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Slide1 : Gap Analysis Program for Tamaulipas and Nuevo Leon, Mexico César Cantú, *J. Michael Scott, *Gerald Wright, **Eva Strand, and *Leona Svancara College of Forestry, University of Nuevo Leon * U.S. Geological Survey ** College of Natural Resources, University of Idaho


Slide2 : GAP ANALYSIS PROGRAM (GAP) Scientific method for identifying the degree to which native species and natural communities are represented in our present-day mix of conservation lands (Scott et al. 1993).


Slide3 : The purpose of Gap Analysis Program (GAP) is to provide broad geographic information on the status of ordinary species (non-conservation status) and their habitats in order to provide land managers, planners, scientists, and policy makers with the information they need to make better-informed decisions (Scott and Gergely 1997).


Slide4 : Digital map overlays in a GIS are used to identify individual species, species-rich areas and vegetation types that are unrepresented or underrepresented in existing biodiversity management areas (Scott et al. 1993).


Slide5 : OBJECTIVE To present advances of Gap Program for Tamaulipas and Nuevo Leon, Mexico: Nature Reserves Vertebrate and Plant species Logistic aspects


Slide6 : Nuevo Leon and Tamaulipas are neighbor states in Northeast Mexico covering 64,924 and 79,384 sq. km, respectively. (144,308 sq. km)


Slide7 : Nuevo Leon has 19 and Tamaulipas 23 of the 39 recognized vegetation types for Mexico (Flores and Gerez 1994).


Slide8 : 283,318 ha and 4.3% of surface


Slide9 : 215,332 ha covering 2.7% of state


Slide10 : 12 countries, 6 of them in America


Slide11 : Mexico is almost 2 millions sq. km. 14th in the world in size


Slide12 : Mexico has after Brazil and Columbia the largest species diversity in the world (Mittermeir 1988).


Slide13 : Group Countries and Species Richness Plants Brazil Colombia China Mexico 55,0000 45,000 30,000 26,000 Amphibians Brazil Colombia Ecuador Mexico 516 407 358 282 Reptiles Mexico Australia Indonesia Brazil 707 597 529 462 Mammals Indonesia Mexico Brazil China 519 439 421 410 COUNTRIES WITH HIGH BIODIVERSITY


Slide17 : WORLD MEXICO Plants 595 15 Fish 92 19 Amphibians 5 1 Reptiles 21 0 Birds 108 8 Mammals 89 4 TOTAL 910 47 SPECIES OF PLANTS AND VERTEBRATA EXTINCT SINCE 1600 539 species extinct or missing in USA in the last 200 years


Slide18 : 15 SPECIES OF PLANTS


Slide19 : 15 SPECIES OF PLANTS EXTINCT SINCE 1600 8 BIRD SPECIES 8 MAMMAL SPECIES


Slide20 : 19 FISH and 1 AMPHIBIAN SPECIES


Slide22 : WORLDWIDE THREATENED SPECIES (IUCN 1996) % spp. of total Vascular Plants 33,798 12.5 Mammals 1,096 25 Birds 970 11 Reptiles 253 20 Amphibians 124 25 Fishes 734 34


Slide23 : 2,421 species under conservation status in Mexico


Slide25 : Considering the ecosystems diversity, a WWF classification of ecoregions of Latin America and the Caribbean, showed that Mexico, with the 5 ecosystem types, 9 of the 11 different habitats, and 51 of the 191 ecoregions is the most diverse country in the continent. The conservation status analysis showed that in Mexico are present 14 of the 51 priority ecoregions (Dinerstein et al 1995).


Slide26 : Type of Mexico Brazil Colombia Chile Ecosystem 5/5 5/5 4/5 3/5 Types of Mexico Brazil Argentina Colombia Habitats 9/11 8/11 6/11 6/11 Ecoregions Mexico Brazil Colombia Argentina 51/191 34/191 29/191 19/191 DIVERSITY OF ECOSISTEMS IN LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBEAN (Dinerstein et al 1995)


Slide27 : 14 of the 51 priority ECOREGIONS are in MEXICO MEXICO is the most diverse country of America All 5 ECOSYSTEMS 9 of 11 HABITATS 51 of 191 ECOREGIONS


Slide28 : Regarding the cultural diversity, worldwide Mexico is after India the most diverse country with 62 ethnic groups (INI 2001).


