THE EXECUTIVE BRANCH : THE EXECUTIVE BRANCH
HMMMMMMMMM….. : HMMMMMMMMM….. Where is the Executive Branch found in the Constitution?
What are the major powers of the president?
What is the bureaucracy and how does it relate to the president?
What are the qualifications to become president?
What about the vice-president?
How many years can one serve?
What is succession and how does it work?
Describe the process that is used to elect a president.
HMMMM…part II : HMMMM…part II What role does the president play in foreign affairs? Domestic affairs? Lawmaking? War? Party leadership?
What is the president’s relationship to the other two branches?
Who are the most significant advisors to the president?
What are the major organizations within the Executive Branch?
Describe the impeachment process
Checks and balances
Presidential Perceptions and the “expectations gap” : Presidential Perceptions and the “expectations gap” How do we view our president?
What do we want from him?
What are his powers?
What are the checks?
What is our strongest motivator in forming opinions about presidents?
What must they promise to win?
Can presidents deliver all they promise?
What determines the success of a president?
LEADERSHIP : LEADERSHIP
What do we want
in a President?
WHAT DO WE WANT….. : WHAT DO WE WANT….. Honesty
Integrity
Control
Leadership ability
Political savvy
Directness
Determined
Intelligence
Wit
Sense of humor
Dreamer Courage
Accountability
Openness
Communicative
Humaneness
Uniter
Fairness
Compassion
Idealistic
Committed
Good legislator
EXPECTATIONS……. WHAT DO WE WANT : EXPECTATIONS……. WHAT DO WE WANT
Bipartisanship
New ideas
Economic growth
Fewer taxes
More programs and services
More jobs
Better pay and benefits
Health care
Effective representation
Security
Education
WHAT WERE THEY THINKING? : WHAT WERE THEY THINKING? Founders wanted:
a multi-executive branch where everybody checked everybody
or….
one executive doing multiple tasks with significant power
Compromise: one executive, some power with checks
HIS HIGHNESS..... : HIS HIGHNESS..... In the Senate Vice President John Adams suggested that the newly elected president be addressed as “His Highness, the President of the United States and Protector of their Liberties”. After lengthy debate the Senate settled on the “President”.
CONSTITUTIONAL AUTHORITY : CONSTITUTIONAL AUTHORITY Article II, Sections 1-4
1 Establishes Presidency and Vice Presidency elected by the Electoral College for 4 year terms, qualifications, succession, salary and oath.
2 Commander and Chief, heads Cabinet, awards Reprieves and Pardons, negotiates treaties and confers federal appointments.
3 Presents the State of the Union, can convene congress in emergencies and is responsible for law implementation.
4 Impeachment-can be charged with treason, bribery or other high crimes and misdemeanors.
ESTABLISHING THE EXECUTIVE BRANCH : ESTABLISHING THE EXECUTIVE BRANCH
Inherent powers: presidential powers not explicitly noted in Constitution but implied as related to the office’s powers.
Bush implications…
CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENTS : CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENTS 12th Separate ballots (1804)
20th Term commencement (1933)
22nd Term limits (1951)
25th Succession (1967) VP
Inability to perform
(Reagan and Bush II)
CALIFORNIA’S PLURAL EXECUTIVE : CALIFORNIA’S PLURAL EXECUTIVE
Executive officials separately elected and independent of the governor
In the federal government similar positions (President’s Cabinet) are appointed by and beholden to the President.
THE EXECUTIVE BRANCH : THE EXECUTIVE BRANCH Governor: Arnold Schwarzenegger (38th)
Lt. Gov,: John Garamendi
Atty. General: Jerry Brown
Sec. of State: Debra Bowen
Insurance Commissioner: Steve Poizner
State Controller: John Chiang
State Treas.: Bill Lockyer
Superintendent of Pub. Ins.: Jack O’Connell
Note: All serve four year terms, can be reelected once
OATH OF OFFICE : OATH OF OFFICE
“I do solemnly swear that I will faithfully execute the Office of the President of the United States, and will to the best of my ability, preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of the United States.”
