Herwig

Scaling Up: Laboratory-Based ExperimentsRussell P. Herwig and Jeffery R. Cordellherwig@u.washington.edu: 

Scaling Up: Laboratory-Based Experiments Russell P. Herwig and Jeffery R. Cordell herwig@u.washington.edu Ballast Water Workshop Portland, OR June 14 - 15, 2005

UW Ballast Water Team: 

UW Ballast Water Team Russ Herwig Research Associate Professor, microbiologist Jeff Cordell Principal Research Scientist, zooplankton biologist Adelaide Rhodes Postdoctoral Research Associate, zooplankton biologist Dave Lawrence Research Scientist, phytoplankton biologist Jake Perrins Research Scientist, chemist and biologist Nisa Ferm Research Scientist, zooplankton biologist Olga Kalata Hourly Research Scientist, zooplankton biologist Bryan Nielsen Graduate Student, microbiologist

Collaborators at Other Institutions: 

Collaborators at Other Institutions University of North Carolina at Wilmington Bill Cooper Smithsonian Environmental Research Center Greg Ruiz Western Washington University Paul Dinnel Parametrix, Inc. Bob Gensemer and Bill Stubblefield Purdue University Chip Blatchley Northeast Midwest Institute Allegra Cangelosi

Acknowledgments: 

Acknowledgments Funding Agencies and Industrial Collaborators National Sea Grant Program, Washington Sea Grant Program, U.S. Geological Survey, U.S. Fish and Wildlife, BP Oil Transportation, Severn Trent De Nora, NSF International Paul Hershberger and personnel at USGS Marrowstone Marine Field Station Alaska Tanker Company, crew of oil tanker S/T Tonsina, and other S/T Tonsina-ozone investigators Shipping agents, owners, and crews of ships Scott Smith, Washington Department Fish & Wildlife Randy Marshall, Washington Department of Ecology

Presentation Outline: 

Presentation Outline Introduction Discharge standards Washington USA International: International Maritime Organization (IMO) Experiments and Experience With Laboratory-Scale Experiments Microcosms Mesocosms

Why do ships have ballast water?: 

Why do ships have ballast water? Seattle Times October 22, 2002

Pseudodiaptomus inopinus: 

Native to: Japan, China, Korea Pseudodiaptomus inopinus Copepod first appeared in Columbia River, 1990 Found as “monoculture” in many other west coast rivers Displaced native copepods Replaced in the Columbia River by two new invasive copepod species since Photo: Jeff Cordell

Different jurisdictions, different numbers.: 

Different jurisdictions, different numbers. State, federal, international Importance: drives the experiments and methods of analysis

State of Washington: 

State of Washington Interim ballast water discharge standard approval process Interim ballast water discharge standard is inactivation or removal of 95% zooplankton, and 99% phytoplankton and bacteria. This may change. Could adopt something closer to IMO standard. (2) Vessels that have not adequately exchanged their ballast water must treat their ballast prior to discharge into Washington waters, after July 1, 2007.

U.S. Ballast Water Discharge Standards: 

U.S. Ballast Water Discharge Standards Standards may be coming? Ask Rich…..

International: 

International International Maritime Organization 2004 International Convention for the Control and Management of Ballast Water Approved by 3 member states Spain, Brazil, Australia

IMO Discharge Standards: 

IMO Discharge Standards

Potential Ballast Water Treatment Technologies: 

Potential Ballast Water Treatment Technologies Chemical biocides (inorganic and organic) Ozone Chlorine, chlorine dioxide SeaKleen® (menadione) Other biocides Size or mass separation Filtration Hydrocyclonic separation Physical methods Ultraviolet light Deoxygenation Heat Electrical current Combinations of above

Moving Up in Scale: 

Moving Up in Scale Many ballast water technologies have been used in other disinfection applications Drinking water Wastewater Processing of other liquids Scaling technology for ships, while perhaps challenging, should not be impossible Expertise of engineers Environmental engineers, naval engineers, naval architects Biological results from small-scale experiments should be applicable to shipboard scales “Negative” (discouraging) results from small-scale experiments will not become positive (encouraging) results in large-scale experiments

Ideal Scale Up Process: 

Ideal Scale Up Process

What seems to happen….: 

What seems to happen….

