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Part I Part II Part III Part IV College English Integrated Course 4 next Unit One: Fighting with the Forces of Nature

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previous back index break over NCE-B4 Both the Mongolian and Roman Empires had their rise and fall in the distant past. Yet if we want to examine conquerors, there is no need to go back that far. In 1812, Napoleon Bonaparte invaded Russia in a war of conquest. More than a century later, Adolf Hitler launched a massive military campaign against the Soviet Union. Unit 1: Fighting with the Forces of Nature

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Parts Paras Main Ideas Part One Part Four Part Three Part Two Paras 1-2 Paras3-11 Paras 12-20 Paras21 Introduction—Both Napoleon’s and Hitler’s military campaigns failed because of the severity of the Russian winter. Napoleon’s military campaigns against Russia . Hitler’s military campaigns against the Soviet Union Conclusion—The elements of nature must be reckoned with in any military campaign. NCE-B4 Unit 1: Fighting with the Forces of Nature previous next index break over

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NCE-B4 previous next back index break over 人道是骄兵必败。就拿破仑和希特勒两人来说吧，他们所向披靡，便以为自己战无不胜，不可阻挡。但俄罗斯的冰雪卫士证明他们错了。 Chinese Version of Text A

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Translate： e.g. The rise in interest rate will be disastrous in the case of small firms. index break over Formal training will take at least 3 years in the case of interior decoration. 对于室内装修来说，需要进行至少三年的正式培训。 in the case of as far as…is concerned NCE-B4 Unit 1: Fighting with the Forces of Nature back

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back index break over e.g. Many teachers complain that they can’t make any improvement in the teaching methods as the existing exam system is in the way. Translate： 激烈的竞争阻碍了这个企业的发展。 The fierce competition gets in the way of this enterprise’s development. stand/get/be in the way prevent from doing sth. NCE-B4 Unit 1: Fighting with the Forces of Nature

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back index break over e.g. The events took place on a raw February morning. This cutting board is only used to cut raw meat. Translate： 工厂把原材料做成成品供出口和国内消费. Industrial plants processed the raw material into finished products for export and for domestic consumption. 阴冷的,未煮熟的 未加工的, 未分析的 raw Unit 1: Fighting with the Forces of Nature NCE-B4

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back index break over e.g. Beginning in the early 1960s, humans launched probes (探测器) to explore other planets. Translate： 为了弘扬奥运精神，都灵率先发起了“青年2006”项目。 In harmony with the Olympic spirit, the City of Turin has taken the lead in launching the project Youth of 2006. send (sth) on its course; start 发射;开始 launch NCE-B4 Unit 1: Fighting with the Forces of Nature

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back index break over e.g. Some people complained that too much money has been spent on political campaigns. Translate： 德国在北非的战役中被打败了。 The Germans were defeated in the campaign in North Africa. a series of military operations or planned activities with a particular aim 战役, 活动,运动 campaign 运动正在蓬勃开展。 The campaign is in full swing. NCE-B4 Unit 1: Fighting with the Forces of Nature

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more index break over e.g. Remote terminals in the home, connected to data banks, make the home the most efficient place to work in many cases. Translate： 一个优秀经理不仅要有能力，还得有效率。 A good manager is both competent and efficient. able to work well or producing a satisfactory result without wasting time or resources效率,效益 efficient NCE-B4 Unit 1: Fighting with the Forces of Nature

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previous back index break over 1. Our goal is to teach student how to get information from the printed page efficiently, rapidly, and with full understanding. NCE-B4 efficiently adv. efficiency n. 1. These machines have raised efficiency many times. Unit 1: Fighting with the Forces of Nature

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index break over e.g. The year 1939 had witnessed the conquest of Poland by Germany. Translate： 他们有信心战胜疾病。 They are confident of the conquest of the disease. conquering, defeat conquest NCE-B4 compare： conquer v. conqueror n. back Unit 1: Fighting with the Forces of Nature

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back index break over decisive producing a definite result or conclusion; having or showing the ability to decide quickly e.g. Most of the decisive land campaigns of World War I occurred on the continent of Europe. Translate： 为了消灭奴隶制，林肯采取了决定性的措施。 Lincoln took decisive measures to end slavery. 普遍认为欧元的采用是向欧洲一体化迈进的决定性的一步。 The adopting of the euro is widely viewed as a decisive step toward a single European government. NCE-B4 Unit 1: Fighting with the Forces of Nature

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back index break over retreat move back or withdraw when faced with danger or difficulty e.g. We adopted the following strategies: when the enemy advances, we retreat; when they retreat, we pursue. Translate： 在激战之后，部队向南方撤退。 After a fierce battle, the troops retreated southward. NCE-B4 Unit 1: Fighting with the Forces of Nature

