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Science Policy and Social Justice: 

Science Policy and Social Justice Professor Michael Crow Chair, Center for Science, Policy, and Outcomes and Executive Vice Provost, Columbia University March 2002

Science is a Principal Driver of Change: 

Science is a Principal Driver of Change Social change Internet Environmental change Climate National security change Weapons of mass destruction Health and Medical change Biotechnology Science- based economy

Foundations of Science Policy: 

Foundations of Science Policy Republic of Science Market Failure Model Unpredictability Democratic Science Sociotechnical Outcomes Model Prediction with Uncertainty Current Enhanced

Slide4: 

Inputs Processes Products Outcomes Current (Linear) Approach to Science Policy Input-driven process assumes: All societal outcomes will be positive Linear model of innovation and societal benefit

Linking Scientific Research and Science Policy to Societal Outcomes: 

Linking Scientific Research and Science Policy to Societal Outcomes Genetically-Modified Organisms (GMOs)

Perspectives: 

Perspectives How does the science that we do affect the social choices we make? How do the S&T programs we implement affect the distribution and equity of outcomes?

Global Climate Change and Societal Outcomes: 

Global Climate Change and Societal Outcomes

Slide8: 

How does the science that we do affect the social choices we make?

Slide9: 

Geophysical Systems Research Social Systems Research Biological Systems Research Technological Systems Research Components of Environmental Science

Slide10: 

Fundamental Research Predictive Models Policy Decisions Societal Benefits Standard (Linear) Model of Science for Decision Making

Slide11: 

Local land use affects climate at every scale Source: C. Ziegler, NOAA

Slide12: 

Major Disasters 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 60 40 20 0 > 100 killed > 1% of population affected >1% nat’l GDP Source: OFDA/CRED International Disaster Data Base

Slide13: 

Hurricane Mitch, October 22 - November 5, 1998 Human Impacts Deaths >10,000 People affected 1.7 million Source: NOAA/OGP Economic Impacts Country Losses % of GDP Nicaragua US$2 billion 50% Honduras US$4 billion 100% Source: The Economist 11/14/98; slide courtesy of R. Pielke Jr.

Slide14: 

Source: Pielke Jr., Kline, and Sarewitz, 2000.

Slide15: 

Not Control But Navigation Because the pathway to sustainability cannot be charted in advance, it will have to be navigated through trial and error and conscious experimentation. National Research Council, 2000 Our Common Journey

How does the science that we do affect the social choices we make?: 

How does the science that we do affect the social choices we make?

Science and Technology Policy in the States: Economic Development for Whom?: 

Science and Technology Policy in the States: Economic Development for Whom?

Slide18: 

How do the S&T programs we implement affect the distribution and equity of outcomes?

New “Laboratories of Democracy”: 

New “Laboratories of Democracy” University-Industry “Centers of Excellence” Research Parks Business Incubators Technology Development Centers Manufacturing Assistance Programs

Slide20: 

Stimulate science and technology Build new businesses Create wealth in the state Societal Benefits The Linear Theory of Innovation: State Government Version Income transfer from middle income taxpayer to the wealthy

Why are problems of employment and distribution of income S&T Issues?: 

Why are problems of employment and distribution of income S&T Issues? S&T and social issues critically interdependent Technology strategy drives government spending and its social outcomes Linear thinking in technology policy is linear thinking in social outcomes

A Case Study: Georgia: 

A Case Study: Georgia Top five in spending for S&T Programs FY2000: $51 million Universities highly effective technology transfer sites Strong Hi-Tech base in Metro Atlanta But…Booming and Busting at the Same Time

The Georgia Economy is Hot: 

The Georgia Economy is Hot Unemployment rate below 5% since 1995 State revenues doubled between 1990 and 1999 New corporations per month doubled between 1985 and 1999 15,000 jobs unfilled right now

But…Booming AND Busting: 

But…Booming AND Busting Median income for: Whites in Metro Atlanta: $51,000 African-Americans: $18,000 Rural Georgia families: $27,000 Atlanta among leaders in creating new millionaires and in percentages of children below poverty level Average SAT’s: Georgia Tech: 1319 Georgia high schools: 874

Slide25: 

Georgia has the worst high school graduation rate in the nation

Is Georgia S&T Policy a “Success”?: 

Is Georgia S&T Policy a “Success”? Yes: Creates jobs, creates wealth, does a lot with a little No: Exacerbates wage gaps, promotes uneven development, contributes to suburban rim sprawl

Running in Place, Running Ahead:: 

Running in Place, Running Ahead: The median wage earner has advanced only 8% in income growth during past two decades

The Dual Agenda: Science and Social Equity: 

The Dual Agenda: Science and Social Equity The Challenge: to develop science and technology policy that reaches the significant proportion of each state’s working poor who have been bypassed by the economic boom...

Slide29: 

How do the S&T programs we implement affect the distribution and equity of outcomes?

Science Policy Research Needs: 

Science Policy Research Needs New science policy indicators New tools of evaluation New vision for what science can bring to our future Education of scientists and politicians Replace Cold War paradigm as outmoded

A New Science Policy Framework: Outcome-Driven : 

A New Science Policy Framework: Outcome-Driven Integrated Informed Self-correcting Recognizes and responds to the inextricable links between science and technology and societal evolution

Slide32: 

Conduct of Science Economic Outcomes S&T Outcomes Societal Outcomes POLICY New industries Tech transfer Knowledge transfer Partnerships New social structures Education New skills New institutions Linking Scientific Research to Societal Outcomes: New Models

Foundations of Science Policy: 

Foundations of Science Policy Republic of Science Market Failure Model Unpredictability Democratic Science Sociotechnical Outcomes Model Prediction with Uncertainty Current Enhanced

Morality and Science: 

Morality and Science What is the collective good that we want inquiry to promote? Philip Kitcher, Professor of Philosophy in Science, Truth and Democracy, to be published, 2001