is called Pechenek. This tribe also moves continually with his poor and reach people during the 12 months of the year. Wherever abundent rain falls from the heaven, the doors of abundence and benevolence are opened, and immense benefiction and endless and infinite abundence are granted to the servants of God, consequently they go there and stay there. Their country is three days in length and in wide. Their region is terminated by the land of the Kipchaks to the north, but the land of the Khazars and Slavs lies to the western fringes of the country. The wealth and benefiction and power and might of this people are boundless, immense, endless and infinite. It is a nomadic people and they have drums and flags.  

Gardizi: 

Gardizi 1. As for /the country of/ the Pechenegs, the road to it starts out from Gürgench. /Thence/ it goes to the mountain/s/ of Xwarazm, and from the/se/ mountain/s/ it goes on to the Pecheneg /country/. The Lake of Xwarazm appears /along this route as it/ skirts along /the South-West/ of that lake. Once /the route/ passes on from there it arrives at a dry desert land. /This/ it /traverses/ for nine days, coming to a well every day or every two days. One descends /into these wells/ by means of a rope /in order to bring up, and/ give water to the beasts. When it is the tenth day /the road/ arrives at /various/ springs and /then/ a river. Here there is a game of every variety of fowl and deer /as weell as/ a small quantity of grass. /It is/ a sixteen- day journey through this /fair country/ and when it is the seventeenth day one arrives at the tents of the Pechenegs The length of the country of the Pechenegs is a thirty-days’ journey. On every side a /different/ people borders on them: <on the north/ern side/> is the land of the Kipchaks, on the south-west/ern side are/ the Khazars, <on the east/ern side is/ the country of the Guzz,> and on the west/ern side are/ the Saqlabs. /The Pechenegs/ incite all these people/s/ to raid /one another/, and so they go marauding for the Pecheneg and taking captives and sell /these/. These Pechenegs are possessors of /great/ wealth, /for/ they are possessors of abundant horses and sheep. They have many gold and silver vessels. They have many weapons. They have silver belts. They have flags and pennants which they raise in battle, /as well as/ bugles /made/ from the horns of oxen which they sound in battle The roads of the Pechenegs country are very desolate and disagreeable. Whoever wants to go out from there into any /neighboring/ country must purchase horses, while they cannot go out in any way except on the back/s/ of camel/s/, owing to the odiousness (or uncertainty) and abandoned state of the roads. The merchants who go there /easily/ go astray of the roads, because all of/that country’s/ road/s/ are /through/ wood/ed lands/. These road/s/ are made out from bearings /indicated by/ the star/s/.

Inner structure of the text: 

Inner structure of the text The road from Khwarazm to the Pechenegs Nomadic way of life Size of the Pecheneg country The neighbours Goods and weapons The roads of the Pechenegs

Ethnonym: 

Ethnonym OT bäčänäk (AK), Be-ča-nag (TBacot 1956), Arabo-Persian Bäčänäk, bäčänäk; Middle Greek Patzinakitai, Patzinakoi, Georg pačinak-i; Arm Pacinnak; Lat Pizenaci, Bisseni, Bysseni, Bessi Beče, Beči (Abu Dulaf), Bečeni, Bečene (Masudi,), and/or with the common word bačïnaq ‘brother-in-law, the husband of ones wife’s sister’ ‘husbands of sisters’ from where the shorter form was borrowed into many Turkic languages is possible, but uncertain.

Nomadic way of life: 

Nomadic way of life To follow rainfall and pasture Eurasian and Beduin nomadism XVI:10: It is He who sends down to you out of heaven water of which you have to drink, and of which trees, for you to pasture your herds XXI:63: Hast thou not seen how that God has sent down out of heaven water, and in the morning the earth becomes green?

The size of the Pecheneg country: 

The size of the Pecheneg country Thirty days journey – 900 kilometers Ibn Fadlan: distance between Emba and Ural rivers Burtas fifteen days journey Hungarians 100 Farsachs x 100 Farsachs Danube Bulghars 20 x 30 days journey

Neihgbours of the Pechenegs: 

Neihgbours of the Pechenegs North – Kipchaks South-west – Khazars East – Oghuz West – Sakaliba

Goods and weapons: 

Goods and weapons Gard: These Pechenegs are possessors of /great/ wealth, /for/ they are possessors of abundant horses and sheep. They have many gold and silver vessels. They have many weapons. They have silver belts. They have flags and pennants which they raise in battle, /as well as/ bugles /made/ from the horns of oxen which they sound in battle Marw: The Pechengs are wealthy, having beasts, flocks, household property, gold, silver, weapons, ensigns, and lances. Behğet: The wealth and benefiction and power and might of this people are boundless, immense, endless and infinite. It is a nomadic people and they have drums and flags.