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back index break over be/get/become bogged down be unable to make progress e.g. Most of the tanks were bogged down because of mechanical defects and inexperienced crews. Translate： 当地政府对于如何处理工业设备释放出的危险化学物质一筹莫展。 The local government got bogged down in problems of how to handle the emission of hazardous chemicals by industrial facilities. NCE-B4 Unit 1: Fighting with the Forces of Nature

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back index break over engage begin fighting with sb.; (cause to ) take part in or do ; occupy or attract sb.’s interest etc. e.g. The commander ordered the soldiers to engage the enemy immediately Translate： 我没空闲谈. I have no time to engage in gossip. Unit 1: Fighting with the Forces of Nature

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back index break over be faced with have to deal with e.g. The librarians were faced with the huge task of listing all the books. Translate： 这些毕业生面临新的挑战。 These graduates are faced with new challenges. 他面临失业的可能。 He is faced with the possibility of being unemployed. NCE-B4 Unit 1: Fighting with the Forces of Nature

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index break over take a gamble e.g. The company took a gamble by cutting the price of their products, and it paid off. NCE-B4 take a risk Translate： 她孤注一掷把所有的积蓄投入股票。 She is taking a gamble of investing all her money in stocks. back Unit 1: Fighting with the Forces of Nature

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back index break over press on/ahead continue doing sth. in a determined way (used in the pattern: press on/ahead (with sth.) e.g. Our school authorities are keen to press on with educational reform. Translate： 罢工的组织者决定继续罢工。 Organizers of the strike are determined to press on. NCE-B4 Unit 1: Fighting with the Forces of Nature

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back index break over occupation The seizure and control of a country or areas; (one’s) trade, profession, or business Translate： 这位老人因无所事事而感到无聊。 Unit 1: Fighting with the Forces of Nature During the Japanese occupation of China, millions of innocent Chinese people were killed by Japanese soldiers. The old man became bored for lack of occupation.

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index break over bide one’s time wait patiently for a chance e.g. His political rivals are biding their time for an attack on his policies. NCE-B4 Translate： 他等待时机，直到哈佛大学给他提供了一个教授的职位。 He bided his time until Harvard University offered him a professorship. back Unit 1: Fighting with the Forces of Nature

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minus below zero; made less by; slightly lower than the mark stated Tomorrow’s temperature will be as low as minus ten degrees centigrade. 20 minus 10 is 10. The gross profit of an automobile manufacturer equals the value of its car sales minus the cost of making cars. I got B minus in the final examination. back index break over NCE-B4 Unit 1: Fighting with the Forces of Nature e.g.

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drag on move slowly and with effort; continue endlessly and tediously e.g. These compensation cases have already dragged on for one year. Translate： back index break over NCE-B4 这次国际会议要拖多久？ How long is the international conference going to drag on? Unit 1: Fighting with the Forces of Nature

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stroke any of a series of repeated movements; single successful or effective action or occurrence; blow e.g. I saw a chance of solving all my problems at a stroke. Translate： 他上周抽奖得了一部车。这是他第一次运气这么好。 He won a car in the lottery last week. That’s his first stroke of good luck. back index break over NCE-B4 Unit 1: Fighting with the Forces of Nature

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at the cost of with the loss of e.g. He saved his son at the cost of his own life. Translate： 当地政府发展经济却以环境为代价。 The local government developed its economy but at the cost of environment. back index break over NCE-B4 Unit 1: Fighting with the Forces of Nature

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limp walk with difficulty,esp. when one foot or leg is hurt e.g. That dog must be hurt—it is limping. I injured my ankle and had to limp. back index break over NCE-B4 Unit 1: Fighting with the Forces of Nature

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weaken (cause to) become weak or weaker Translate： 亚洲经济危机给一些国家带来了重创。 The Asian financial crisis severely weakened some countries. back index break over NCE-B4 e.g. Pneumonia often proves fatal to people with a weakened immune system. Unit 1: Fighting with the Forces of Nature

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alliance a union or an association formed for mutual benefit, esp. between countries or organizations e.g. NATO is considered as the most powerful military alliance in modern history. Translate： 1940年，德国和日本正式结为联盟。 Japan and Germany made their formal alliance in 1940. back index break over NCE-B4 Unit 1: Fighting with the Forces of Nature

