Brick Kiln Presentation Feb04 Khmer2

karEklMGrRbsiT§PaBfamBlrbs;L\dæenAkm<úCaImproving the Energy Efficiency of Cambodia’s Brick Kilns: 

karEklMGrRbsiT§PaBfamBlrbs;L\dæenAkm<úCa Improving the Energy Efficiency of Cambodia’s Brick Kilns Rainer Ernst Israel Som Chandararith iLi Consulting Engineers Mekong Phnom Penh CAMBODIA www.ili-consult.com

Slide2: 

Gay-Gil-Gay xl;sal;FIgGIugCIgnar emKgÁ iLi Consulting Engineers Mekong Ltd Gay-Gil Gay xn;sal; KWCaTIRbwkSabec©keTsxagvisVkmµEdlman CMnajxagEpñksßabkükmµ nig sMNg;sIuvil iLi Consult is an engineering consultant that specializes in architectural and civil engineering design. www.ili-consult.com ehtuGVI Gay-Gil-Gay xl;sal; RtUv)ancUlrYmkñúgkareRbIR)as; famBlRbkbedayRbsiTæiPaB? Why is iLi Consult involved in Energy Efficiency?

Slide3: 

eKaledAsMrab;bgðaj Outline of this Presentation ]sSahkmµ\dæenAkm<úCa/ Cambodia’s Brick Industry – background etc etIL\dæmanbBaðaGIVxøH? What’s the Problem with brick kilns? dMeNaHRsay/ Possible Solutions etIman]bsKÁGIVxøH? What are the Barriers? vKÁsikSaskmµPaBEdlesIñeLIg/ Suggested course of Action

Slide4: 

Cambodia’s Brick Industry Ca]sSahkmµd_sMxan;sMrab;karGPivDÆn_RbeTskñúgkarFanaeGay)ankarpÁt;pÁg; dl;sMNg;eKhdæan nig GKarBaNiC¢kmµ/ Important industry for Cambodia’s development to ensure affordable domestic housing + commercial buildings Ca]sSahkmµl¥RbesIrsMrab;RbeTskm<úCa eRBaHvamanlkçN³FmµCatikñúgkar Tb;sáat;karnaMcUledaysarEtkarnaMcUlva mankarlM)akkñúgkargardwk CB¢Üan \dæBITIq¶ay/ Good industry for Cambodia because ‘naturally protected’ from imports (because difficult to transport bricks very far) k¾b:uEnþ³ BUT:

Slide5: 

]sSahkmµ\dænigek,ÓgKWCa]sSahkmµmYy EdleRbIR)as;\n§n³Gusd¾eRcIn. The brick and tile industry is one of the big fuel wood consumers. dMeNIrkarplitkmµKWRtUvkarfamBleRcInnig beBa©jmkvijnUv]sµ½nkabUnik The manufacturing process is energy intensive and emits a lot of CO2 . RbsiT§iPaBénkareRbIR)as;famBlrbs;L\dæ enAmankMritTab. The energy efficiency of brick kilns is low. tMél\dæx<s;/ Bricks are too expensive. RbePTplitpl\dæmanTMhMtUc The variety of available brick products is too small.

Slide6: 

etI]sSahkmµL\dæmanbBaðaGVIxøH? What’s the Problem with the Brick Industry? (1) KµannirnþrPaB/ Not Sustainable… GuskMBugEtxSt;eTA² enAkñúgextþCaeRcIn Firewood is getting scarce in many provinces. kar)at;bg;éRBeQIKWsßitkñúgkMritmYyKYreGayRBYy)armµN¾³ tYelxkalBIqñaM1969 man 73° tYelxenAqñaM1997 manRbmaN 58° Forests are disappearing at an alarming rate. Cambodia’s forest cover in 1969: 73% Cambodia’s forest cover in 1997: 58%

Slide7: 