GEORGE WASHINGTON : GEORGE WASHINGTON Military commander of the Revolutionary Army
First President 1789-96
Refused third term
Elder Statesman
ROLES : ROLES Commander in Chief (leader of the armed services)
Chief Legislator (recommends and acts on legislation)
Chief Diplomat (treaties, executive agreements)
Chief Administrator (leader of the bureaucracy, implements policy, appointments, reprieves/pardons)
Head (Chief) of State (represents country)
Head of his/her political party
QUALIFICATIONS : QUALIFICATIONS 35 years of age or older
14 years U..S. residency
Natural born citizen*
Martin Van Buren (8th)
*How do you feel about that?
$400,000 plus…. : $400,000 plus…. Taxable income*: $765,801
Federal tax:
$186,378
Charitable donations: $78,100
*salary plus investment income (blind trust) as reported by the president and his wife for 2006
THE BENEFITS : THE BENEFITS
A nice house
A salary of $400,000 per year (taxable)
Expense account of $50,000 per year (taxable)
Travel expenses of $100,000 per year (tax-free)
Secret Service protection*
Pension, on retirement, cabinet member's salary (taxable)
Staff support on leaving the presidency
A place in the country - Camp David
A personal airplane - Air Force One
A fine chef (24/7)
*Lifetime up to Bill Clinton, President Bush will have ten years
FLAT BROKE AND BUSTED : FLAT BROKE AND BUSTED Some presidents left office impoverished including James Monroe, Ulysses S. Grant and Harry Truman.
Herbert Hoover accepted funds to save Harry Truman from embarrassment.
TAKING CARE OF THE EX’es : TAKING CARE OF THE EX’es 1958 Former Presidents’ Act
Salary: equal to Cabinet Secretaries ($191,000 in 2007)
Health care
Secret Service Protection (inc. immediate family)
Use of residence at 716 Jackson Place (D.C.)
Operating budget: office, equipment, supplies, postage, secretary etc.
Can address the Senate
2006 EXPENSES* : 2006 EXPENSES* Pensions, staff salaries/benefits, travel, office rental, telephone, postage, printing, supplies, equipment etc. (per year)
Ford-$542,000
Carter-$504,000
Bush-$728,000
Clinton-$1,125,000
Total: $2,899,000
*plus Secret Service protection,
medical care, presidential
library and a State funeral
2008 REQUESTS : 2008 REQUESTS
Jimmy Carter $518,000
George Bush $786,000
Bill Clinton $1.16 million
PENSION BENEFITS : PENSION BENEFITS Former presidents (regardless of terms) 180,100 (equal to cabinet secretaries)
Former vice-presidents $27,653 after eight years of service
Former chief justice $208,100 annually (full salary) after reaching 65 years of age and 15 years of service
Former associate justices $199,200
PRESIDENTS BY AGE (Years and Tenths of a Year) : PRESIDENTS BY AGE (Years and Tenths of a Year) YOUNGEST
Teddy Roosevelt 42.9
(McKinley assassination)
John Kennedy 43.7 (youngest elected)
Bill Clinton 46.4
Ulysses Grant 46.9
Grover Cleveland 48.0
Note: current President, George W. Bush 54.5 when elected in 2000
OLDEST
Zachary Taylor 64.3
George Bush 64.6
James Buchanan 65.9
William Harrison 68.1
Ronald Reagan 69.9*
*Oldest living-Reagan, 93 (died in 2004)
ROOSEVELT AND REAGAN : ROOSEVELT AND REAGAN
DOES IT MATTER? : DOES IT MATTER?
Lincoln 6’4”
L. Johnson 6’3”
Clinton 6’2”½”
Jefferson 6’2 ½”
Arthur 6’2”
Note: G.W. Bush 5’11”
J.Q. Adams 5’7”
McKinley 5’7”
Harrison 5’6”
Van Buren 5’6”
Madison 5’4”
MADISON AND LINCOLN : MADISON AND LINCOLN
CHOOSING THE PRESIDENT The Electoral College : CHOOSING THE PRESIDENT The Electoral College
BY THE NUMBERS Winning in the Electoral College : BY THE NUMBERS Winning in the Electoral College
Total electors voting: 538
House (435), Senate (100), Wash. DC (3)*
Needed to win: 270
Vote in December (following the popular vote in November), results announced in January
*awarded by the 23rd amendment in 1961
NO MAJORITY (270)? : NO MAJORITY (270)? Without a majority the House votes for President and the Senate selects the Vice President. Each state gets one vote.