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invasion an entering or being entered by an attacking military force e.g. On Hitler’s orders, the invasion of Poland began on September1, 1939. Translate： We have to be alert to cultural invasion. 这个国家已经摆脱侵占有60年了。 The country remains free from invasion for 60 years. back index break over 我们得警惕文化入侵。 NCE-B4 Unit 1: Fighting with the Forces of Nature

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declaration formally announcing; a formal announcement (followed by of ) e.g. The Japanese attacked the U.S. naval base at Pearl harbor, Hawaii, on December 7, 1941 without a declaration of war. Translate： 开场的演说听起来更像宣战而不是宣扬和平。 The opening speeches sounded more like declarations of war than offerings of peace. index break over NCE-B4 back Unit 1: Fighting with the Forces of Nature

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catch sb. off guard take sb. by surprise e.g. The manager didn’t know what to say. It was clear that my question had caught him off guard. Translate： 他邀请我参加他的婚礼，这让我很吃惊。 The invitation to his wedding caught me off guard. back index break over NCE-B4 Unit 1: Fighting with the Forces of Nature

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instruct give orders or directions to (sb.) (used in the patterns: insturct sb. to do sth.; instruct sb. that ; instruct sb. with quote); teach (sb.)(used in the pattern: instruct sb. in/on sth.) e.g. 1. I instructed my agent to sell the property. 2. The professor instructed us that we had one month to conduct the project. back index break over NCE-B4 Translate： 上尉命令士兵撤退。 The captain instructed the soldiers to retreat. Unit 1: Fighting with the Forces of Nature

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back index break over render cause (sb./sth.) to be in a specified condition (same as make) e.g. Hundreds of people were rendered homeless by the earthquake. Translate： 他不得不为他的粗鲁作出道歉。 He had to render an apology for his rudeness. Unit 1: Fighting with the Forces of Nature

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casualty a person who is killed or injured in war or in an accident e.g. The precise number of casualties in yesterday’s bomb explosion is not known. Translate： 有关这次交通事故的最初报告提及至少有50人伤亡。 First report of the traffic accident tells of more than 50 casualties. index break over NCE-B4 back Unit 1: Fighting with the Forces of Nature

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die from/of have as the cause of death e.g. Some animals died of starvation in the snow. Translate： 这些植物因为缺水而死。 All the plants were dying from lack of rain. 这个建筑师死于非典。 The architect died of SARS. back index break over NCE-B4 Unit 1: Fighting with the Forces of Nature

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siege a military operation in which an army tries to capture a town, etc. by surrounding it and stopping the supply of food, etc. to the people inside e.g. They are hopeful of bringing the siege to a peaceful conclusion. Translate： 这个城市被围困了五个月。 The city was under siege for five months. back index break over NCE-B4 Unit 1: Fighting with the Forces of Nature

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bring to a halt stop completely e.g. Air traffic in Poland had been brought to a halt by an air traffic controllers’ strike. Translate： 因为飓风我们的旅行被迫中止。 Our journey was brought to a halt by a hurricane. 他把车停下来。 He brought the car to a halt. back index break over NCE-B4 Unit 1: Fighting with the Forces of Nature

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offensive n. aggressive action, attack adj. causing sb. to feel upset, or annoyed; very unpleasant e.g.1. The Red Army brought its winter offensive to a successful conclusion. 2. There is an offensive smell in the room. Translate： 1944年1月苏联的反攻突破了列宁格勒的长期围困。 In January 1944 a Soviet offensive raised the long siege of Leningrad. back index break over NCE-B4 Unit 1: Fighting with the Forces of Nature

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turn the tide (against) change what looks like defeat into victory (over) e.g. The appearance of Joan of Arc turned the tide of war. Translate： 贞德的出现使战争反败为胜。 The appearance of Joan of Arc turned the tide of war. back index break over NCE-B4 Proverb： Time and tide wait for no man. Unit 1: Fighting with the Forces of Nature

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thank to because of e.g. Thanks to her financial support, the two children in the remote village could go to school. Translate： 因为他们的不懈努力，演出非常成功。 Thanks to their tireless efforts, the performance was a great success. back index break over NCE-B4 Unit 1: Fighting with the Forces of Nature

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heroic having the characteristics of a hero; very brave e.g. The soldier saved the girl at the cost of his own life. His heroic deeds were appreciated by all the people in the community. Translate： 他因战争中的英勇行为而闻名。 He was famed for his heroic deeds during the war. back index break over NCE-B4 Unit 1: Fighting with the Forces of Nature

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region area e.g. When examining a large geographic unit, geographers often divide it into smaller regions. Translate： 赤道区域就是赤道周围的地方。 The equatorial region is the lands around the equator. index break over NCE-B4 more 他们正在法国葡萄酒主要出产地游览。 They are traveling in the main vine-growing regions of France. Unit 1: Fighting with the Forces of Nature

