person summer 14

Next theories: 

Next theories Keep the empirical rigor of behaviorism and add. . . . Cognition, thought, motivation, etc. Social learning In Skinner box animals are alone We learn by watching others! Treat humans as active in selecting their environment In Skinner box a rat is placed in there We select our environments and they will change because we are in them You at a party!

Theories: 

Theories Dollard and Miller’s Social Learning Theory Rotter’s Social Learning Theory Bandura’s Social Learning Theory

Dollard & Miller: 

Dollard & Miller

Slide5: 

Dollard and Miller Combines behaviorism and Freudian theory!

Habit Hierarchy: 

Habit Hierarchy All the behaviors a person might do From most likely to least likely

Habit Hierarchy: 

Habit Hierarchy Flex muscles Comb hair Talk to a woman Get a drink Talk to Ponch In a bar But, this can change based on reinforcement or punishment

Activity: 

Activity Create your own habit hierarchy for being in the classroom List Top 5 habits Why do you think these are the top 5? How do you think we could change these?

Slide9: 

In order to learn -- John (an organism) must 1) Want something (a woman) 2) Notice something (perceive the woman) 3) Do something (talk to the woman) 4) Get something (a smile)

Note: 

Note This is already different than behaviorism Dollard and Miller Motivation (want something) Perception (notice something)

Note: 

Note This is already different than behaviorism Behaviorism Learning changes behavior Dollard and Miller Learning changes the HH HH is a non-observable psychological entity

What do you want?: 

What do you want? Drives A psychological tension that feels good when it is reduced. Need Drive

Drives: 

Drives Primary Drives Biologically built-in drives Food, water, sex, avoid pain, etc. Secondary Drives Psychologically based Love, prestige, money, power, etc. Learned by being paired with primary drives

Imagine: 

Imagine John asks the Charlie's Angels out on a date John gets rejected! Is upset so he goes riding with Ponch Arrests a person for no reason at all!

Why?: 

Why? Freud Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis Natural reaction for any person (or animal) to being blocked from a goal, will be the urge to lash out or injure. The more important the goal, the greater will be the aggressive impulse

Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis: 

Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis Different than Freud No ID is needed (or ego) Same as Freud Displacement e.g., riots Sublimation (can be constructive)

What is fun?: 

What is fun? The story about me in the book

Approach-Avoidance Conflict: 

Approach-Avoidance Conflict Conflict between desire and fear Changes over time

Approach-Avoidance Conflict: 

Approach-Avoidance Conflict 1) An increase in drive strength will increase the tendency to approach or avoid a goal VS. If John wants to relieve a drive more than Ponch, John will also want the goal more!

Approach-Avoidance Conflict: 

Approach-Avoidance Conflict 2) Whenever there are two competing responses, the stronger one (the one with the greater drive) will win out. Drive: Companionship Drive: Avoid rejection

Approach-Avoidance Conflict: 

Approach-Avoidance Conflict 3) The tendency to approach a positive goal increases the closer the one is to the goal John sees the Angels across the room John talks to them John asks them back to his place

Approach-Avoidance Conflict: 

Approach-Avoidance Conflict 3) The tendency to approach a positive goal increases the closer the one is to the goal

Approach-Avoidance Conflict: 

Approach-Avoidance Conflict 4) The tendency to avoid a negative goal also increases the closer one is to the goal John sees the Angels across the room John talks to them John asks them back to his place

Approach-Avoidance Conflict: 

Approach-Avoidance Conflict 5) Tendency 4 is stronger than tendency 3. Avoidance Approach

Approach-Avoidance Conflict: 

Approach-Avoidance Conflict 5) Tendency 4 is stronger than tendency 3. Avoidance Approach

Approach-Avoidance Conflict: 

Approach-Avoidance Conflict 5) Tendency 4 is stronger than tendency 3. Avoidance Approach

Approach-Avoidance Conflict: 

Approach-Avoidance Conflict 5) Tendency 4 is stronger than tendency 3. Avoidance Approach

Group Activity: 

Group Activity Have you ever had something in the future that you were both looking forward to and dreading? Did your feelings about it change over time in the way Dollard and Miller describe?

Defense Mechanisms: 

Defense Mechanisms Freud’s explanation Dollard and Miller Negative Reinforcement A reward that consists of the withdrawal of aversive stimuli

Defense Mechanisms: 

Defense Mechanisms Negative Reinforcement Any stopping of pain or anxiety is negatively reinforcing The behavior that occurred before such cessation will become more likely Put your hand in the fire!

