Background of instrumental data in Japan:
Background of instrumental data in Japan 1875: Foundation of Japan Met. Agency (JMA)
Pre-1875: Documentary and natural proxy indicators
“Poor coverage outside Europe in the 18th and early 19th centuries.” （Lamb, 1995）
Good news!
“The 19th century instrumental data taken in Nagasaki were kept in KNMI library.”
There are many fragments spread over the world.
Recovered instrumental temp. and press. Observations in the 19th century.:
Recovered instrumental temp. and press. Observations in the 19th century.
Recovered instrumental temp. and press. Observations in the 19th century.:
Recovered instrumental temp. and press. Observations in the 19th century.
Project scheme:
Project scheme Meteorological records
in the 19th century Homogenization -Adjustment
-Correction Quality check 19th century data Analyses for climatic variations + JMA since 1870’s Digitization
Corrections for Pressure Unexplained Biases:
Corrections for Pressure Unexplained Biases A : inflation factor C : constant P=C-AR Tokyo（1845‐1848）
Project scheme:
Project scheme Meteorological records
in the 19th century Homogenization -Adjustment
-Correction Quality check 19th century data Analyses for climatic variations + JMA since 1870’s Digitization
Now monthly data are available.:
Now monthly data are available. Meteorological records
in the 19th century Homogenization -Adjustment
-Correction Quality check Data base Analyses for climatic variations + JMA since 1870’s Digitization