1800 tie-Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr
House chose Jefferson
1824 Quincy Adams and Andrew Jackson
House chose Adams
THE ELECTORS : THE ELECTORS Electors chosen by each state’s political parties (Republican, Democrat, Green etc.)
Results are forwarded to Washington DC
Electors traditionally vote according to the majority vote in their respective states
Electors are not required to vote as their state votes (has occurred and has not been a factor in any election)
CALIFORNIA VOTE : CALIFORNIA VOTE The state’s 55 electoral votes are cast and counted in the capitol in December of a Presidential election year.
The process is presided over by the Governor.
Electors earn $10 and $.05 a mile.
ELECTORAL COLLEGE REPRESENTATION : ELECTORAL COLLEGE REPRESENTATION
California leads the nation with the largest delegation in the Electoral College:
53 Representatives
2 Senators
55 Electoral voters
Note: These are not our actual Representatives and Senators
ELECTORAL COLLEGE : ELECTORAL COLLEGE What is it?
Winner take all except Maine and Nebraska
Who elects the President?
Popular (the people) vote vs. electoral vote
Without a majority the House votes for President and the Senate selects the Vice President.
ELECTORAL COLLEGE : ELECTORAL COLLEGE Article II, Section 1
People vote for electors
Electors vote for Pres. & V.P.
Each state (Reps. + Sens.)
Needed 270 to win (538 total)
Count by current Vice President
Popular vote-1st Tuesday in November
College vote-1st Monday after the 2nd Wednesday in December
House and Senate responsibilities if electoral majorities are not attained
BUT I WON! : BUT I WON! 1876 Hayes won electoral vote, Tilden popular vote.
1888 Harrison won electoral vote, Cleveland won popular vote.
2000 Bush won electoral vote, Gore won popular vote.
Slide40 : 2000 and 2004 elections
2000 Bush v Gore
2004 Bush v Kerry
MULTIPLE TERMS SINCE 1900 : MULTIPLE TERMS SINCE 1900
Wilson, FDR, Eisenhower, Nixon, Reagan, Clinton and George W.
Four failed-Taft, Hoover, Carter and George H.W. Bush
PRESIDENTIAL MODELS, WORKING WITH THE CONSTITUTION : PRESIDENTIAL MODELS, WORKING WITH THE CONSTITUTION Restrictive: strict constructionist (Taft)
Prerogative: loose constructionist (Lincoln)
Stewardship: only when necessary within the constitution (T.Roosevelt)
POWERS : POWERS Executive Privilege (1974, except in criminal proceedings)
Legislative
Executive Orders (given to the Bureaucracy clarifying treaties and laws)
Reprieves and Pardons (excepting impeachment convictions)
Executive Agreements (Case Act of 1972), 10 times # of treaties.
State of the Union
Treaties
Veto (pocket, line item)*
Impoundment (withholding or deferring funds) 1984 act
Appointments (recess)
*Pocket veto cannot be
overridden (1996-1998)
President Clinton was
authorized by Congress to
employ the power of the line veto
C’MON BACK…….. : C’MON BACK…….. President can convene a special session of congress as related to national security
Last time 1933, FDR in the Great Depression
Can also adjourn Congress if it cannot agree to
Slide45 :
State of the Union: president is required “from time to time” to address the congress
1790, Washington first address
1800 Jefferson broke tradition sent written message (practice lasted about 100 years)
1912 Wilson reestablished the oral tradition
1993 (Clinton) and 2001 (Bush) did not give State of the Unions (starting out first terms)
From duty to power?
THIS IS WHERE WE’VE BEEN,
THIS IS WHERE WE ARE AND
THIS IS WHERE WE’RE GOING
RECESS APPOINTMENTS : RECESS APPOINTMENTS President has the authority to appoint federal officials, judges and ambassadors without Senate approval if congress is not in session
Appointments end at the conclusion of the existing congressional session
Candidates are then submitted to the Senate for consideration to the permanent post
President can keep a person in the position without approval if the individual is not paid
RECESS APPOINTMENTS : RECESS APPOINTMENTS Reagan-240
Bush I-77
Clinton-140
Bush II-106 (1st term)
SUPREME COURT APPOINTMENTS? : SUPREME COURT APPOINTMENTS? Recess appointments may include ambassadors, judges and federal officials
Fifteen justices have been placed on the Supreme Court through the “recess” process
President Eisenhower:
1950 William Brennan
1953 Earl Warren
1958 Potter Stewart (not confirmed)
RECESS! : RECESS! Alejandro Wolff, acting Ambassador
2005 recess appointment of John Bolton as the United States Ambassador to the United Nations (Democratic filibuster derailed nomination in the Senate)
Term ran out and Bolton’s nomination was stopped in the Senate
EXECUTIVE WHAT? : EXECUTIVE WHAT?
