200 2007022702eastasiain 20thand21stcentury

2nd lesson East Asia in last 100 years: 

2nd lesson East Asia in last 100 years Little return Regime and system dilemma Comparison East Asia in historical view From 1839-2004 General review Main directions What can be expected?

Political Regime vs. Political System: 

Political Regime vs. Political System Political System an organization of state administration particularly the constitution based relations between different powers in horizontal view (typical three ones) vertical view (powers in particular local/regional/state/federal level) Regime = form of government Republic Kingdom Jamahiriya Emirate Federation of above mentioned possible Others OR Way of using the political system already given

Theory and Reality: 

Theory and Reality Political system Can be theoretically democratic in written constitution but in fact even totalitarian Therefore We should rather observe its real functioning e.g. Democracy? Elections Freedoms Society openness Or Totalitarianism Can you propose criteria?

East Asia –A General Overview: 

East Asia –A General Overview

East Asia –A General Overview: 

East Asia –A General Overview Does exist any traditional Asian political approach? Absolutism Authoritarianism Theocracy Confucianism Buddhism Shinto's Others? Newly imported political approaches implemented in East Asia Origin? Europe, America (“West in the East“) Democracy Nationalism Communism Fascism Nazism Others?

Actual political system (regime)= Question of typological approach to political systems: 

Actual political system (regime) = Question of typological approach to political systems Aristotle Good and bad ones Rule of One Few All (majority] Not very useful but clear and easily understandable at the beginning Machiavelli – Republic vs. Prinicpality Montesquieu – Republic, Monarchy and Despotism Tocqueville – added public and private dimension

Comparison – 20th/21st Century: 

Comparison – 20th/21st Century 1st scientific approach Euro-American comparison 20‘s and 30‘s Shock due to Communism, Fascism and Nazism After 1945 Hard to find a theoretic basement Constitution Formal vs. Real system (regime) Elections Dtto Parliaments Statuses Governments Creation Vertical and horizontal organization Civic – Military relations

Comparison – 20th/21st Century: 

Comparison – 20th/21st Century 60‘s and 70‘s Focus on functions not the institutions themselves Helping anthropology and biology Modernization, industrialization, racionalization, bureaucratisation (information society - today) = Systematic functionalism New terms Patrimonialism Clientelism 80‘s Loss of original unity Decolonization Rather decline than growth Communism Stabilized Juan Linz Defined Authoritarianism (Spain, Portugal) Non Euro-American World Too abstract theories Lack of information Neutrality value not given Emphasis to World economy

Comparison – 20th/21st Century: 

Comparison – 20th/21st Century Original Approach 1 scientist Sources of information Publicly open info States Leaders Logical conclusions Derivating brings Typology No convergency tendencies or new gathering information methodologies Intl. Organizations Gathering and unifying data But comparing out of context informations Insufficient data assembling Lack of Statistical techniques

Comparison – 20th/21st Century: 

Comparison – 20th/21st Century Newly found categorization of countries Developed Newly developed Really backward Is it enough? Challenges for Comparising Find „universal“ theoretical background Level of political systems‘ independence Galton‘s dilemma International interconnection After 1974 – democratisation Is a Convergency Theory viable? 2 basic streams dilemma Generalize? Specify?

Main historical/political events 1839-2004: 

Main historical/political events 1839-2004 Chronological view

Burmese wars: 

Burmese wars 1824-1826 Before Burma ruled even Assam and Manipur Rangun conquered by East Indian 1852-1853 Just because of alleged bad treating main lower and middle part of Burma annexed 1885 Before French came from Indochina UK annexed the Upper Burma 1875-6 Chi-fu convention After border incident Burma is no longer a vassal state 1877-1937 Burma is a crown colony within Indian Empire

1839-42 (Hong Kong), 1856-58, 1859-60 (Kowloon) Opium Wars: 

1839-42 (Hong Kong), 1856-58, 1859-60 (Kowloon) Opium Wars China and Asia generally becomes the imperial target of European powers Who will be the first? Portugal The Netherlands Great Britain Why the wars? France else

1867-8 Meiji Reforms: 

1867-8 Meiji Reforms 270 princedoms Shogunate – incapable to defeat Japan against imperial Europeans Opposition (typical in Japan) Powerless Emperor becomes the „real“ head of Japan 1868-1912 Reforms 1871 Japan reunified 1872 Regular Japanese army (German example) 1st railways 1872-3 Agriculture Reform 1877 Samurai rights weakened = Samurai Uprising 1882 Central Japanese Bank (US example) 70‘s – Constitution discussed 1889 – New (1st) constitution –Emperor had wide responsibilities 1st political parties (Liberal and Progressive)

