Group4 nonindigenous

The Spread of Nonindigenous Microorganisms: 

The Spread of Nonindigenous Microorganisms Linda Howard Christina Leonhard Bryan Nielsen Vibrio cholerae The global spread of cholera during the seventh pandemic, 1961-1971. (CDC)

Introduction: 

Introduction Human transport of plants, animals and microorganisms Geographic expansion of human populations Advancement of civilization – travel and transportation of goods Pimentel et. al. 2001 2000 to 50,000 species introduced into the United States, United Kingdom, Australia, South Africa, India and Brazil 30,000 – 50,000 non-indigenous species introduced into the United States, most within the last 70 years.

Overview: 

Overview Background Key Terms & Definitions Impacts/Threats Examples from Around the World Pathways/Vectors Control of Nonindigenous Species Problems Public Policy/Governmental Regulation Case Studies Spread of Non-indigenous Microorganisms by Fish Farms & Hatcheries Invasions in Chesapeake Bay Ballast Water What is it? Problems Solutions Review of Main Points Discussion

Key Terms & Definitions: 

Key Terms & Definitions Native Species, Indigenous: (g) "Native species" means, with respect to a particular ecosystem, a species that, other than as a result of an introduction, historically occurred or currently occurs in that ecosystem. Nonindigenous, Non-native, Exotic, Alien, Introduced: (a) "Alien species" means, with respect to a particular ecosystem, any species, including its seeds, eggs, spores, or other biological material capable of propagating that species, that is not native to that ecosystem. Invasive: (f) "Invasive species" means an alien species whose introduction does or is likely to cause economic or environmental harm or harm to human health. Global Invasive Species Database

Key Terms & Definitions: 

Key Terms & Definitions Pathway: The means by which species are transported from one location to another. Natural pathways: Wind, currents, and other forms of dispersal in which a specific species has developed morphological and behavioral characteristics to employ. Man-made pathways: Those pathways which are enhanced or created by human activity. Intentional: The result of a deliberate action to translocate an organism. Unintentional: The movement of species is an indirect byproduct of human activities. Vector: Biological pathway for a disease or parasite

Impact / Threats: 

Impact / Threats Habitat alteration and degradation Phaleris arundinacea forms dense monotype stands and competes with wetland plants such as cattails, reeds, rushes, etc., choking up wetlands.

Impact / Threats: 

Impact / Threats Competes with native species for food, space and other resources Interferes with ecological functions native species Dreissena polymorpha compete with zooplankton for food, thus affecting natural food webs. They also interfere with the ecological functions of native molluscs and cause great economic damage.

Impact / Threats: 

Impact / Threats Extinction of native species Nearly 50% of endangered and threatened species are impacted by nonindigenous invasive species Second only to habitat loss with regards to loss of biodiversity Crop plagues Can endanger human health by introducing parasites and pathogens Pimental et al. 1999 estimates that the total costs of invasive species in the United States amount to more than $100 billion each year

Intentional Pathways: 

Intentional Pathways Intentional Pathways: Food crops Livestock Ornamentals Pets Biological control Unintentional Pathways: Ballast water discharge Importation of fruits and vegetables (plant pests) Soil associated with the trade of nursery stock International movement of people (pathogens)

Spread by Ship: 

Spread by Ship Boats and ships: Ballast discharge and hull fouling are a major pathway (includes sea or float planes) Aquatic plants, animals and pathogens Recreational boaters - bait buckets or boat wells Channels, canals, locks: Artificial connections between waterways, Free movement of species across physical barriers Facilitates the transport of species by vessels Restaurants, seafood retail and processing: Packing materials for live seafood (seaweed and seawater) Live organisms either in or on live seafood

Control of Invasive Species: 

Control of Invasive Species The Precautionary Approach Prevention Early detection Rapid eradication Containment and management Restoration

Problems: 

Problems Unpredictability Absence of biological control May go undetected until established Lack information about basic biology and ecology Organisms may behave differently in new environment Microorganisms (including pathogens) not as easily eradicated as larger organisms

Response: 