What’s the Problem? (2) tMél/ COST: karcMNayfvikamYyEpñkFMrbs;GaCIvkmµL\dæKWeTAelIfamBl. Energy is typically the largest proportion of costs for a brick kiln business bMErbMrYltMélfamBlnwgmankarb:HBal;ya:gxøaMgeTAdl;GaCIvkmµ. Any change in the fuel cost will therefore affect the business dramatically ]sSahkmµ\dæenAkm<úCanwgminGacRbkYtRbECgCamYynigbNþaRbeTsepSg² eTot)aneLIy. Cambodia’s brick industry will not be competitive with competing countries

Slide8: 

What’s the Problem? (3) brisßan/ ENVIRONMENT: kareRbIR)as;\n§n³GusCabc©½ymYykñúgkarbMp©itbMpøajéRBeQI Fuel wood consumption contributes to deforestation. cMehHGus)anbegIát]sµ½nkabUnik/ emtan nig nIRtYEsn/ Burning Wood emits CO2 , Methane and Nox famBlCaeRcInRtUv)aneKeRbIR)as;nigbeB©ajkarbMBuledIm,IdwkCBa¢ÚnGusBI ksidæan/ BIéRBb¤BIeragcRkmkkan;L\dæ/ More energy is consumed and pollution emitted to transport wood from the plantation, forest or factory to the brick kiln

Slide9: 

etImandMeNaHRsayb¤eT? Is there a Solution? cMelIyKW³ man/ maneRcIn. Yes, there are several. EsVgrk\n§n³EdlGacykmkCMnYs\n§n³Gus Look for substitutes for fuel wood. begáInRbsiT§iPaBkareRbIR)as;famBlkñúgkarplit\dæ Increase the energy efficiency of brick manufacturing. EsVgrkCMerIsEdleRbIR)as;famBltic CMnYs\dæ Look for less energy intensive alternatives to clay bricks.

Slide10: 

\næn³EdlGacCMnYsGus? (1) Substitutes for Fuel Wood Ggáam nig kaksMNl;ksikmµepSg² Rice husk and other agricultural residues

Slide11: 

rayb¤)ackMeTc\n§n³dUcCaGgáameTAelI\dæEdlRtUvdutkñúgLmuneBlcab;epþIm dut eFVIdUecñHedIm,IbegáInkMedAnigEklMGrkarbBa¢ÚnkMedA)anBaseBjL/ Spread a fine fuel such as rice husks inside the kiln on the bricks prior to firing, so as to increase the heat and improve the heat transfer throughout the kiln karbEnßm\n§n³eTA\dæ Add fuel to Bricks

Slide12: 

bEnßmsarFatumemaKxniCeTAdI\dæmuneBlerobcMcak;Bum</ eFVIdUcenHedIm,I kat;bnßybrimaNfamBlEdlRtUveRbIcaM)ac;edIm,Idut\dæ/ Adding organic material to the clay prior to forming bricks. This will reduce the amount of energy required to fire the bricks. sarFatumemaKxniCdUcCaGgáamGacRtUv)aneKbEnßmrhUtdl;10-15° én maD\dæsrub. ]TahrN¾-RKan;EtsarFatumemaKEdl)anbEnßm2°eTA elI\dæGacpþl;famBlsMrab;dut\dæ)anrhUtdl;10°/ Organic material such as rice husk can be added up to about 10-15% of the total volume of the brick. Eg: Just 2% of organic matter added to a brick can provide around 10% of the brick’s energy requirement for firing. karbEnßm\n§n³eTA\dæ Add fuel to Bricks

Slide13: 

karbegáInRbsiT§iPaBfamBl (2) Increase Energy Efficiency ehtuGVI)anCaL\dæeRbIR)as;famBlminGs;lT§PaB? Why are Brick Kilns Inefficient? kardutminGs;lT§PaB Inefficient combustion kMedAya:geRcInRtUv)an)at;bg;kñúgeBldMeNIr kardutkMedAnigbegáInkMedA Great heat loss during heating and firing process. kMedATaMgRsugRtUv)an)at;bg;kñúgeBlTuk\dænigtYLeGaycuHRtCak; 100% of heat loss during cooling of bricks and kiln