East Asia until 1898: 

East Asia until 1898 1884 – New Guinea divided under German (Northern) and British (Southern) rule, 1894-5 Sino/Japanese War (Taiwan) Shimonoseki Treaty – Taiwan Japanese till 1945 Also lost Pescadore islands, Liao-Dong Penninsula 1895 Federated Malaysian states – British colony 1896-1898 Filipino War for independence 1898 USA defeats Spanish fleet in Manila The Philippines under US administration

ASIA 1892: 

ASIA 1892

East Asia around 1900: 

East Asia around 1900 1897-1910 “Korean Empire“ 1898 Independent Philippines 1899 US-Filipino war – The Philippines under US rule

1904-5 Russo-Japanese War (Korea): 

1904-5 Russo-Japanese War (Korea) 1904 Liao-yang battle Russia defeated 1905 Mukden battle Russia defeated (not so seriously) 1905 Tsushima battle General Togo defeats Russian fleet 7 battleships and 4 cruisers sunk, another 4 battleships captured 1910 Korea annexed by Japan

1911/12 Republic of China: 

1911/12 Republic of China Chinese Revolution 1905 Allied league established (future KMT) 28.4.1911 Guang-Dong uprising 5.1911 2 uprisings in Guang-Dong and Si-Chuan 10.10.1911 Uprising in 3 cities Republic of China established Sun Yat-sen is a provisional president 1912 12.2. - Emperor Pu-I resigns Yüan Shi Kai is a president (later until his death – comes in 1916) 1913 Sun Yat-sen asks for 2nd revolution

1914-1918 – WW I: 

1914-1918 – WW I Asia a bit out of war Japan occupies German points in Asia Australia occupies North-Eastern German New Guinea 1920 mandated to Australia

ASIA 1922: 

ASIA 1922

1927-1937 Civil War in China: 

1927-1937 Civil War in China 1925 KMT divided into 2 wings, the left wing coperates with CCP Chinese government in Guang-Dong 1926 June - Northern March to Shanghai Chiang Kai-shek made a coup in Guang-Dong 1927 April - new Chiang Kai-shek government created in Nan-jing with „his“ National Revolution Army June 1928 Beijing conquered by Chiang Kai-shek

1931 Manchuria occupied by Japan: 

1931 Manchuria occupied by Japan Pu-Yi becomes a Manchurian (Manchu-Guo) Emperor Chang-Chun as his capital Full of Japanese Rapidly industrialized

Asia before WW II: 

Asia before WW II 1932 Siam becomes a constitutional monarchy 1934 The Philippines is the USA associated state 1934 Long March from south to Yen-an 1937 Burma is a separately administered territory

1937/39/41-45 WWII: 

1937/39/41-45 WWII The main actor in Asia? JAPANESE EMPIRE Why Japan? The most developed industrial country in the region Not so big player as it should be Ambitious as almost fanatical The main rivals? USSR – not too much but still watched USA – half in the Asia, half not UK – getting weaker but still present China – good to be ruled by Japanese wisdom 7.7.1937-1945 Sino-Japanese War (No.2) 7.7.1937 – Marco polo bridge incident Japan continues in conquering China (with other power weak prostests) 7.12.1941 - Pearl Harbour Japan occupies the whole East Asia except USSR and just knocks at Indian door Then just USA defeats Japan USSR „liberates“ Manchuria and Northern Korea Threat of high losses in Japan August 1946 Atomic bombs attack Hiroshima, Kukura/Nagasaki

Burma in WWII 1939-1944: 

Burma in WWII 1939-1944 1939 Finalized 1100km 1942 Destroyed by UK and CHN Rangun occupied by Japan 1943-4 renovation by UK and CHN 1944-45 Burma again British front at Bruma-Thailand border

7.12.1941 – Pearl Harbor: 

7.12.1941 – Pearl Harbor

6.8.1945 and 9.8.1945 Hiroshima and Nagasaki: 

6.8.1945 and 9.8.1945 Hiroshima and Nagasaki Hiroshima Gembaku Dome

After WW II Independence boom: 

After WW II Independence boom 1945 Independent Vietnam 1945, 1949, 1953 Independent Laos Kingdom 1945, 19194, 1954 Independent Cambodia 1946 Independent Philippines 1946, 1948, 1957 Independent Malaysian Federation

1945,1949/50 Independent Indonesia : 