Response The U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment, 1993 report Harmful Non-Indigenous Species in the U.S. National Invasive Species Council established in 1999 coordinates federal responses Federal Agencies U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) U.S. Department of Commerce (DOC) U. S. Department of Defense (DOD) U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS) U.S. Department of the Interior (DOI) U.S. Department of State (DOS) U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) U.S. Department of the Treasury U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Federal Programs 100th Meridian Initiative Aquatic Nuisance Species (ANS) Task Force Federal Interagency Committee for the Management of Noxious and Exotic Weeds (FICMNEW) Midwest Natural Resources Group (MNRG) National Invasive Species Council (NISC) National Plant Diagnostic Network (NPDN) (cooperative effort between Federal, State and Universities) National Science and Technology Council - Committee for Environment and Natural Resources (CENR) Plant Conservation Alliance - Alien Plant Working Group, Weeds Gone Wild TAME Melaleuca

International Response: 

International Response The International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC): Developed by the United Nations, signed by the U.S. in 1972 with 94 other countries. Designed to prevent the introduction and spread of agricultural pests. Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES): Developed by the United Nations, signed by the U.S. in 1975. Designed to restrict trade in listed species to protect depletion in the habitat of origin. "Guidelines for the Control and Management of Ships' Ballast Water to Minimize the Transfer of Harmful Aquatic Organisms and Pathogens" Resolution A.868(20)--Nov. 20, 1997: Developed by the International Maritime Organization (an agency of the United Nations). These guidelines, which outline techniques for minimizing introductions from cargo ship ballast discharge. International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES) Code of Practice Concerning Introductions and Transfers of Marine Species: A regulatory framework for member states to use in managing the introduction of non-native species.

Slide15: 

Spread of Non-indigenous Microorganisms by Fish Farms and Hatcheries Transporting Tanks Local Birds Anglers Fishing Equipment Fish Farming Equipment and Lodgings

Myxobolus cerebralis: 

Myxobolus cerebralis 7.4-9.7 µm in length Bivalve joined by a ridge Oligochaete primary host Fish (trout) secondary host

Life Cycle: 

Life Cycle Worm eats spores Triactinomyxon released from worm Infects salmonid Spreads to cartilage Myxospores released when fish dies

Demographics: 

Demographics Native to Central Europe & Northern Asia Introduced into North America in 1958 Currently in 22 states as well as South Africa & New Zealand

Susceptibility & Symptoms: 

Susceptibility & Symptoms Young fish are most at risk Mouth gap always open Hump develops just behind head Tail develops permanent twist Leads to swimming in circles, hence the name whirling disease

Management: 

Management Whirling disease is not possible to eradicate Educate users of infected areas Don’t dispose of skeletal parts in the sink Clean fishing/water gear with 50% chlorine Reduce tubifex habitats

Is there any hope?: 

Is there any hope? New research suggests UV light can kill spores Hotspots are generally small Create cold water spawning Filter infected areas Spores are sensitive to lime and change of pH of sediments

Invasions in Chesapeake Bay: 

Invasions in Chesapeake Bay Evidence of four centuries of invasions About 30% of benthic species are predicted to be non-indigenous Species from 17 phyla Vascular plants, invertebrates, vertebrates, single-celled protistan pathogens

Marine Invasions Research Lab: 

Marine Invasions Research Lab Goals: Characterize patterns of marine invasion Develop a mechanistic understanding of factors driving observed patterns Advance predictive capabilities to find target species and prevent spread

Modes of Studying Nonindigenous Invasives: 

Modes of Studying Nonindigenous Invasives Vector Ecology- patterns of transfer mechanisms (vectors) that deliver species beyond their geographic range Population Ecology- biological and ecological attributes of species in their introduced (non-native) range Community Ecology- relationships between invasions and their recipient communities Biogeography- geographic distribution of biological invasions

Invasives in Chesapeake Bay: 

Invasives in Chesapeake Bay Zebra mussel Vibrio cholerae Japanese shore crab Other Invasives Clams, fish, copepods, barnacles, diatoms, dinoflagellates, flatworms, crabs, shrimp, & crustaceans

Ballast Water: 

Ballast Water Background Problem Solutions

Ballast Water: 