Slide29 : WORLDWIDE 5,000 LIVING IDIOMS India 65 Mexico 62 China 54


Slide30 : INDIAN PORPULATION IN AMERICA (Matos, 1993) 80% of all American Indians live currently in Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia.


Slide31 : In Mexico Year Idioms 1519 170 1890 100 2001 62 Currently 16 Ethnic groups (idioms) are endangered, They are spoken by less than 1,000 people each.


Slide34 : Common Group Name  Self-given Name Meaning


Slide35 : Self-given Name Meaning Common Group Name 


Slide36 : Self-given Name Meaning Common Group Name 


Slide37 : Self-given Name Meaning Common Group Name 


Slide38 : Self-given Name Meaning Common Group Name  16 Ethnic groups ENDANGERED. Less than 1,000 people.


Slide40 : 4,000 medicinal plants used in Mexico


Slide50 : IUCN´s goal is to protect at least 10% of each natural ecosystem in order to conserve between 45 to 70% of all remaining species


Slide52 : Worldwide, the existing network of protected areas covers (Green and Paine 1987, IUCN 1998). 13.2 millions square kilometers 7.9% of Earth’s land area is given some level of protection.


Slide53 : In Mexico the national system of natural protected areas (SINAP) created in 1983 includes 127 units covering 8.7% of its territory (www.semarnat.gob.mx). This national system has been unable to include representative samples of the biodiversity in all its 31 States, such is the case of the states Tamaulipas, Sinaloa, Aguascalientes, and Guanajuato lacking on federal nature reserves.


Slide54 : The National Commission for Knowledge and Use of Biodiversity (CONABIO) has 26 datasets of (17) physical and (9) ecological parameters in digital format covering Nuevo Leon and Tamaulipas.


Slide55 : Physical Factors Humidity (scale 1:4,000,000) Watersheds (scale 1:4,000,000) Subwatersheds (scale 1:1,000,000) Temperature (scale 1:4,000,000) Rainfall (scale 1:8,000,000) Hypsometry (scale 1:4,000,000) States boundaries (scale 1:4,000,000) Hydrological priority regions (scale 1:4,000,000) Marine priority regions (scale 1:4,000,000) Climates (scale 1:1,000,000) Topography (scale 1: 250,000) National boundaries (scale 1: 250,000) Localities (names of counties and towns, and human population density) 14. Grid each 1 degree 15. Grid each 3 degrees 16. Index of maps 1: 50,000 of INEGI (National Institute of Geography) 17. Index of maps 1: 250,000 of INEGI


Slide56 : Biological Factors Biogeographical Provinces (scale 1:4,000,000) Floristic Divisions (scale 1:8,000,000) Terrestrial priority regions (scale 1:1,000,000) Ecoregions (scale 1:1,000,000) Land use and vegetation (1973 modified by CONABIO) (scale 1: 250,000) Potential Vegetation (Rzedowski 1985) (scale 1:4,000,000) Biotic provinces (scale 1:4,000,000) Herpetofaunistic provinces (scale 1:8,000,000) Mastofaunistic provinces (scale 1:4,000,000)


Slide57 : STATE AGENCIES: General Direction of Natural Resources and Environment, Government of Tamaulipas.   Departament of Ecology, Government of Nuevo Leon. Support with datasets in digital format for soil types, slopes, geology, forest survey for year 2000, and land use for years 1982 and 1996.  


Slide58 : Priority Terrestrial Regions (CONABIO 1999) CONABIO includes 151 terrestrial priority areas for Mexico covering 504,634 km2 More than 25% of Mexico


Slide59 : 12 priority regions of Nuevo Leon covering 22.2 % of state


Slide60 : 13 priority terrestrial regions of Tamaulipas covering 21.4% of state.


Slide61 : includes 70 marine priority areas for Mexico 5 for Tamaulipas covering 1,294,408 km2 CONABIO: Marine Priority Areas


Slide62 : 5 priority marine regions of Tamaulipas 502,271.03 ha covering 6.5% of onshore state area.