Defense Mechanisms: 

Defense Mechanisms Dollard and Miller DM are cognitive behaviors that are negatively reinforced because they remove anxiety

Defense Mechanism: 

Defense Mechanism Denial Repression Reaction Formation Projection Rationalization Intellectualization

Defense Mechanisms: 

Defense Mechanisms Freud vs. Dollard and Miller Freud was right . . . . Perhaps too complicated Principle of Parsimony

Rotter’s Social Learning Theory: 

Rotter’s Social Learning Theory

Blamoooooo: 

Blamoooooo Jackpot: $100 Jackpot: $1,000 Odds: 50% All games cost $10 Odds: .000001%

Rotter: 

Rotter Behaviorism would predict you would go for the biggest reward However, your beliefs (i.e., expectancies) are also important! Expectancy Value Theory

Elements: 

Elements Behavior Potential (BP) The probability that you will perform the behavior in question Higher the BP, more likely you will do it!

Elements: 

Elements Expectancy (E) A persons belief about how likely a behavior will bring about a goal

Expectancy: 

Expectancy If you think so: “Asking out” has high expectancy If you do not think so: “Asking out” has low expectancy If you ask a person out will they say yes?

Expectancy: 

Expectancy It is a belief Objective odds matter less then subjective odds Lottery!

Expectancy: 

Expectancy Specific (E’) Belief about a certain behavior at a certain time “If I ask Batman out today at lunch will he say yes?”

Questionnaire: 

Questionnaire LC questionnaire

Expectancy: 

Expectancy Specific (E’) Belief about a certain behavior at a certain time “If I ask Batman out today at lunch will he say yes?” General (GE) Belief if anything a person does is likely to make a difference “Nothing I do is going to matter anyway – why bother asking Batman or anyone out!”

Expectancy: 

Expectancy General Expectancy Like a trait High GE (Internal locus of control) Energetic, highly motivated Low GE (External locus of control) Depressed, low motivation

Expectancy: 

Expectancy Both E’ and GE are important E = Expectancy for a behavior to bring about a reward GE = General expectancy E’ = Specific expectancy for the behavior N = number of times you have been in this situation

Elements: 

Elements Reinforcement Value (RV) The subjective benefit of a reward How much do you really care about the outcome?

Reinforcement Value: 

Reinforcement Value How much do you care about getting that date? How much do you care if you are rejected? How much do you care about doing school work instead? Note: RV is a relative term!

Putting it all together: 

Putting it all together How do you predict BP?

Putting it all together: 

Putting it all together How do you predict BP? Psychological Situation These values change as a result of the situation

Will you dance or take notes?: 

Will you dance or take notes? Notes: FUN: E = .01 GOOD GRADES: E = .50 Dance: FUN: E = .30 GOOD GRADES: E = .01 RV Fun = .30 Good Grades = .90

Will you dance or take notes?: 

Will you dance or take notes? Notes: FUN: E = .01 BP = .003 GOOD GRADES: E = .50 BP = .45 Dance: FUN: E = .30 BP = .009 GOOD GRADES: E = .01 BP = .003 RV Fun = .30 Good Grades = .90

Will you dance or take notes?: 

Will you dance or take notes? Notes: FUN: E = .01 GOOD GRADES: E = .20 Dance: FUN: E = .80 GOOD GRADES: E = .001 RV Fun = .95 Good Grades = .05

Will you dance or take notes?: 

Will you dance or take notes? Notes: FUN: E = .01 BP = .009 GOOD GRADES: E = .20 BP = .01 Dance: FUN: E = .80 BP = .72 GOOD GRADES: E = .01 BP = .009 RV Fun = .95 Good Grades = .05

Imagine: 

Imagine High RV Low E What might happen?

Slide58: 

John wants a date really bad! Doesn’t think he can get one.

Maladjustment: 

Maladjustment Excessive time spent fantasizing Failure to develop social relationships Failure to develop social skills Self-fulfilling prophecy

Imagine: 

Imagine Two behaviors have high RV? What might happen?

Slide61: 

John wants to dedicate his life to the ladies! John wants to dedicate his life to police work!

Maladjustment: 

Maladjustment Feel conflict Erratic and unpredictable behavior Neither may be accomplished

Therapy: 

Therapy Focuses on the conscious and rational mind 1) What can you do? 2) What do you want? Importance of minimal goal level Importance of prioritizing desires