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I. Pan-American Union: 

I. Pan-American Union 1889 - First US effort to assume hemispheric leadership.

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a. Secretary of State Thomas F. Bayard in July 1888 invited the Latin American nations to an inter-American conference, scheduled in Washington DC in 1889.

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b. Secretary of State James G. Blaine established an international bureau designed to promote commercial and cultural exchanges between the US and Latin America.

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c. This effort to assume leadership was viewed with suspicion by Latin America.

Trouble in Chile 1891: 

Trouble in Chile 1891 a. A Chilean mob attacked sailers from the USS Baltimore , killing two and wounding 12. b. After Chile's reluctance to meet US demands for an apology and reparations for damages, Harrison sent a war message to Congress

III. Venezuela-British Guiana Boundary Dispute l895: 

III. Venezuela-British Guiana Boundary Dispute l895 a. The US displayed increased aggressiveness when a boundary dispute between Great Britain and Venezuela flared up again, after gold was discovered in the disputed area.

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(3) London, facing hostilities in Europe allowed the U.S. to arbitrate the boundary. b. A US Commission awarded most of the disputed territory to British Guiana, forging an era of Anglo-American friendship, but further dampening US-Latin American relations.

American Far Eastern Policy: 

American Far Eastern Policy The acquisition of the Philippines gave the US an interest in the Far Eastern affairs of the Pacific rim nations

IV. China and the Open Door Policy: 

IV. China and the Open Door Policy a. Republic of China had a weak central government in 1900 Japan and several European nations had carved China into spheres of influence, controlling local political leaders in return for special trading privileges.

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c. Secretary of State John Hay sent diplomatic dispatches to these nations, asking that they guarantee two things:

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(1) Give all nations equal access to trade in China (2) Prevent the political takeover of China by any one foreign power.

. 1900 - Anti-foreigner Boxer Rebellion: 

. 1900 - Anti-foreigner Boxer Rebellion The Boxers murdered hundreds of missionaries and converts. A Chinese nationalist rebellion was put down by the combined forces of Great Britain, Russia, France, Japan and the US, which furnished 2,500 troops.

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(2) Hays again asked these powers to preserve China's political integrity and to allow equal access to trade in all of China.

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e. Although the nations were slow to respond to Hays' suggestions, they did not flatly refuse his "Open Door Policy." f. This policy marked a major departure from traditional American isolationism.

America as a World Power: 

America as a World Power

Roosevelt's Foreign Policy: 

Roosevelt's Foreign Policy 1902 - Venezuela -- the US intervened in a dispute involving Britain, Germany and Italy which established a precedent for US actions regarding Latin America. Roosevelt Corollary - a Clarification of the Monroe Doctrine.

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a. 1903 - After the Dominican Republic defaulted on several debts to European nations, many nations considered sending in troops to force them to repay their debts.

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b. 6 Dec 1904 - In the light of the debt default of the Dominican Republic, Roosevelt sent a message to Congress, which became known as the Roosevelt Corollary , which was designed to restore order in Latin American affairs and prevent European intervention.

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(1) Because European intervention violated the Monroe Doctrine, the US would intervene when needed The US was responsible for the proper redress for wrongs inflicted on a foreign state by any nation within the American sphere of influence

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"Chronic wrongdoing" in Latin America might force the US to step in as an "international police force," influencing when it benefited US interests.

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Desiring a stable, orderly world environment, Roosevelt believed in using military power as necessary and that the world should look to America's example

c. Use of the Roosevelt Corollary: 

c. Use of the Roosevelt Corollary US Intervention (1) Jan 1905 - intervened into Dominican Republic to exercise financial control (2) 1906 - At the request of Cuban President Tomas Estrade Palma, US marines went into Cuba to quell a riot, remaining until new elections were held in 1909.

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(3) July 1907 - US marines went into Honduras to quell a revolution.

Building the Panama Canal: 

Building the Panama Canal a. US imperialism, needing an expanded navy with a faster ability to get from the Atlantic to the Pacific, created demands for an isthmian canal, a desire of many nations.

b. Three obstacles: 

b. Three obstacles (1) Who would pay for it ? - Spooner Isthmian Canal Act 1902 authorized the President to buy the construction rights from France and eventually the US offered the old construction company $40 million for its entire operation in Panama.