Executive Agreements and Treaties
Executive Orders and Legislative Law
Executive Privilege and the other branches
EXECUTIVE PRIVILEDGE (What happens in the White House, stays in the White House!) : EXECUTIVE PRIVILEDGE (What happens in the White House, stays in the White House!)
Allows presidents to protect confidants from testifying in congress or before the courts
Used since President Washington
First invoked (current term) by President Eisenhower in the 1950’s refusing to honor requests by Senator McCarthy
Used by President Nixon but overruled by the Supreme Court
In play by President Bush to keep advisors and appointees (past and present) from testifying before Congress on the firings of U.S. attorneys and the CIA outing case of Valerie Plame
KEEPING SECRETS : KEEPING SECRETS
Each branch is given a certain level of confidentiality between congresspersons and their staffs, judges and their clerks and the president and his staff.
Presidents Washington, Jefferson, Madison, Jackson, Polk, Lincoln, both Roosevelts, Truman, Eisenhower (coined phrase), Kennedy, Reagan and others have invoked executive privilege.
CHECK, CHECK, CHECK : CHECK, CHECK, CHECK Congress subpoenas President’s advisors
President claims executive privilege
Congress holds advisors in contempt and requests prosecution by the Justice Department
President orders the department not to prosecute
What could happen to resolve this Constitutional issue?
WHEELIN’ AND DEALIN’ : WHEELIN’ AND DEALIN’ Executive Agreements
To date approximately 5,000
Do not require Senate approval
Not binding on future administrations
Note: In the Case Act of 1972 President must inform congress of all executive agreements within sixty days. (foreign affairs)
Treaties
To date approximately 900
2-3’s approval vote of the Senate
Binding on future administrations
BY ORDER OF THE PRESIDENT : BY ORDER OF THE PRESIDENT
Executive orders must be based on laws passed by Congress or the constitutional powers of the President
50-100 per year
EXECUTIVE ORDERS : EXECUTIVE ORDERS 1863 President Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation
1948 President Truman, integration of the armed forces
1965 President Johnson on Affirmative Action on federal contracts
1976 President Ford, forbids assassination of foreign leaders
1980’s President Reagan banned abortion counseling in federally supported clinics
1993 President Clinton, troops in Kosovo and overturned Reagan’s on abortion counseling.
THE PARDON : THE PARDON The President has the authority to pardon anyone for a federal offense at any time during his/her presidency at any point in the criminal process (federal forgiveness)
Cannot pardon anyone convicted of impeachment
Cannot pardon him/herself
Commutation: cuts short an existing prison term
THE PARDON PROCESS : THE PARDON PROCESS End of year tradition
Review by the Office of the Pardon Attorney (Department of Justice)
Final decision-President Factors:
Seriousness of the crime
How old is the crime
Responsibility/remorse
Rehabilitation
Compelling need
Official recommendations
PROCESS : PROCESS By Justice Department guidelines: require a candidate to wait five years after release from prison. Review process can take up to two more years By Constitution, Article II, Section 2: allows the president complete discretion
THE PARDON : THE PARDON Article II, section 2
Virtually “Uncheckable”
Nixon pardon by Ford
Iran/Contra pardons by Bush
Rich pardon by Clinton
16-Washington
0-Harrison and Garfield
3,683-FDR
2,031-Truman
1187-Johnson
926-Nixon
Ford
563-Carter
406-Reagan
77-H.W. Bush
457-Clinton
113 Bush (through 2006)
THE PARDON : THE PARDON July 27-30, 1974 House Committee approved three articles of impeachment
August 9, 1974 President Nixon resigned the presidency under the threat of impeachment
President Ford pardoned President Nixon on September 8, 1974
Pardon may be granted to anyone suspected, accused or convicted of any federal crime.