Slide14: 

begáInkMedA Firing Cooling 32% of Energy gets lost during cooling famBlkñúgdMeNIrkardut\dæ Energy in Firing Process dMNak;kaldutkMedA Pre-heating + =100%

Slide15: 

TVarbnÞb;sMrab;dutnigEbkRbeTosRTenIr Firebox Door + Grate rn§epSg²enAelITVarnwgGaceGayeKRtYtBinitü)an RKb;sßanPaBrbs;L. Doors with variable vent would allow fine control of kiln conditions bTBiesaFn¾enARbeTsRsIlgáar)anbgðajfakar bMBak;TVarnigEdkRbeTosRTenI )ankat;bnßykar eRbIR)as;GusrhUtdl;15° EdlcMnYnenHGac eGayeKbgVilTun)ansMrab;karvinieyaKTunFuntUc kñúgry³eBlEtmYys)þah¾. Sri Lanka experience showed that fitting doors+grates reduced fuel wood by 15%, which paid-back the small investment in within one week!

Slide16: 

Further Possible Improvements bEnßmRsTab;GIusULg;enAelidMbUlnigCBa¢aMgrbs;L nwgGackat;bnßy)annUv kar)at;bg;kMedAedaypÞal;/ ]TahrN¾³ dak;sarFatuGIusULg;Edlman dg;sIuetkñúgkarFunnwgkMedATab dUcCa plitplGVIGMBIeramb¤kUtug b¤ Ggáam/ Additional insulation on the roof and walls of the kiln will reduce heat lost directly through radiation Eg: adding low density heat-resistant insulating material such as wool or cotton or rice husk products eCosvagcrn§xül;qøgkat;tYLedaypÞal; edaysg;CBa¢aMgTIBIrb¤CasnÞHx½NÐ/ Avoid airflow across kiln structure by building secondary walls and baffles. karEklMGreGaydMeNIrkardutkMedA)anCak;lak;/ eFVIdUecñHedIm,IeCosvag kardutkMedAhYsb¤mYyk¾dutkMedAmin)andl;kMrit. Improve accuracy of heating process, thus avoiding over or under heating

Slide17: 

eRKagbøg;LQr Vertical Shaft Kiln

Slide18: 

Vertical Shaft Kiln vaRtUv)aneKeRbIkñúgRbeTscin nigBiesaFn¾enATIdéT²eTot/ Used in China and trialed elsewhere manRbsiT§PaBeRcIn/ Much more efficient

Slide19: 

Vertical Shaft Kiln lkçN³ Features dMeNIkarbnþbnÞab;Kña/ eFVIeGayEpñkEdlRtUvdutkMedAminGaccuHRtCak;)aneLIy. dUecñHkarxatbg;famBltic. Continous process so the firing zone never has to cool down, thus less energy wasted kMedAEdl)anBIdMNak;kaldutkMedARtUv)aneRbIR)as;xN³eBlEdlvaekIneLIgedIm,IsMgYtedaysV½yRbvtþi RBmTaMg)andutkMedAkñúgdMNak;kaldMbUgnUv\dæEdl)an bBa¢Únmk. Heat from firing phase is used as it rises to automatically dry + pre-heat the fresh incoming bricks

Slide20: 

(3) Less Energy-intensive Alternatives to Clay Bricks \dæsIlIkat Sand Lime Bricks

Slide21: 

Sand Lime Bricks maneRcInRbePTepSg²Kña EdlRtUv)aneKeRbIR)as;ya:gTUlMTUlayenA bNþaRbeTsGWur:b/ Different type of brick – used widely in Europe minRtUvkarcaM)at;kardutePøIgkMedA edayRKan;EtrkSavakñúgcMhaynigsMBaF énLcMhuy/ Does not require ‘firing’, but rather is ‘cured’ with steam and pressure in an autoclave cMhayGacbegáItecjb¤pÁt;pÁg;ecjBIkMedAepSg²nigecjBIkMedARBHGaTitü/ Steam can be generated especially or else can be supplied by waste heat from other processes or else from a renewable source such as solar thermal collectors