1945,1949/50 Independent Indonesia Indonesian Revolution Ahmed Soekarno *1901- 1970 1945-1967 President 1947 the Netherlands de facto acknowledges small Indonesia (Java, Sumatra, Madura) to be part of future United States of Indonesia 18-19.12.1948 Dutch coup, Soekarno arrested – great resistance – Dutch forced to negotiate by USA Till 30.12.1949 Federal United States of Indonesia after Haag negotiations BUT 17.8.1950 Provisional Unitary Constitution Father of Nation

1946-49 Civil War in China (No.2): 

1946-49 Civil War in China (No.2) Mao‘s CCP and Chiang‘s KMT don‘t want to rule together Again Civil War KMT loses in 3 years 1.10.1949 People‘s Republic of China (PRC) announced Mao Ze-Dong rules China almost until his dead (1976)

Independence boom II: 

Independence boom II 4.1.1948 – Independent Burma 15.8.1948 – Independent Republic of Korea (ROK) 9.9.1948 – Independent DPR Korea (DPRK) 1.10.1949 People‘s Republic of China (PRC)

1950-53 Korean War: 

1950-53 Korean War

1946-54 Indochinese War: 

1946-54 Indochinese War French “intervention” in Vietnam Ho Chi-Minh 1890-1969 France (+USA) Vietnam (+PR China) Red River Dien Bien Phu – French troops defeated Vietnam (classically) divided into Northern and Southern part - 17th parallel

Indochina in 50‘s: 

Indochina in 50‘s 1953-1975 Civil War in Laos 1954 French troops defeated in Dien Bien Phu, Vietnam divided into South and North part Geneve peace negotiations 17th parallel divided Vietnam for 6 years (until 1960) South – Ngo.dinh Diem North – Ho Chi Minh

China in 50‘s and 60‘s: 

China in 50‘s and 60‘s 1950-51 Tibet “again” Chinese 1954 Taiwan protected by 7th US Fleet 1956-7 Mao‘s 100 Blossoms Campaign 1958-60 Mao‘s Great Leap Forward 1959 Dalai lama goes to Indian exile 1962 China-India conflict – Assam occupied by PR China

South East Asia in 60‘s: 

South East Asia in 60‘s 1963 Malaysia widened of Singapore, Sarawak and British Northern Borneo Soekarno reclaimed Sarawak, Sabah and Brunei British Malaysian defend successfully - offense 1966 – Soekarno replaced by Suharto End of „war“ - 114 (MAL) vs. 600 (INA) dead 1964-1973 Vietnam war led by USA against North Vietnam 1965 Independent Singapore 1966-76 Mao‘s Cultural Revolution

ASEAN and APEC: 

ASEAN and APEC 1967 Founding countries Indonesia Malaysia The Philippines Singapore Thailand 1984 Brunei 1989 APEC = ASEAN + Japan, Korea, USA, Canada, Australia, New Zealand 1991 China, Hong-Kong, Chinese Taipei 1993 Mexico, Papua-NewGuinea 1994 Chile 1998 Peru, Russia, Vietnam Willing to join India and Guam

1970 - 1975: 

1970 - 1975 1970-1975 Civil War in Cambodia 1971 PRC is UN member instead of ROC 11.1975 Independent EastTimor 12.1975 Indonesia occupied East Timor 1975 Independent Papua-New Guinea 1975 Laos is Republic

1976 - 1980: 

1976 - 1980 1976 Eastern Timor occupied by Indonesia 1976 Saigon occupied by North Vietnam – Vietnam Socialist Republic established 1978 Sino-Japanese Peace and Friendship Treaty 1978 USA breaks official relations with ROC 1978 Deng‘s 4 reforms of modernization 1979 PRC-Vietnam war 1979-89 Vietnam occupied Cambodia and Laos

1980‘s: 

1980‘s Little peace period – economic increase Asian Economic Tigers Taiwan Malaysia Singapore Thailand, Indonesia Communist tiger Vietnam Communist Dragon PR China 1987 Martial Law in Taiwan cancelled Tien An-men student demonstrations suppressed April – 3.6.1989

1990 - 1996: 

1990 - 1996 1991 – 1st democratic elections in Taiwan (parliament) 1991-3 Cambodia under UN administration 1992 – 1st civil president of Korea (ROK) since 1961 1992 USA leaves the Philippines 8.7.1994 Kim Ir-sen‘s death, Kim Chong-il rules after his father 1995 US-Vietnamese relations renovated 1996 – Taiwanese presidential elections, PRC tests missiles in Taiwan Strait

ASIA 1996: 

ASIA 1996

1997 - 2004: 

1997 - 2004 30.6.1997 Hong Kong became PRC‘s SAR Hong Kong 1999 East Timor independence referendum 20.12.1999 Macao became PRC‘s SAR Macao 2002 Independent East Timor

ASIA 2004: 

ASIA 2004