Experimental Scales: 

Experimental Scales Microcosms - 1 gallon jars (3 liters) and less University of Washington, Seattle, WA Seawater from Puget Sound Mesocosms - 75 gallon tanks (280 liters) USGS Marine Field Station, Marrowstone, WA Seawater from Puget Sound Re-sampling possible Shipboard Experiments Ballast tanks - 900,000 gallons (3.4 x 106 liters) Seawater from Puget Sound and elsewhere on West Coast Re-sampling possible

Experiments with SeaKleen®: 

Experiments with SeaKleen®

SeaKleen®: 

SeaKleen® Menadione, Vitamin K3 Previous research David Wright, Roger Dawson - Univ. Maryland Chesapeake Bay, Baltimore Harbor Toxicity at 1 to 2 ppm to wide variety of organisms Reported half life: 18 - 24 hours

Experimental Design: 

Experimental Design Water: Puget Sound Organisms: Puget Sound Microorganisms Mesoplankton, plankton, amend ambient levels with with > 110 µm SeaKleen®: 1 and 2 ppm, lower concentrations Replication of treatment and controls Scale: Mesocosms - 280 liters / Microcosms - 3 liters Objective: Perform preliminary laboratory-scale experiments to verify reported efficacies

Slide25: 

USGS Marine Field Station at Marrowstone Island, Puget Sound Mesocosm Experiments SeaKleen®

December 2003 Mesocosm Experiments: 

December 2003 Mesocosm Experiments Objective: Examine efficacy of SeaKleen® at 1 and 2 ppm using mesocosms SeaKleen®: 1 and 2 ppm Mesocosms: 170 liters 4 replicates per treatment 4 replicate control mesocosms Puget Sound water: 8°C Amend seawater with additional mesoplankton Add SeaKleen®, wait 5 hours, periodically sample Analysis for: Bacteria Phytoplankton, chlorophyll a Zooplankton, Live/dead/moribund

Slide28: 

Collecting Mesoplankton for Experiments

Counting and Evaluating Zooplankton: 

Counting and Evaluating Zooplankton

Zooplankton: 

Live zooplankton per liter of SeaKleen® -treated water 2 concentrations of SeaKleen® Replication of treatments Rapid decline of zooplankton Zooplankton

Summary of December 2003 Mesocosm Results: 

Summary of December 2003 Mesocosm Results SeaKleen® at 1 and 2 ppm Zooplankton: nearly 100% kill Phytoplankton: no decline of chlorophyll a Bacteria: no decline in CFU 24-hour old SeaKleen® treated water Zooplankton: nearly 100% kill with addition of fresh zooplankton to 24-hour “aged” SeaKleen®

January 2004Microcosm Experiments : 

January 2004 Microcosm Experiments Objective: Examine efficacy of SeaKleen® at lower concentrations using microcosms 0.1, 0.25, 0.5, 1.0 ppm Microcosms: 3 liters in 1 gallon gas jars 4 microcosms per treatment 4 microcosms per control Puget Sound seawater amended with mesoplankton Determine live/dead/moribund of mesozooplankton after 5 hour exposure to treated water SeaKleen® water “aged” up to 2 weeks Periodically, add fresh mesozooplankton to “aged” SeaKleen® Examine toxicity at 48 h, 96 h, 1 week, 2 weeks

Microcosms: 

Microcosms 3 liters seawater in glass jars 8°C 4 concentrations of SeaKleen®, controls Residual toxicity: periodically add fresh mesozooplankton Determine live/dead/moribund of added zooplankton

Slide35: 

DEAD MORIBUND LIVE

Summary of January 2004Microcosm Results: 

Summary of January 2004 Microcosm Results 1 ppm concentration was very effective Residual toxicity remains for up to 2 weeks even at concentrations less than 1 ppm held at 8°C Puget Sound zooplankton show different sensitivities to SeaKleen® Cumaceans and harpacticoid copepods were less susceptible to SeaKleen® Not a standard aquatic toxicology experiment, but an informative experiment without using a ship

