Tutorial of Unix/Linux: Tutorial of Unix/Linux Cédric Notredame (Adapted from NOMURA)


Outline: Outline Overview of Unix System Basic Commands Relative & Absolute Path Redirect, Append and Pipe Permission Process Management Install Software Text Editor Foreground and Background Jobs


Overview of Unix System: Overview of Unix System Kernel & Shell Unix/Linux is operating system (OS). Unix system is described as kernel & shell. Kernel is a main program of Unix system. it controls hard wares, CPU, memory, hard disk, network card etc. Shell is an interface between user and kernel. Shell interprets your input as commands and pass them to kernel. Kernel Shell User input


Unix Overview (cont.): Unix Overview (cont.) Multi-user & Multi-process Many people can use one machine at the same time. File & Process Data, directory, process, hard disk etc (almost everything) are expressed as a file. Process is an running program identified by a unique id (PID).


Unix Overview (cont.): Unix Overview (cont.) Directory Structure Files are put in a directory. All directories are in a hierarchical structure (tree structure). User can put and remove any directories on the tree. Top directory is “/”, which is called slash or root. Users have the own directory. (home directory)


Unix Overview (cont.): Unix Overview (cont.) Directory Structure


Unix Overview (cont.): Unix Overview (cont.) Important Directories /bin This contains files that are essential for correct operation of the system. These are available for use by all users. /home This is where user home directories are stored. /var This directory is used to store files which change frequently, and must be available to be written to. /etc Various system configuration files are stored here.


Unix Overview (cont.): Unix Overview (cont.) Important Directories /dev This contains various devices as files, e.g. hard disk, CD-ROM drive, etc. /sbin Binaries which are only expected to be used by the super user. /tmp Temporary files.


Unix Overview (cont.): Unix Overview (cont.) Normal user and Super user In Unix system, there is one special user for administrator, which can do anything. This special user is called root or superuser. Case Sensitivity Unix is case-sensitive. MYFILE.doc, Myfile.doc, mYfiLe.Doc are different. Online Manual Unix has well-written online manuals.


Basic Commands: Basic Commands How to run commands Finder => Application => Utilitaires => Terminal When you log on Unix machine, you will see, [someone]$ One command consists of three parts, i.e. command name, options, arguments. Example) [someone~]$ command-name optionA optionB argument1 argument2


Basic Commands: Basic Commands How to run commands Between command name, options and arguments, space is necessary. Opitions always start with “-” Example: cd .. ls –l .bashrc mv fileA fileB


Basic Commands: Basic Commands Commands ls show files in current position cd change directory cp copy file or directory mv move file or directory rm remove file or directory pwd show current position mkdir create directory rmdir remove directory less, more, cat display file contents man display online manual


Basic Commands: Basic Commands Commands su switch user passwd change password useradd create new user account userdel delete user account mount mount file system umount unmount file system df show disk space usage shutdown reboot or turn off machine


Basic Commands: Basic Commands 1. Type following command in your directory. ls ls –a ls –la ls -Fa 2. Make a directory mkdir linux pwd cd linux pwd cd pwd rmdir linux 3. In your home directory, ls .bash_profile cp .bash_profile sample.txt less sample.txt (note: to quit less, press “q”) rm sample.txt 4. check disk space usage df df -h


Relative & Absolute Path: Relative & Absolute Path Path means a position in the directory tree. To express a path, you can use relative path or absolute path. In relative path expression, the path is not defined uniquely, depends on your current path. In absolute path expression, the path is defined uniquely, does not depend on your current path.


Absolute Path: Absolute Path Address from the root /home/linux/ ~/linux ~: ~: Alt+N Similar to: Lausanne University/Lausanne/Canton de Vaud/ Switzerland/Europe/Earth/Solar System/


Relative Path: Relative Path Relative to your current location . : your current location .. : one directory above your current location pwd: gives you your current location Example ls ./linux : lists the content of the dir linux ls ../../ : lists everything that is two dir higer Similar to: Go Left/turn right/take the TSOL/go


Relative & Absolute Path: Relative & Absolute Path Relative Path pwd cd . pwd cd .. pwd cd .. pwd cd Ablsoute Path cd mkdir mydir pwd cd /Users/invite pwd cd /Users pwd cd / pwd cd /Users/invite cd ~/mydir


Redirect, Append and Pipe: Redirect, Append and Pipe Redirect and append Output of command is displayed on screen. Using “>”, you can redirect the output from screen to a file. Using “>>” you can append the output to the bottom of the file. Pipe Some commands require input from a file or other commands. Using “|”, you can use output from other command as input to the command. On MacOSX, The Pipe sign: (Shift+Alt+N: franc, Alt+7)


Redirect, Append and Pipe: Redirect, Append and Pipe Commands head show first several lines and omit other lines. tail show last several lines and omit other lines. grep XXX File show lines matching pattern XXX in File