(2) Who will build it ?: 

(2) Who will build it ? Clayton-Bulwer Treaty 1850 (US + Britain) provided for joint building and operation of any canal in Central America. Hay-Pauncefote Treaty 1901 (US + Britain) negated this treaty, granting the US exclusive rights to a canal in Latin America.

(3) Where to build it ? -: 

(3) Where to build it ? - Two possible sites: (a) Nicaragua - a longer, but easier route. (b) Panama - province of Colombia

c. Choosing Panama: 

c. Choosing Panama (1) An attempt to build a canal by a privately-owned American and French Company failed, and the US Congress expressed a willingness to pay as much as $40 million for the rights of the New Panama Canal Company.

(2) Hay-Herran Treaty: 

(2) Hay-Herran Treaty 1903 - US + Colombia (a) US retained rights to a 10-mile wide zone in Panama for 100 years. (b) After initially paying $10 million, annually $250,000 to Colombia. (c) 12 August - Colombia's Senate failed to ratify the treaty primarily because of the retention of US sovereignty over the canal.

(3) Panamanian Revolution 1903: 

(3) Panamanian Revolution 1903 (a) 3 Nov - After negotiations broke down between the US and Colombia, a new government was organized.

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(b) 4 Nov - Panamanian independence was declared and led by a major investor in the New Panama Canal Co, Philippe Buneau-Varilla .

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(c) 6 Nov - The revolution was recognized officially by the US, who secretly supported the rebels by preventing Colombian troops from intervening into Panama.

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(d) 18 Nov - Hay-Buneau-Varilla Treaty gave the US similar terms as it had sought from Colombia, rent payments not beginning until after nine years, with the US receiving permanent rights to the Canal Zone.

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(e) In the debate over Panama, Roosevelt bragged, "I took the canal; let Congress debate it." d. After the Revolution, Panama became a US protectorate in 1904.

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(1) 1906 - Roosevelt, first sitting President to go outside the US, visited Panama. (2) Spring 1906 - 15 Aug 1914 - Panama Canal was built at a cost of $366 million (3) 1921 -- treaty with Colombia gave them $25 million for the loss of Panama + duty-free use of canal in exchange for their recognition of Panama's independence. (4) 1978 - US agreed to return the entire canal to Panama by the year 2000.

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Roosevelt’s successor, President Taft uses Dollar Diplomacy where the U.S. government guaranteed loans made by American businessmen.

Problems with Japan: 

Problems with Japan America's Chief Rival for Domination in the Pacific a. Treaty of Portsmouth (NH) 1905 (1) Japan and Russia were at war in 1904 when Roosevelt offered to mediate, on condition that the Open Door be recognized regarding China.

Problems with Japan: 

Problems with Japan (2) Japan gained recognition of preeminence in Korea, some small territorial concessions including 1/2 of Sakhalin Island, South Manchurian Railway and Southern Liaotung Peninsula.

Problems with Japan: 

Problems with Japan (3) Although militarily defeated, Russia did not have to pay indemnity to Japan, but had its dominant role in Manchuria reduced. (4) Roosevelt received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1906 for this mediating effort.

Wilson’s Missionary Diplomacy: 

Wilson’s Missionary Diplomacy Wilson’s policy of missionary diplomacy pressures nations in the Western Hemisphere to establish democratic government. Wilson refuses to recognize governments that come to power through violence.

The Mexican Revolution: 

The Mexican Revolution President Diaz of Mexico ruled it like a dictator supported by the wealthy and American businesses. Overthrown by Francisco Madero. Gen. Victorio Huerta took over the government and executed Madero.

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Mexican officials arrested American sailors and released them with an apology. Wilson sends in the Marines. War is averted with the mediation of Argentina, Brazil and Chile.

Pancho Villa: 

Pancho Villa Emiliano Zappata and Francisco Pancho Villa revolt against the Carranza government. Villa’s followers lead a raid into New Mexico and kill 17 Americans.

Pursuing Villa: 

Pursuing Villa Gen, John J. Pershing leads 15,000 men in the pursuit of Villa. They never capture him. The result is anti-American feelings in Mexico.