President Ford was defeated in his bid to be elected President
NOTABLE PARDONS : NOTABLE PARDONS Civil War southerners
Viet Nam deserters
Nixon by President Ford
Iran Contra (Reagan’s agents) by President Bush
Rich and Clinton by President Clinton
Libby? By President Bush?
BUSH PARDONS AND “SCOOTER” LIBBY : BUSH PARDONS AND “SCOOTER” LIBBY Through December, 2006 President Bush has issued 113 pardons and commuted three sentences
Libby?
Accused of “outing” CIA agent Valerie Plame
Lying to a Grand Jury and the FBI
Indicted on five counts
(possible 30 years, $1.25 million in fines)
June sentencing of 2 ½ years and $250,000 fine
THE END OF LIBBY? : THE END OF LIBBY? The individual charges and their corresponding verdicts in the trial of former White House aide I. Lewis "Scooter" Libby:
Obstruction of justice-Guilty
False statements to FBI investigators (concerning conversations with NBC newsman Tim Russert)-Guilty
False statement to FBI investigators (concerning conversations with Time reporter Matt Cooper)-Not guilty
Perjury to the grand jury (Russert conversation)-Guilty
Perjury to the grand jury (Cooper conversation)-Guilty
Source: NBC News (March, 2007)
LIBBY’ OPTIONS? : LIBBY’ OPTIONS? 1. In the judicial process what may transpire?
2. Once Libby’s rights of appeal are exhausted
what may happen?
3. What are the consequences if #2 occurs?
Note: July 2, 2007 President Bush commuted the sentence of
Mr. Libby. Must serve probation (two years and pay
fine ($250,000 but will not do time (2 ½ years)
SCOOTER VS. PARIS : SCOOTER VS. PARIS
Scooter, convicted of obstruction of justice
Imprisonment: 0 days
Paris, convicted of driving without a valid license
Jail time: 23 days
A QUESTION OF LAW, THE VETO : A QUESTION OF LAW, THE VETO A bill becomes law when:
the President signs it.
the President allows it to sit on his desk (unsigned) for 10 days while Congress is in session. A bill does not become law when:
the President vetoes it.
the President allows it to sit on his desk (unsigned) for less than 10 days and Congress adjourns. This is called a “pocket veto”.
I’M WARNING YA!!! : I’M WARNING YA!!! Policy statements: written comments issued by the Office of the President on pending legislation
Support of bills
Threats (veto)
THE VETO-NOT! : THE VETO-NOT! President’s ability to negate legislation.
Requires a 2/3 vote override in both houses.
President Bush in 1+ terms has vetoed one piece of legislation (embryonic stem cell research).
Currently three
Here they come..............
Since 1789: 2,551 vetoes, 106 overridden
BY THE NUMBERS PRESIDENTIAL VETOES* : BY THE NUMBERS PRESIDENTIAL VETOES* Franklin Roosevelt, 635, success rate 97.6%
Harry Truman, 250, success rate 93.3%
Dwight Eisenhower, 181, success rate 97.3%
John Kennedy, 21, success rate 100%
Lyndon Johnson, 30, success rate 100%
Richard Nixon, 43, success rate 73.1%
Gerald Ford, 66, success rate 75%
Jimmy Carter, 31, success rate 84.6%
Ronald Reagan, 78, success rate 76.9%
George H.W. Bush, 46, success rate 96.6%
Bill Clinton, 36, success rate 94.4%
George W. Bush, 1, success rate 100%
*up to President Clinton most congresses were dominated by a majority of Democrats
PRESIDENTIAL SIGNINGS (the silent veto) : PRESIDENTIAL SIGNINGS (the silent veto) Purpose: a presidential signing (Federal Register) usually is issued to accomplish one of the following:
1) explanation to the public of the affects
of a particular bill becoming law
2) direction to bureaucrats on interpretation and
enforcement
3) caution that one or more provisions (if fully enacted)
could be unconstitutional or an abuse of presidential powers
(Constitution or inherent)
History: present throughout history (early 19th century), although broadened under the Reagan and subsequent administrations to “rewrite or reinterpret” laws passed by congress
KEEPING BUSY… : KEEPING BUSY… Although the president has not vetoed any bills he has issued over 700 signings since 2001 (more than all past presidents combined)
Reagan-71 (first to use it regularly as a presidential power tool)
Bush I-146
Clinton-105
June, 2006 Senate hearing on the usage and legality of presidential signings (over 700)
The “right” to disregard any part of a bill that may infringe upon presidential authority/powers.
