The History of Nidrogen Family Chemistry

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The history of the Nitrogen Family Carlos López Ms. Algarin Chemistry Group 15 LopezCorona10@hotmail.com - Manhattan Bridges High School

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Nitrogen Family Group 15 of the periodic table Five electrons in their outermost energy level. Group divided into nonmetals, semimetals, and metals by characteristic Formed by: Nitrogen, Phosphorous, Arsenic, Antimony and Bismuth They are strikingly different from each other in both physical properties and chemical behavior Tend to gain 3 electrons

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Nitrogen Discovered by chemist and physician Daniel Rutherford In Scottish, in 1772 Nitrogen occurs in all living organisms. Considered colorless, odorless, and tasteless Makes up 78.1% of the Earth’s air, by volume atmosphere Nonmetal Mars’ atmosphere only 2.6% nitrogen When heated, it combines directly with magnesium, lithium, or calcium. When mixed with oxygen and subjected to electric sparks, it forms nitric oxide (NO) and then the dioxide (NO2). Isotopes Uses: forms most of atmosphere Obtained From: from liquid air www.chem4kids.com/files/elem_families.html Preserves freshness in bulk foods Incandescent light bulbs Electronic parts (transistors, diodes, integrated circuits) Protects liquid explosives during transportation Some Uses N

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Phosphorus Different color of Phosphorous Elemental phosphorus exists in two major forms - white phosphorus and red First form of phosphorus to be discovered white phosphorus, in 1669 Is never found as a free element in nature on Earth Is commonly found in inorganic phosphate rocks Is a component of DNA, RNA, ATP, and also the phospholipids which form all cell membranes Phosphorus compounds are also widely used in explosives, nerve agents, friction matches, fireworks, pesticides, toothpaste and detergents. Discovered in 1669 by German alchemist Hennig Brand Isotopes Uses: fertilizers, detergents Obtained From: phosphate rock Classification: Non-metal Crystal Structure: Monoclinic Essential nutrient for all plant and animal life. Inorganic fertilizer. Detergents Some Uses P

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Isotopes Arsenic Date of Discovery: Known to the ancients Discoverer: Unknown Arsenic and many of its compounds are especially potent poisons China was the top producer of white arsenic with almost 50% world share Followed by Chile, Peru and Morocco First documented by Albertus Magnus in 1250 Arsenic and its compounds are used as pesticides, herbicides, insecticides and in various alloys. Arsenic exhibits allotropy Three metalloid forms of arsenic , Poisons, such as insecticides Electrical conduits Semiconductors Bronzing Some Uses Obtained From: Mispickel As

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Antimony Number of Energy Levels: 5 Uses: hardens lead, plastics, chemicals Obtained From: stibnite, valentinite Date of Discovery: Known to the ancients Discoverer: Unknown Nicolas Lemery described it first in 1707 It rarely occurs free in nature. Doesn’t react with air or water nor fluorine, chlorine or bromine. It is often found in other ores such as silver, copper, and lead. Classify as Toxic Compounds Some Uses “However in some countries it was used as eye makeup for centuries.” Ceramics Batteries Medicines ntiprotozoal drugs At high temperatures, it will ignite and burn in air. Potassium Antimonyl tartrate is used in medicine. Antimony Trioxide Sb

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Bismuth Number of Energy Levels: 6 Date of Discovery: 1753, FranceDiscoverer: Clude Francois Geoffro Uses: pharmaceuticals, fuses Obtained From: Bismuthine Crystal Structure: Rhombohedra Color: white Cosmetics Medicinal products Fire detection Oil paint Some Uses It is a hard, brittle, steel-grey metal with a pink tint. It is stable in oxygen and water Dissolves in concentrated nitric acid. Most naturally diamagnetic of all the elements. Its toxicity is lower than most elements. It is twice as abundant as gold in the earth's crust. Isotopes Bi

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Bibliography http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenic http://www.chem4kids.com/files/elements/015_speak.html http://www.chemicalelements.com/elements/as.html http://www.webelements.com/nitrogen/ http://www.learner.org/interactives/periodic/isotopes.html http://www.learner.org/interactives/periodic/groups7.html www.chem4kids.com/files/elem_families.html LopezCorona10@hotmail.com - Manhattan Bridges High School