Redirect, Append and Pipe: Redirect, Append and Pipe In home directory, type ls -1 > sample.txt less sample.txt Use redirect. head -3 sample.txt head -3 sample.txt > redirect.txt Use append. tail -3 sample.txt tail -3 sample.txt >> redirect.txt less redirect.txt Use pipe. less redirect.txt grep Desk redirect.txt grep –n Desk redirect.txt man grep tail redirect.txt | grep Desk rm sample.txt rm redirect.txt


Sorting: Sorting Commands sort Sorts using the first field of each line. -n Sorts considering the numeric value of the strings -k3 Sorts using the third field of each line -rnk3 Sorts in reverse order, using the numeric value of the third field


Redirect, Append and Pipe: Redirect, Append and Pipe Identify the largest file in a directory: ls –la /bin/ | sort –nk5 | tail -1


Permission : Permission All of files and directories have owner and permission. There are three types of permission, readable, writeable and executable. Permissions are given to three kinds of group. owner, group member and others. Example: ls -l .bash_profile -rw-r--r-- 1 cnotred cnotred 191 Jan 4 13:11 .bash_profile r:readable, w:writable, x: executable


Permission : Permission Command chmod change file mode, add or remove permission chown change owner of the file Example) chmod a+w filename add writable permission to all users chmod o-x filename remove executable permission from others chmod a+x Gives permission to the usser to execute a file u: user (owner), g: group, o: others a: all


Permission : Permission Check permission ls –l .bash_profile cp .bash_profile sample.txt ls –l sample.txt Remove readable permission from all. chmod a-r sample.txt ls –l sample.txt less sample.txt Add readable & writable premissions to file owner. chmod u+rw sample.txt ls –l sample.txt less sample.txt rm sample.txt


Process Management: Process Management Process is a unit of running program. Each process has some information, like process ID, owner, priority, etc. Example) Output of “top” command


Process Management: Process Management Commands kill Stop a program. The program is specified by process ID. killall Stop a program. The program is specified by command name. ps Show process status top Show system usage statistics


Process Management: Process Management Check your process. ps ps –u Check process of all users. top (To quit top, press “q”) ps –e ps –ef Find your process. ps –ef | grep cnotred


Install Software: Install Software Unix system has a “de facto standard” way to install a software. configure, make & make install Typical software installation procedure as following. Download source code. Usually, it’s archived with tar command and compressed with gzip command. configure command creates Makefile automatically which is used to compile the source. Program compilation is written in Makefile.


Install Software: Install Software Commands gzip compress a file gunzip uncompress a file tar archive or expand files configure create Makefile make compile & install software


Install Software: Install Software Example: parallel programming library installation gunzip software.tar.gz tar –xvf software.tar cd software ./install OR make all OR …


Text Editor: Text Editor pico Programs & configuration files are text file. There are two popular text editors, vi and Emacs. Although they are very powerful and useful, it is also true that they are complicated for beginners and difficult to learn. pico is an easy and simple alternative.


Text Editor: Text Editor Commands Arrow-keys Move cursor CTRL+a Move to the beginning of the current line. CTRL+e Move to the end of the current line. CTRL+v Move forward one page. CTRL+y Move backward one page. CTRL+w Search for text. CTRL+d Delete the current character. CTRL+k Remove (cut) current line or selected text. CTRL+u Paste (uncut) last cut text at the cursor position. CTRL+o Save (output) the file. CTRL+x Exit Pico, saving the file. Autre: xemacs, emacs


Text Editor: Text Editor Create the file Hello pico hello.pl Write hello.pl as follows. #!/usr/bin/perl print “Hello World\n”; Make il executable chmod u+x hello.pl Run it! ./hello.pl


Foreground and Background: Foreground and Background Running job has two modes, “foreground” and “background” If program is running as “background”, the program keeps running even after your session was closed If program is running as “foreground”, Ctrl-C stop program Ctrl-Z let program background


Foreground and Background: Foreground and Background To run programs in background mode, use “&” [nomura@ssc-1]$ command & To get background job back into foreground mode, use “fg” command. [nomura@ssc-1]$ fg


Remote Login & File Transfer: Remote Login & File Transfer Client rsh & rcp telnet & ftp ssh & scp Server rshd telnetd & ftpd sshd Commands rshd, telnetd, ftpd, sshd are server program and provide similar services, remote login & file transfer. The major difference is security level. rshd < telnetd + ftpd < sshd


Remote Login & File Transfer: Remote Login & File Transfer Remote login & file transfer system are based on server and client model. client program on your machine ask sever program certain service remote machine. For example, telnet server provides remote login service. ftp server provides file transfer service. Sample client programs; WS FTP FTP client Internet Exploror HTTP client Eudora POP, SMTP client


Tutorial of Unix/Linux: Tutorial of Unix/Linux END