OVER 200 MILITARY ACTIONS, 5 DECLARED WARS : OVER 200 MILITARY ACTIONS, 5 DECLARED WARS War of 1812 (1812-1815) with Great Britain over territorial and sea rights. (Madison)
Mexican-American War (1846-1848) with Mexico over western and mid western territory (Polk)?
Spanish-American War (1898) with Spain over economic interests & terr. (McKinley)
WWI (1917-1918) with Germany over national interests (Taft)
WW II (1941-1945) with Germany, Japan & Italy in response to attack on Pearl Harbor
A QUESTION OF WAR : A QUESTION OF WAR
Who declares?
Who funds?
Conditional funding…
Who leads?
Joint authorization to the President to combat terrorism following Sept. 11, 2000. Passed January, 2001. : Joint authorization to the President to combat terrorism following Sept. 11, 2000. Passed January, 2001. IN GENERAL- That the President is authorized to use all necessary and appropriate force against those nations, organizations, or persons he determines planned, authorized, committed, or aided the terrorist attacks that occurred on September 11, 2001, or harbored such organizations or persons, in order to prevent any future acts of international terrorism against the United States by such nations, organizations or persons. Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of the US of America in Congress assembled, That the Congress approves and supports the determination of the President, as Cmdr in Chief, to take all necessary measures to repel any armed attack against the forces of the US and to prevent further aggression.
THE REAL DEAL : THE REAL DEAL Congress is reconsidering the 2001 resolution to narrow its scope, particularly as it pertains to the war in Iraq, Afghanistan and Pakistan.
Congress is also contemplating reconstituting the Iraq Study Group to continue its work.
How could these pending actions affect the
President’s war powers and why?
WAR POWER LAST FIFTY YEARS : WAR POWER LAST FIFTY YEARS 1950-53 Korea (N.Korea & China, Truman)
1956-75 Viet Nam (N.Viet Nam & Viet Cong, Eisenhower, Kennedy, Johnson, Nixon)
1965 Dominican Republic (Dominican rebels, Johnson)
1982-84 Lebanon (Syria & various Muslim & leftist Lebanese militias, Reagan)
1983 Grenada (Marxist Grenadian faction
& Cuba, Reagan)
1989 Panama (Panama, Bush)
1991-present Iraq (Iraq, Bush, Clinton, Bush)
THE REAL DEAL : THE REAL DEAL In June of 2007 the House of Representatives (247-176) and the Senate (63-34) passed a new embryonic stem cell research bill
President Bush has indicated that he will veto the bill
Do the houses have the votes to override the probable veto?
THE GOOD NEWS IS, “YOU’VE WON THE PRESIDENCY….” : THE GOOD NEWS IS, “YOU’VE WON THE PRESIDENCY….”
The bad news is, “You’ve won the presidency.”
Presence in Iraq will likely extend well beyond President Bush’s tenure
The winner in 2008 inherits the war on terrorism and the war in Iraq and …….
WAR POWERS ACT*, A CHECK? : WAR POWERS ACT*, A CHECK?
1973 Presidents required to consult with Congress when sending troops abroad to defend country or assist allies (within 48 hours) and must withdraw troops in sixty days if Congress does not declare war.
*passed over Nixon’s veto
EXTRAORDINARY POWERS : EXTRAORDINARY POWERS
John Adams and the Alien and Sedition Acts (punishment of anti-government speech)
Abraham Lincoln and the suspension of habeas corpus (the right to challenge one’s detention by the government)
Woodrow Wilson and his support of prosecution of those who criticized the war effort (WWI)
Franklin Roosevelt and his detention of Japanese-Americans
Lyndon Johnson and his approval of domestic wiretapping on citizens (and some congresspersons)
Richard Nixon and his approval of domestic wiretapping of so called “subversives”
Bill Clinton and his quiet consolidation of presidential executive orders enabling the president to suspend civil liberties in a national emergency
George W. Bush and his approval of domestic wiretapping of those suspected of terrorist ties
ORDER OF SUCCESSION Next up..... : ORDER OF SUCCESSION Next up..... 1792 Succession Act (President, Vice President, President Pro tem, Speaker of the House.
