An Introduction to Human Spaceflight (Ch. 1) : An Introduction to Human Spaceflight (Ch. 1) Objectives
List names and dates (year) of major human space flight ‘firsts’
Identify key design implications for human missions vs. robotic spacecraft
Outline the mission design process
Firsts in Human Spaceflight : Firsts in Human Spaceflight Know the years and people/spacecraft of the major first human space events
Yuri Gagarin – April 12, 1961
Alan Shepherd – May 5, 1961
John Glenn – 1962
Alexei Leonov – 1965
Neil Armstrong – 1969
Salyut – 1971
Skylab – 1973
ASTP – 1975
Crippen and Young – April 12, 1981
Mir – 1986
ISS – 1998
Yang Liwei – 2003
Apollo/Saturn Uncrewed Suborbital Flights : Apollo/Saturn Uncrewed Suborbital Flights SA-1
Launched 27 Oct 1961 First flight of Saturn 1
SA-2
Launched 25 April 1962 Project High Water I
SA-3
Launched 16 Nov 1962 Project High Water II SA-4
Launched 28 Mar 1963 Engine-out capability test
AS-201
Launched 26 Feb 1966 First flight of Saturn 1B
AS-202
Launched 25 Aug 1966 Apollo development flight
Apollo/Saturn Uncrewed Earth Orbiting Missions : Apollo/Saturn Uncrewed Earth Orbiting Missions SA-5
Launched 29 January 1964 First Block II Saturn launch
SA-6
Launched 28 May 1964 First Apollo boilerplate model
SA-7
Launched 18 September 1964 Apollo boilerplate model
SA-9/Pegasus 1
Launched 16 February 1965 Apollo boilerplate model and micrometeoroid satellite
SA-8/Pegasus 2
Launched 25 May 1965 Apollo boilerplate model and micrometeoroid satellite SA-10/Pegasus 3
Launched 30 July 1965 Apollo boilerplate model and micrometeoroid satellite
AS-203
Launched 5 July 1966 First S-IVB stage orbital mission
Apollo 4
Launched 9 November 1967 First all-up launch of Saturn V
Apollo 5
Launched 22 January 1968 First test of Lunar Module in space
Apollo 6
Launched 4 April 1968 Final uncrewed Apollo test flight
Apollo Crewed Earth Orbiting Missions : Apollo Crewed Earth Orbiting Missions Apollo 7
Launched 11 October 1968 First crewed Apollo flight Splashdown 22 October 1968
Apollo 9
Launched 03 March 1969 First crewed Lunar Module test Splashdown 13 March 1969
Apollo Lunar Missions : Apollo Lunar Missions
Apollo 8
Launched 21 December 1968 Lunar Orbit and Return Returned to Earth 27 December 1968
Apollo 10
Launched 18 May 1969 Lunar Orbit and Return Returned to Earth 26 May 1969
Apollo 11
Launched 16 July 1969 Landed on Moon 20 July 1969 Returned to Earth 24 July 1969
Apollo 12
Launched 14 November 1969 Landed on Moon 19 November 1969
Returned to Earth 24 November 1969
Apollo 13
Launched 11 April 1970 Lunar Flyby and Return Malfunction cancelled lunar landing Returned to Earth 17 April 1970
Apollo 14
Launched 31 January 1971 Landed on Moon 5 February 1971 Returned to Earth 9 February 1971
Apollo 15
Launched 26 July 1971 Landed on Moon 30 July 1971 Returned to Earth 7 August 1971
Apollo 16
Launched 16 April 1972 Landed on Moon 20 April 1972 Returned to Earth 27 April 1972
Apollo 17
Launched 07 December 1972 Landed on Moon 11 December 1972 Returned to Earth 19 December 1972
Spaceflight Tragedies : Spaceflight Tragedies Apollo 1 (Jan 1967)
Launch pad fire
Loss of 3 astronauts: Grissom, White, Chaffee
Soyuz 1 (April 1967)
Parachute did not deploy properly
Loss of 1 cosmonaut: Komorov
Soyuz 11 (June 1971)
First Space Station Flight (Salyut 1)
Small fire led to early return (30 days before planned)
No spacesuits
Entry depress due to pressure equalization valve malfunction
Loss of 3 cosmonauts: Dobrovolsky, Patsayev, Volkov
STS-51L Challenger (Jan 1986)
Ascent - solid rocket booster joint failure
Loss of 7 astronauts
STS-107 Columbia (Feb 2003)
Entry - thermal protection failure
Loss of 7 astronauts
Starting Point : Starting Point The ‘human subsystem’ in a spacecraft
Analysis and Design of human space missions begin with a broad objective and corresponding constraints, progresses to conceptual design and all elements necessary to efficiently meet the objective
Iteration is key
Human vs. Robotic Missions : Human vs. Robotic Missions 2 basic design driver differences
Astronauts are more flexible and adaptable than robots
Astronauts need life support and additional safety precautions
Design Implications : Design Implications Safety and Reliability – redundancy and fail-safe design
Pressurized structures
ECLSS and associated subsystems
Human Factors along with sociology, physiology, psychology, comfort and productivity assists
Logistics – ‘consumables’
Table 1-2 The Design Process : Table 1-2 The Design Process Define broad mission objectives
Define mission requirements and constraints
Develop alternate concepts and architectures
Identify critical system drivers
Select baseline mission
Define systems requirements
Document choices and rationale
Iterate and Integrate the design
- Reassess Mission Statement, objectives and requirements
Mission Objectives of Project Mercury : Mission Objectives of Project Mercury Place a manned spacecraft in orbital flight around the earth.