Slide63 : 110 priority hydrologic regions for Mexico. Hydrological Priority Regions


Slide64 : 4 priority hydrological regions of Nuevo Leon covering 23.6% of state.


Slide65 : 5 priority hydrological regions of Tamaulipas covering 39.3 % of state.


Slide66 : Conservation regions in Nuevo Leon


Slide67 : Conservation regions in Tamaulipas


Slide70 : CONABIO has over 37,000 records of scientific collections for Nuevo Leon and Tamaulipas: PLANTS 13,356 for Tamaulipas 3,882 for Nuevo Leon VERTEBRATES 9,796 for Tamaulipas 9,976 for Nuevo Leon


Slide72 : NUEVO LEON and TAMAULIPAS Have 364 species under conservation status Mexican Regulation of Threatened Species (NOM-059)


Slide75 : Birds 1,055 records 58 taxa under conservation status


Slide76 : Bryophytes 316 records No taxa under conservation status


Slide77 : Fungi 158 records No taxa under conservation status


Slide78 : Reptiles 9,252 records 141 taxa under conservation status


Slide79 : Fish 1,952 records 14 taxa under conservation status


Slide80 : Mammals 2,774 records 53 taxa under conservation status


Slide81 : Superior Plants 17,238 records 85 taxa under conservation status


Slide82 : Pteridophytes 148 records 1 taxon under conservation status


Slide83 : All Groups 37,010 records 364 taxa under conservation status


Slide84 : 3 hexagon grids developed by Sahr and White (1998).


Slide85 : More than 50% of Nuevo Leon occurs at elevations of 500 m or less.


Slide86 : More than 50% of Nuevo Leon occurs at elevations below 500 m. However less than 1% of its surface is included in nature reserves.


Slide87 : From topogrpahical point of view, Nuevo Leon can be considered a flat state, 59% of its surface has slopes less than 15%; whereas 15.7% of state area has slopes greater than 45%.


Slide88 : 75% of Nuevo Leon area has slopes between 3 and 44%. Nevertheless only 2.4% of its surface is included in nature reserves.


Slide89 : 11 soil types are found in Nuevo Leon. Xerosols and Litosols represent 36.7% and 28%, respectively, of the state.


Slide90 : 64% of Nuevo Leon surface has Litosols and Xerosols. Nevertheless, 14% and 0.4% of their surface respectively, are included in in nature reserves.


Slide91 : Nuevo Leon has 19 of the 61 climate types recognized for Mexico of the main groups: tropical (A), dry (B) and temperate (C).


Slide92 : Nuevo Leon has 19 climate types, 5 of them (C and B types) are unrepresented. One is totally included in nature reserves.


Slide93 : 127 Nature Reserves covering 8.7% of Mexico surface


Slide95 : 6.8 % of continental Mexico (198,111,221.5 ha)


Slide96 : 3.42% of total area (525,607398 ha)


Slide97 : Hexagon grid 287.9 km2 (Sahr and White 1998)


Slide98 : Hexagon grid 778.3 km2 (Sahr and White 1998)


Slide99 : Hexagon grid 863.8 km2 (Sahr and White 1998)


Slide100 : COOPERATORS FROM MEXICO FEDERAL AGENCIES: SEMARNAT Secretary of Environment and Management of Natural Resources of Mexico.   CONABIO (National Commission for Knowledge and Use of Biodiversity)   INEGI National Institute of Statistic, Geography and Information.


Slide101 : COOPERATORS FROM MEXICO STATE AGENCIES: General Direction of Natural Resources and Environment, Government of Tamaulipas.   Departament of Ecology, Government of Nuevo Leon.  


Slide102 : COOPERATORS FROM MEXICO UNIVERSITIES: College of Forestry at the University of Nuevo Leon, Mexico   Laboratory of Remote Perception at the University of Tamaulipas   Departament of Biology, Technological Institut of Cd. Victoria, Tamaulipas.


Slide103 : COOPERATORS FROM USA USGS National Gap Analysis Program   College of Natural Resources, University of Idaho


Slide104 : We started the GAP Program for Tamaulipas and Nuevo Leon analyzing the nature reserves network. Future studies will include plant and vertebrate species analysis.