1886 Succession Act (President, Vice President, Cabinet secretaries)
1947 Succession Act (President, Vice President, Speaker of the House, President Pro tem, Cabinet secretaries.
WHO’S UP? : WHO’S UP?
Vice President ________________
Speaker of the House ______________
Senate Pro Tem ________________
Secretary of State ________________
Secretary of Homeland Security _________
WHO’S UP? : WHO’S UP?
Vice President: Dick Cheney
Speaker of the House: Nancy Pelosi
Senate Pro Tem: Robert Byrd
Secretary of State: Condoleeza Rice
Secretary of Homeland Security: Michael Chertoff
CABINET SUCCESSION : CABINET SUCCESSION State 1789
Treasury 1789
Defense 1947
War 1789
Navy 1798
Justice 1789
Interior 1849
Agriculture 1889
Commerce 1889
Labor 1913
Health & Human Res. 1953
Housing & Urban Dev. 1965
Transportation 1966
Energy 1977
Education 1979
Veterans Affairs 1989
Homeland Security 2003
25th AMENDMENT (1967) : 25th AMENDMENT (1967) When the VP replaces the President due to death, resignation or impeachment conviction the new President selects a new VP with majority approval of Congress
When the President is temporarily disabled he/she notifies the Speaker and President pro tem that presidential authority is being transferred to the VP (1985 President Reagan/Bush II and 2002 and 2007 Bush I to Cheney)
If the President is unable to serve and cannot or will not give up power the VP and the majority of the Cabinet or a special agency or panel (i.e.: doctors) established by Congress can execute the transfer
SUCCESSION IN THE LAST 40 YEARS…. : SUCCESSION IN THE LAST 40 YEARS…. 1963 President Kennedy Assassinated, VP Johnson becomes President
No VP 1963-65*
1973 VP Agnew resigns in a plea bargain
1973 Ford appointed VP by Nixon
1974 Nixon resigned
1974 Ford becomes President+
1975 Ford appoints Rockefeller VP
*11 times no VP. No provision until 1967.
+Only person to serve as Pres. And VP without being elected to either.
TABLE FOR ONE? : TABLE FOR ONE? Presidents without Vice Presidents:
John Tyler, 1841
Millard Fillmore, 1850
Franklin Pierce
Andrew Johnson, 1865
Ulysses Grant
Chester Arthur, 1881
Grover Cleveland
William McKinley
William Taft
Calvin Coolidge, 1923
Harry Truman, 1954
Lyndon Johnson, 1963
EXECUTIVE OFFICE : EXECUTIVE OFFICE
THE PRESIDENT’S WORK SPACE : THE PRESIDENT’S WORK SPACE
WHERE THE COUNTRY’S BUSINESS IS DONE…
THE WHITE HOUSE : THE WHITE HOUSE 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue
Previously known as the “President’s Palace”, the President’s House”, the “Executive Mansion”
President Theodore Roosevelt officially named it the “White House” in 1901
First occupied in 1909 by President Taft
THE WHITE HOUSE? : THE WHITE HOUSE?
The house acquired its nickname early on. Congressman Abijah Bigelow wrote to a colleague on March 18, 1812 (three months before the United States entered war with England): "There is much trouble at the White House, as we call it, I mean the President's". The name, though in common use, remained a nickname until September 1901, when Theodore Roosevelt made it official.
OVAL OFFICE : OVAL OFFICE
SITUATION ROOM : SITUATION ROOM
High level, high tech, confidential, security meetings
Established by JFK
Renovated by President Bush
CRAWFORD, TEXAS : CRAWFORD, TEXAS 1600 acre ranch
CAMP DAVID Home away from home…. : CAMP DAVID Home away from home….
AIR FORCE ONE etc. : AIR FORCE ONE etc. Moving the President about………
AT WORK IN THE AIR : AT WORK IN THE AIR
POLITICAL DYNASTIES : POLITICAL DYNASTIES Adams
Roosevelts
Kennedys
Bushes-Herbert Walker Bush, George Walker Bush, Jeb Bush, ???