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Compare： area 较为常用，含义较多，所指的地区可大可小,且无固定的界域，亦可指地图上或图表上某个区域。 e.g. 1. The boundaries of that administrative area have been readjusted. 2. The blue areas on this map are seas. region 除和area 一样可指一个国家的某个地区外，还可指大片具有特征的地域、水域、空域，或是人体的某个部位，也可表示行政区域。 index break over NCE-B4 more Unit 1: Fighting with the Forces of Nature

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Compare： zone 常用来表示地球上的五大气候区域或生物、植物分布区域。亦可表示被分出来公特殊用途的地区， 如商业区，住宅区、时区等。 e.g. 1. Most of the world’s wheat is grown in the North Temperate Zone. 2. The last decade has saw the start of the development of the special economic zones. district 侧重表示出于行政管理、选举、司法、邮政等需要而划分的区域，亦可指某个有显著特征的地区。 e.g. 1. They are from the mining district of Pennsylvania. 2. What postal district do you live? index break over NCE-B4 back Unit 1: Fighting with the Forces of Nature

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reckon 1. count; consider; think 2. “be reckoned with” means “be taken into consideration” e.g. The existence of the U.S. is reckoned from the Declaration of independence. Translate： 许多人认为他是了不起的篮球选手。 Many people reckon him to be a great basketball player. index break over NCE-B4 back Unit 1: Fighting with the Forces of Nature

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toll （道路、港 口的）通行费，过路税 （因疾病、意外事故等的）伤亡，损失，代价 e.g.1. The war took a heavy toll in dead and wounded. 2. We pay a toll when we use the bridge. Translate： 马路上的伤亡数字在上升。 The toll of road deaths and injuries is on the rise. back index break over NCE-B4 当地政府可以收取公路通行税。 The local government was allowed to charge tolls for the use of the roads. Unit 1: Fighting with the Forces of Nature

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Nature, to be commanded , must be obeyed. Accuse not Nature, she hath done her part; do thou but thine. more index break over Francis Bacon John Milton NCE-B4 Unit 1: Fighting with the Forces of Nature

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The first casualty when war comes is truth. To fight and conquer in all our battles is not supreme excellence; supreme excellence consists in breaking the enemy’s resistance without fighting. previous index break over Hiram warren Johnson Sun-Tzu NCE-B4 Unit 1: Fighting with the Forces of Nature

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casualty decisive offensive be faced with engage launch take a gamble press on stoke get bogged down thanks to minus instruct at the cost of turn the tide catch off guard 攻势已经持续了三天，但是我们并没有取得多少进展。我们在前线与敌人交战的部队遇到了强力的抵抗。 师长(division commander)命令我们营(battalion)绕到敌人后方发起突然袭击。 ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ The offensive had already lasted three days, but we had not gained much ground. Our troops of engaging the enemy at the front were faced with strong/fierce/stiff resistance. The division commander instructed our battalion to get around to the rear of the enemy and launch a surprise attack. NCE-B4 Unit 1: Fighting with the Forces of Nature previous next index break over

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然而，要绕到敌人后方，我们必须越过一片沼泽地(marshland)。我们很多人担心会陷入泥潭之中。我们营长决定冒一下险。我们在夜幕掩盖下出发，不顾困难，奋勇向前。 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ To do so, however, we had to cross a marshland and many of us were afraid we might get bogged down in the mud. Our battalion commander decided to take a gamble. We started under cover of darkness and pressed on in spite of great difficulties. NCE-B4 casualty decisive offensive be faced with engage launch take a gamble press on stoke get bogged down thanks to minus instruct at the cost of turn the tide catch off guard Unit 1: Fighting with the Forces of Nature previous next index break over

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幸运的是，夜间温度突然下降到摄氏零下20度，烂泥地都接上了冰。由于这寒冷的天气，我们于天亮前到达并从敌人后方发起进攻。这一下扭转了战局。敌人没有戒备，不久便投降了。 __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________ By a stoke of luck, the temperature at night suddenly dropped to minus 20 degrees Celsius and the marsh froze over. Thanks to the cold weather, we arrived at our destination before dawn and began attacking eh enemy from the rear this turned the tide of the battle. The enemy, caught off guard, soon surrendered. NCE-B4 casualty decisive offensive be faced with engage launch take a gamble press on stoke get bogged down thanks to minus instruct at the cost of turn the tide catch off guard Unit 1: Fighting with the Forces of Nature previous next index break over