Ballast Water Water carried by ships to Increase draft Adjust trim Regulate stability Maintain stress loads within acceptable limits. Marine, Brackish, or Fresh

Ship Ballasting Scenario: 

Ship Ballasting Scenario Water and organisms loaded aboard ship at source port Organisms survive voyage Water and organisms discharged at destination port

Ballast Water Discharge: 

Ballast Water Discharge Annual Discharge in US Waters 79,000,000 Metric Tons (21,000,000,000 gallons) Global Transfer 10,000,000,000 metric tons annually Niimi 2004

Rate of Coastal Invasions: 

Rate of Coastal Invasions

Rate of Shipping Invasions: 

Rate of Shipping Invasions Ruiz, et al (2000).

Organisms in Ballast Water: 

Organisms in Ballast Water Bacteria Viruses Phytoplankton Zooplankton Seaweed Fish Benthic Organisms

Vibrio cholerae in Ballast: 

Vibrio cholerae in Ballast Vibrio cholerae 01 serotype Inaba biotype El Tor Found in 5 cargo ships docked at U.S. Gulf of Mexico Ports 4 ballasted in cholera-infected countries 5th ship ballasted in a noninfected country Indistinguishable from the Latin American epidemic strain, C6707 Different from endemic Gulf Coast strain, sixth pandemic strain (569-B)

Phytoplankton in Ballast: 

Phytoplankton in Ballast Toxic Dinoflagellates Alexandrium spp. Gymnodinium catenatum thought to have been introduced into southern Tasmania via ballast water after 1973 Form Cysts (hypnozygote) Can survive for years in sediment Resistant to treatment Scanning electron microscope view of cysts of the toxic alga Alexandrium tamarense. Photo by D. Wall. http://oceanusmag.whoi.edu/v43n1/anderson-en3.html

Larger Ballast Water Invaders: 

Larger Ballast Water Invaders Bythotrephes cederstroemi Ohio Sea Grant FS-049 Neogobius melanostomus http://www.naturewatch.ca/MixedWood/fish/images/ff-2.jpg Tunicate colony of Didemnum sp. Photo credit: Gretchen Lambert (UW)

Ballast Water Regulations: 

Ballast Water Regulations International Maritime Organization Agency of United Nations International shipping safety and security Prevention of marine pollution from ships Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife

Current IMO Regulations: 

Current IMO Regulations Adopted in 1997 Minimize uptake of harmful aquatic organisms, pathogens and sediments Remove ballast sediment on a timely basis Avoid unnecessary discharge of ballast water Ballast water exchange

Ballast Water Exchange: 

Ballast Water Exchange “Where Practicable” should exchange 200 nautical miles offshore Potentially hazardous to ship “Whenever possible” exchange at least 200 nautical miles offshore Or at least 50 nautical miles offshore

New IMO Convention: 

New IMO Convention Adopted February 2004 Must be ratified by 30 states (countries) As of May 2005 2 countries have ratified Spain and Brazil Establishes Ballast Water Performance Standard Requires Exchange or Treatment Earliest Implementation 2009

IMO Microbial Treatment Standards: 

IMO Microbial Treatment Standards Human health and pathogen indicators Toxicogenic Vibrio cholerae (O1 and O139) < 1 colony forming unit (cfu) per 100 ml < 1 cfu per 1 g. (wet weight) zooplankton E. coli < 250 cfu per 100 ml Enterococci < 100 cfu per 100 ml

IMO Treatment Standards Cont.: 

IMO Treatment Standards Cont. < 10 viable organisms / m3 ≥ 50 µm < 10 viable organisms / ml < 50 µm ≥ 10 µm

Washington State Ballast Water Program: 

Washington State Ballast Water Program Requirements Ballast Water Discharge Notification Within 24 hours Open Ocean Exchange Coastal Vessels – 50 miles offshore Safety Exemption Allowed Treatment or Exchange After July 1, 2007

Ballast Water Treatment: 

Ballast Water Treatment Ozone Sodium Hypochlorite UV Gluteraldehyde SeaKleen Filtration

Main Points: 

Main Points Spread of non-indigenous species Geographic spread/development of civilization Increased rates of travel, international trade Wide variety of adverse impacts Recognized by international communities as a serious problem Prevention

Discussion: 

Discussion What nonindigenous invasives are you aware of in your community? Would you consider GMOs to be nonindigenous species?