Slide37: 

USGS Marine Field Station at Marrowstone Island, Puget Sound Mesocosm Experiments Electrolytic “Chlorine” Generator

Filtration + Chlorination: 

Filtration + Chlorination Filter: 50 µm screen filter, automatic back flush Manufactured by Amiad Filtration Systems Ltd. “Chlorine”: hypochlorite (bleach) produced by passing electrical current through seawater Manufactured by Severn Trent De Nora Experiments performed September, October, December, April 2005 Mesocosms with different treatments + / - Filtration Hypochlorite at different concentrations

Electrolytic Chlorine Generator: 

Electrolytic Chlorine Generator Widely used for marine and industrial applications Control amount of chlorine (hypochlorite) by adjusting electrical current Converts Cl- in seawater to HOCl Easy to control chlorine production on large scale Can dechlorinate treated water with reducing agent, such as metabisulfite

October 2004 Mesocosm Experiments: 

October 2004 Mesocosm Experiments Treatment 1: Filtration Treatment 2: Filtration + Hypochlorite (1.0 mg Cl2) Treatment 3: Hypochlorite (1.0 mg Cl2) Treatment 4: Hypochlorite (1.5 mg Cl2) Controls: No filtration or hypochlorite Puget Sound water: 12°C Amend water with additional mesoplankton Analysis for: Bacteria Phytoplankton, chlorophyll a Zooplankton, live/dead/moribund

Summary of October 2004 Results: 

Summary of October 2004 Results Low concentrations of chlorine (2 mg Cl2 and less) were very effective for inactivating zooplankton, phytoplankton, and bacteria Filtration + chlorine was very effective in reducing zooplankton and phytoplankton With low chlorine concentrations, effect on bacteria did not extend for more than a few days. Bacteria multiply.

Ongoing and Future Research: 

Ongoing and Future Research Research with slightly higher concentrations of hypochlorite Analysis of disinfectant by-product chemistry Examination of toxicity following dechlorination Culturing phytoplankton in addition to performing chlorophyll a analyses

Slide48: 

Mesocosms and microcosms Evaluate technologies in controlled experiments with replication Mesocosm = 270 L Microcosm = 3 L 4 replicates per treatment Treatments evaluated SeaKleen® Hypochlorite Ozone UV light

S/T TonsinaAlaska Tanker Company, LLC: 

S/T Tonsina Alaska Tanker Company, LLC Double-hull tanker 265 m (869 feet) long x 41.5 m (136 feet) beam Cargo capacity 12 cargo tanks: 10,700 m3 (~2,830,000 gallons) / tank Ballast capacity 12 ballast tanks: 3,570 m3 (~943,000 gallons) / tank

Slide50: 

S/T Tonsina in Port of Tacoma

Experimental Design: 

Experimental Design Add ozone to “treatment” ballast tank through diffusers Control tank - similar tank, same water, no ozone Collect samples from treatment and control tank

Slide53: 

Ballast tank heterogeneity and size are impossible to replicate in microcosms and mesocosms. Larger sample sizes are possible.

Summary of Shipboard Biology Results: 

Summary of Shipboard Biology Results Culturable bacteria declined >99.9% Zooplankton were 71-99% dead or moribund Dinoflagellates and microflagellates declined 92 – 100% Although an effective treatment, introducing ozone into ballast water by a diffuser system is expensive and inefficient Second generation system will be installed and examined in 2005 - 2006 Ozone will be injected into stream of ballast water

Concluding Remarks: 

Concluding Remarks

Concluding Remarks: 

Concluding Remarks Do your homework (and lab work), before performing shipboard experiments. Partnering small scale and shipboard tests is a strong combination. Small-scale experiments allow for the use of replication, control, and statistical analysis. UW research demonstrated efficacies of ozone, sodium hypochlorite, UV light, and SeaKleen® in laboratory experiments Ozone and sodium hypochlorite were most effective against the complete range of organisms: bacteria, phytoplankton, and zooplankton