Cell Biology: Mitochondria-structure and function

Energy Conversion: Mitochondria and Chloroplast: 

1 Energy Conversion: Mitochondria and Chloroplast By Assist. Prof. Dr. Wady Chanasut

Mitochondria: 

2 Mitochondria Evolution for more complex animal/cells Metabolize glucose (pyruvate) Oxidized by O 2 Release CO 2 and H 2 O http :// www . ncbi . nlm . nih . gov / bookshelf / picrender . fcgi?book = mboc4&part = A2495&blobname = ch14f8 . jpg

Mitochondria and Microtubule: 

3 Mitochondria and Microtubule http :// www . ncbi . nlm . nih . gov / bookshelf / picrender . fcgi?book = mboc4&part = A2495&blobname = ch14f6 . jpg http :// www . ncbi . nlm . nih . gov / bookshelf / picrender . fcgi?book = mboc4&part = A2495&blobname = ch14f4 . jpg

Mitochondria structure: 

4 Mitochondria structure Outer membrane Intermembrane space Inner membrane http :// www . shoppingtrolley . net / images / anatomy / mitochondria . gif

Mitochondria: 

Mitochondria Outer membrane Similar to plasma membrane Porin – aqueous pore transmembrane protein Freely permeable to small molecule < 5000 daltons Intermembrane space equal to cytosol smaller size molecules 5 http://www.nature.com/embor/journal/v4/n10/images/embor937-f1.jpg

Mitochondria: 

Mitochondria Inner membrane Cardiolipin - double phospholipid (4 fatty acid) Different proteins: Electron transport ATP synthesis Transport protein Fission and fusion proteins 6 http://cdn.physorg.com/newman/gfx/news/2009/cardiolipinm.jpg

Mitochondrial inner membrane proteins: 

Mitochondrial inner membrane proteins 7 http://www.biocenter.helsinki.fi/bi/biophys/images/Respiratory_chain_sh.jpg

Mitochondrial DNA: 

Mitochondrial DNA Smallest chromosome First sequence of human genome Inherits only from mother 100-10,000 copies/cell 15,000-17,000 bp 37 genes 13 for electron transport proteins 22 for tRNA 2 for mRNA http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3e/Mitochondrial_DNA_en.svg

Mitochondrial ribosome: 

Mitochondrial ribosome Similar to prokaryote ribosome, not cytoplasmic ribosome 70S (bacteria), Mammalian mitochondrial ribosomes (55S) 2 subunit; 50s and 30s subunit biosynthesis of protein for ATP synthesis 9 http://imageserve.chem.unc.edu/resources/images/science/spremulli/research_images/mitochondria.jpg

Mitochondria functions: 

Mitochondria functions produce ATP through respiration: citric acid cycle, or the Krebs Cycle Electron transport chain Chemiosmosis – ATP synthesis regulate cellular metabolism: Heat production – brown adipose tissue Calcium ion storage Apoptosis – program cell death 10

Energy-generating metabolism in mitochondria : 

11 Energy - generating metabolism in mitochondria Pyruvate and fatty acid Break down to acetyl CoA Metabolize in Citric acid cycle Pass electron to O 2 Electron transport generates e-gradient The production of ATP http :// www . ncbi . nlm . nih . gov / bookshelf / picrender . fcgi?book = mboc4&part = A2495&blobname = ch14f10 . jpg

ATP SYNTHESIS: 

12 ATP SYNTHESIS Substrate level phosphorylation เกิดจากการสร้าง/สลายพันธะของสารประกอบ Substrate  Product (Energy) + ADP + Pi  ATP Oxidative phosphorylation เกิดจาก proton-motive force มีความซับซ้อนมากกว่า Electron transport across membrane

MITOCHONDRIA: 

13 MITOCHONDRIA

Glycolysis: 

14 Glucose ATP ADP ATP ADP ADP ATP ATP ADP ATP ADP ATP Glucose 6-Phosphate Fructose 1,6-Biphosphate Dihydroxy acetone phosphate 3-phosphoglyceric acid 2-phosphoglyceric acid phosphoenolpyruvic pyruvate NAD+ NAD+ 2NAD + Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P) 1,3-biphospho-glycerate ADP + + 1 2 4 3 5 6 7 8 9 10 Glycolysis Enzymes ที่สำคัญ Hexokinase Phosphogluco isomerase Phosphofructokinase Aldolase Triose phosphate isomerase Glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase Phosphoglycerate kinase Phosphoglyceromutase Enloase Pyruvate kinase

GLYCOLYSIS: 

15 GLYCOLYSIS Net production 2 ATP 2 NADH+ 2H +

PYRUVATE OXIDATION: 

16 PYRUVATE OXIDATION

KREBS /TCA CYCLE: 

17 KREBS /TCA CYCLE

Respiratory enzyme complex: 

18 Respiratory enzyme complex http :// www . ncbi . nlm . nih . gov / bookshelf / picrender . fcgi?book = mboc4&part = A2527&blobname = ch14f26 . jpg

ELECTRON RECEPTOR: 

19 พลังงานอิสระของ e- ลดลง Flavin mononucleotide (FMN) e - จาก NADH+H + ผ่านทาง NADH dehydrogense Iron-sulfur protein (Fe-S) รับ e-จาก FADH 2 ที่ระดับพลังงานต่ำกว่า การเคลื่อนที่ของ e - ไม่ได้สร้าง ATP ELECTRON RECEPTOR

ATP SYNTHASE: 

20 ATP SYNTHASE F 1 ATPase Transmembrane H+ carrier (F 0 ) http :// www . ncbi . nlm . nih . gov / bookshelf / picrender . fcgi?book = mboc4&part = A2495&blobname = ch14f15 . jpg

ELECTRON TRANSPORT-CHEMIOSMOSIS: 

21 ELECTRON TRANSPORT-CHEMIOSMOSIS

NET ATP: 

22 glycolysis pyruvate oxidation Krebs cycle electron transport electron transport NET ATP

Mitochondria replication: 

Mitochondria replication Binary fission Fuse with other mitochondria Growth and division may links to the cell cycle Some divide mainly in response to the energy needs Maternal inheritance 23 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK26924/bin/ch14f54.jpg

Mitochondria replication: 

Mitochondria replication Some tissue specific protein encoded in cell nucleus Ammonia detoxification – liver cell Import protein from outside Import most lipid from outside Phosphatidylcholine , serine synthesis in ER and transport to outer membrane Phospholipid to synthesis cardiolipin Why have own genetics and proteins Evolutionary dead-end for the endosymbiont hypothesis 24