Slide22: 

karplit\dæRbePTenHmantmélefakCagkarplit\dæecjBIdI\dæ/ Produce these bricks cheaper than clay bricks edayeRbIR)as;famBlticCag30°ebIeRbobeFobeTAnwgkarplit\dæecjBIdI \dætamEbbRbéBNI/ Consumes about 50% less energy as compared to traditional clay bricks

Slide23: 

karyl;dwgtictYcBIplcMenjnig«kasepSg²énRbsiT§iPaBfamBl/ Low awareness of benefits and opportunities of energy efficiency smtßPaBbec©keTsenATabsMrab;karRtYtBinitünUvRbsiT§iPaBnaeBlbc©úb,nñ b¤karKNna\T§iBlBIkarvas;EvgkarEklMGrRbkbedayRbsiT§IPaB/ Low technical capacity for monitoring current efficiencies or calculating the effects from efficiency improvement measures karlHbg;enAmankMritTabedIm,IeFVIkarvinieyaKRTg;RTayFM edaysarEtxVHhirBaØ vtßú/ briyakasvinieyaKRbkbedayPaBRbfuyRbfan EdlCaehtueFVIeGayman karcM)ac;kñúgkarbgVilTunkñúgry³eBlxøI/ Low willingness to make large capital investments in businesses due to a lack of appropriate finance, risky investment climate, and thus very short payback periods are required ]bsKÁcMeBaHkareFVIeGayRbesIrdl;RbsiT§PaB\dæ Barriers to Better Brick Efficiency

Slide24: 

begIátsmaKmn¾]sSahkmµmYy edIm,IRbmUlpþúMFnFannigTak;TajCMnYykarnana/ Establish an industry association in order to combine resources and attract necessary assistance FanaeGay)annUvkarpþl;mUlniFi sMrab;kargarGPivDÆn¾famBleGaymanRbsiTæi PaBkñúg]sSahkmµ/ Secure funding (donor or private) for energy efficiency development in the industry rkTIRbwkSaCMnajxagbec©keTsedIm,IGnuvtþntamnigbegátbB¢aIkarEklMGrnanaEdl GacGnuvtþ)anenAkm<úCa/ Seek expert technical advice to adapt the world’s best practice and create a list of improvements which are practical and appropriate for Cambodia Gnusasn¾ Recommended Actions

Slide25: 

begIátcMnYnKMeragbgðajEdlLdut\dæEdlmanRsab;RtUv)aneKEklMGrRBmTaMgplb:HBal;nigkarkat;bnßykarbMBul/ RtUv)aneKRtUtBinitünigraykarN¾/ Establish a number of demonstration projects where existing brick kilns are upgraded and the effects are carefully monitored and reported, + disseminate results sMrbsMrYlKMeragkarRbsiT§iPaBfamBlsMrab;m©as;L\dæ edaybegáItCMnYykar bec©keTs nig hirBaØvtßúsmrmüEdlGacrk)an/ Facilitate energy efficiency projects for brick kiln owners by making technical assistance and appropriate finance available eFVIkarGegátkarvas;EvgeKalneya)aycaM)ac;epSg²edIm,ITTYl)ankarEklMGrRbsiT§iPaBeRbIR)as;famBlRbkbedayecrPaB/ Investigate the necessary policy measures required to achieve long term sustainable energy efficiency improvements, such as minimum kiln design standards Gnusasn¾ Recommended Actions

Slide26: 

Contact Rainer or Dararith at Email: mail@ili-consult.com Website: http://www.ili-consult.com sUmGeB¢aIjecaTCasMNYrEdlTak;TincMeBaHRbsiTæiPaBfamBlkñúg]sSahkmµL\d? Any Questions Please?..