Investigate man's performance capabilities and his ability to function in the environment of space.
Recover the man and the spacecraft safely.
1. Broad Mission Objectives : 1. Broad Mission Objectives Apollo
Shuttle
ISS
‘Vision for Space Exploration’
2. Mission Requirements and Constraints : 2. Mission Requirements and Constraints Quantifies how to meet broad objectives
Engineering requirements
Available technology (COTS)
Cost and schedule constraints
Crew size and makeup
Destination
Date and duration
Project Mercury Design Guidelines : Project Mercury Design Guidelines Existing technology and off-the-shelf equipment should be used wherever practical.
The simplest and most reliable approach to system design would be followed.
An existing launch vehicle would be employed to place the spacecraft into orbit.
A progressive and logical test program would be conducted.
3. Alternative Concepts and Architectures : 3. Alternative Concepts and Architectures Con Ops – how things will work
Crew / automation mix
Mission control (support?)
Timeline
Location
Architecture
Mission concept + definition of elements
Budgets – M, P, V, delta-v, etc.
4. System Drivers : 4. System Drivers Parameters that significantly influence overall cost, performance and complexity
ECLSS and pressurized volume
Identifies critical requirements
Faster, better, cheaper… pick any two
What are mission launch mass drivers?
Key Design Drivers : Key Design Drivers Human I/O
Environments Encountered
Mission Element Durations
EVA
TRL / Design Schedule Relationships
Propulsion System
5. Baseline Concept and Architecture : 5. Baseline Concept and Architecture Ensure crew size and mission duration ~ size and launch mass of vehicle
Forms an initial milestone for comparison
Parametric analysis
Equivalent System Mass (ESM)
6. System Requirements : 6. System Requirements Derive mission-level (engineering) requirements from mission statement goals
Keep in terms of ‘what’ not ‘how’
Probably the most important part in the design process – connects the mission objectives with the final design outcome
Project Mercury Detailed Engineering Requirements : Project Mercury Detailed Engineering Requirements The spacecraft must be fitted with a reliable launch-escape system to separate the spacecraft and its crew from the launch vehicle in case of impending failure.
The pilot must be given the capability of manually controlling spacecraft attitude.
The spacecraft must carry a retrorocket system capable of reliably providing the necessary impulse to bring the spacecraft out of orbit.
A zero-lift body utilizing drag braking would be used for reentry.
The spacecraft design must satisfy the requirements for a water landing.
7. Document Choices and Rationale : 7. Document Choices and Rationale Includes literature search to learn what was done in the past
Don’t reinvent the wheel
Understand why choices were made (reasons may no longer be valid)
Much easier to do this as you go!
8. Integrate and Iterate : 8. Integrate and Iterate Put it all together and keep assessing optimal configurations
Identify system (in)compatibilities
Life Cycle Analysis : Life Cycle Analysis Various terminologies, same basic flow…
Advanced studies / mission analysis
Definition, design, develop, test, operate
Phase A, B, C/D and E
Life cycle cost estimates
R&D, DDT&E, manufacture, operate
MTBF, FMEA
Mission Concept and Architecture : Mission Concept and Architecture Crew – ECLSS, Biomedical CM’s, Radiation Protection
Orbits – transit time, delta v, park vs. direct
Elements
Space – ascent, orbit, entry, descent, landing (repeat!)
Surface – habitat, ISRU
Transportation - Launch, propulsion, GSE
Mission operations
flight and ground roles
logistics
C3
Mission Concept and Architecture : Mission Concept and Architecture Same vehicle up and back
Mercury, Gemini, Apollo, Shuttle
Multiple elements
Apollo (with LM), Skylab, ISS
Costs / Budgets
Development (COTS options?)
Launch mass
Politics…
Challenges : Challenges Safety – always number 1
Operational autonomy (live off the land)
Multi-functional vs. dissimilar redundancy
One item, many functions vs. same function, different items
Human needs
Life support
Health support
Human Factors Optimization
Robustness vs. Performance
Pareto curve
Semester Design Project : Semester Design Project Systems Analysis:
Minimal Mass
Lunar Lander
Ascent Stage
Earth Launch
CEV Rendezvous
TLI
Lunar Descent
Lunar Outpost impacts