References: 

References Aquatext. 2000. AquaText. 9 May 2005 <http://www.aquatext.com/list-w.htm>. Carlton, J.T. 2001. Introduced Species in U.S. Coastal Waters: Environmental Impacts and Management Priorities. Pew Oceans Commission, Arling, VA. 35 pp. Accessed online at http://www.pewoceans.org/reports/introduced-species.pdf. Carlton, J. T., D. Reid and v. L. H (1995). Shipping study. The role of shipping in the introduction of non-indigenous aquatic organisms to the coastal waters of the United States (other than the Great Lakes) and an analysis of control options. Washington D.C., The National Sea Grant College Program/Connecticut Sea Grant Project R/ES-6. Department of Transportation. Corsier, Danielle M., and Daniel P. Molloy. Myxobolus cerebralis. New York State Musium. 9 May 2005 <http://el.erdc.usace.army.mil/ansrp/myxobolus_cerebralis.htm>. Dybas, C. L. (2003). " Harmful Algal Blooms: Biosensors Provide New Ways of Detecting and Monitoring Growing Threat in Coastal Waters." BioScience 53(10): 918-923. Global Invasive Species Database: http://www.issg.org/database/reference/sourcesRW.asp Harmful Aquatic Hitchhikers. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 9 May 2005 <http://www.protectyourwaters.net/hitchhikers/others_whirling_disease.php>. National Invasive Species Council. 2001. Management Plan: Meeting the Invasive Species challenge. Accessed online at: http://www.invasivespecies.gov/council/mp.pdf Nonindigigenous Speceis and the Marine Environment. 2002. Accessed online at: http://www.seaweb.org/background/book/nonind_species.html Lovejoy, C., J. P. Bowman and G. M. Hallegraeff (1998). "Algicidal effects of a novel marine pseudoalteromonas isolate (class Proteobacteria, gamma subdivision) on harmful algal bloom species of the genera Chattonella, Gymnodinium, and Heterosigma." Applied Environmental Microbiology 64(8): 2806-2813.

References: 

References Marine Invasives Research Lab. 2004. Smithsonian Environmental Researcg Center. 9 May 2005 http://www.serc.si.edu/labs/marine_invasions/. McCarthy, S. A. and F. M. Khambaty (1994). "International dissemination of epidemic Vibrio cholerae by cargo ship ballast and other nonpotable waters." Applied Environmental Microbiology 60(7): 2597-2601. Meffe, Garry K., and James D. Williams. Nonindigenous Species. U.S. Geological Survey. 9 Mar. 2005 <http://biology.usgs.gov/s+t/SNT/noframe/ns112.htm>. Niimi, A. J. (2004). "Role of container vessels in the introduction of exotic species." Marine Pollution Bulletin 49(9-10): 778. Pimentel, D. et al. 2000. Environmental and economic costs of nonindigenous species in the United State. BioScience 50(1): 53-64 Ruiz, G.M. et al. 2000., Global spread of microorganisms by ships. Nature 408: 59-50 Ruiz, G. M., P. W. Fofonoff, J. T. Carlton, M. J. Wonham and A. H. Hines (2000). "INVASION OF COASTAL MARINE COMMUNITIES IN NORTH AMERICA: Apparent Patterns, Processes, and Biases." Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 31(1): 481-531. Support the Whirling Disease. 3 July 2003. The Whirlind Disease Foundation. 9 Mar. 2005 http://www.whirling-disease.org/FAQ.html. Stemming the Tide: Controlling Introductions of Nonindigenous Species by Ships' Ballast Water, Committee on Ships'Ballast Operations, National Research Council. (1996). Swanson, Ann. Alien Species in the Chesapeake Bay. Chesapeake Bay Commission . 9 May 2005 http://www.providence.edu/polisci/students/megaport/Chesapeake.htm Whirling Disease Foundation. 18 Feb. 2005. Whirling Disease Foundation. 9 May 2005 http://www.whirling-disease.org/.