Robert Abaido WWW

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Minimizing health risks associated with wastewater and excreta use in urban and peri-urban vegetable farming in Ghana 1Abaidoo, R.C., Drechsel, P., Amoah, P., Keraita, B. and Gordana Kranjac-Berisavljevic 1KNUST, KUMASI, GHANA

Wastewater: 

Wastewater Domestic sources/grey water Human excreta Solid waste Industrial wastewater Storm water

Farmers’ reason for use of wastewater/excreta: 

Farmers’ reason for use of wastewater/excreta Urban/peri-urban farming- only source of livelihood Source of nutrients for their crop Soil fertility management Fresh water and mineral fertilizers are unavailable and expensive

But they also know that--------: 

Practice has high public health risk potential But they also know that--------

Facts: 

Sewerage network serves only 4.5% of population in the cities Open defecation unacceptable but common Wastewater from domestic sources end up in urban drains and water bodies Faecal coliform and helminth egg populations in such water can be extremely high Urban centres have no sustainable means of treating wastewater Facts

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Examples of wastewater collection points

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Farmers create collection points

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On vegetables usually eaten uncooked

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Faecal contamination levels on such vegetables can be high (3-8 log units) Potential for transmission of excreta-related diseases affecting human health is high City authorities unsuccessful attempts to ban wastewater use in vegetable production Facts…….

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Use of faecal sludge in agriculture (Tamale municipality)

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Discharge of sludge into a pit created by farmers

Direct discharge onto fields: 

Direct discharge onto fields

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Working classes and school children Wastewater irrigated vegetable farmers and their family Market women and workers of the fast food/restaurant sector Household consumers Who is at risk?

Exposure of farmers and children: 

Exposure of farmers and children

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Reduce risks associated with use of excreta and excreta contaminated water in peri-urban agriculture Our approach

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Adopting WHO paradigm Constructing multiple barriers along the production-consumption chain by using various risk management strategies and interventions

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ASSESSMENT MANAGEMENT KNOWLEDGE SHARING On-farm Alternative water sources Water treatment Change of irrigation methods Management based measures Post-harvest Vegetable handling Washing methods Risk perceptions and awareness Guidelines for best practices Training modules and raising awareness Microbial contamination Hygiene education FFS Washing hands Food handling

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Feasibility assessments for selected options for optimal health protection Economic, legal, and social Development of Institutional framework Capacity building

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Our Partners University of Development Studies, Tamale, Ghana Government Departments IWMI, International Water Management Institute, West Africa Office (Accra and Kumasi) University of Copenhagen WHO/IDRC/FAO/CPWF

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Book reference Obuobie, E., Keraita, B., Danso, G., Amoah, P., Cofie, O.O., Rachid-Sally, L. and Drechsel, P. 2006. Irrigated urban vegetable production in Ghana: Characteristics, benefits and risks. IWMI-RAUF-CPWF, Accra, Ghana: QWMI, 150 pp. www.cityfarmer.org/GhanaIrrigateVegis.html