PRESIDENT GEORGE WALKER BUSH : PRESIDENT GEORGE WALKER BUSH
2000-2008
THE BUSH RESUME : THE BUSH RESUME
Born: 1946 (Connecticut)
Grew up in Texas
Married, two daughters
Bachelor’s in History from Yale (1968)
Texas Air National Guard (fighter pilot)
Master’s in Business from Harvard (1975)
Partnership owner in the energy field (oil)
Partnership owner in baseball (Rangers)
Governor of Texas (1995-2000)
President of the United States (2001-present)
APPROVAL RATINGS FOR PRESIDENT BUSH : APPROVAL RATINGS FOR PRESIDENT BUSH
April 2003 75%
June 2005 43%
Highest 75%
Lowest 40% May 2004 and March 2005
Four October 2006 polls averaged out to 37%
POLLING BY GALLUP : POLLING BY GALLUP
WRITING HISTORY………….. : WRITING HISTORY…………..
Disputed election of 2000 (Bush v. Gore)
September 11th attacks
War on Terrorism-WMD’s, Afghanistan, Iraq, ?
War in Iraq-2000 dead, exit strategy
Two term president (Blue states v Red states)
Tax cuts
Deficit spending
High energy costs
Social Security reform
Appointments to the Supreme Court (Roberts, Miers, ?)
White House scandals
EXECUTIVE OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT (EOP) : EXECUTIVE OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT (EOP) Housed next to the White House (Eisenhower Building)
Four major policy making bodies
National Security Council (foreign and military
policy)
Council of Economic Advisors (Economic
policy)
Office of Management and Budget (oversees
development and management of the budget)
Office of Homeland Security (advises President on
matters regarding domestic security)
EXECUTIVE OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT (EOP) : EXECUTIVE OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT (EOP) Council of Economic Advisors
Council of Environmental Quality
National Critical Materials Council
National Security Council
Office of Administration
Office of Management and Budget Office of Policy Development
Office of the U.S. Trade Representative
Office of Science and Technology Policy
Office of the Vice President
Office of National Drug Control Policy
White House Office
THE INNER CIRCLE : THE INNER CIRCLE
Karl Rove, Deputy Chief of Staff, Political Strategist
Karen Hughes, Assistant Secretary of State, White House Counselor
IN THE EAR OF THE PRESIDENT : IN THE EAR OF THE PRESIDENT Gates and Rice
THE VP IN THE BACKGROUND : THE VP IN THE BACKGROUND
Dick Cheney, Vice President, primary confident and advisor (“chief executive officer to the “board chairman”)
THE GATE KEEPER A CONFIDANT : THE GATE KEEPER A CONFIDANT
Chief of Staff Joshua Bolten determines who has access to the president
Dan Bartlett (resigning)
Senior Presidential Advisor
WHITE HOUSE SPOKESPERSON : WHITE HOUSE SPOKESPERSON
Tony Snow (Fox News) who speaks on behalf of the President relaying information and announcements to the media.
Replaced Scott McClellan, April, 2006
MEET THE PRESS : MEET THE PRESS
Solo (22 times in roughly six years)
With heads of state (upon state visits)
INNER CIRCLE TROUBLE : INNER CIRCLE TROUBLE
Cheney implications
Libby indictments (obstruction, false statements to the FBI, perjury to the Grand Jury
Rove, chief political strategist
Claude Adams, top domestic advisor
Attorney General Gonzales
THE DYNAMIC DUO : THE DYNAMIC DUO Vice President is completely dependent upon the President for his work.
The President is not authorized to remove the Vice President.
Next in succession
Heads the Senate, breaks ties (Cheney-11 times)
Earns $192,600 a year
VP, WHO WANTS IT? : VP, WHO WANTS IT? “I do not propose to be buried until I am really dead.” Daniel Webster turning down the VP in 1840
“Once there were two brothers. One ran away to sea the other was elected VP of the U.S. and nothing was heard of either of them again.” Thomas Marshall (Woodrow Wilson, 1913-21)
“….like a man in a cataleptic fit, he cannot speak, he cannot move, he suffers no pain. He is perfectly conscious of all that goes on, but has not part in it.”
“I believe I’m entitled to make a few remarks because I’m about to enter a 4 year period of silence.” Charles Dawes (Calvin Coolidge, 1925-29)
“The job….is not worth a pitcher of warm piss.” John Garner (Franklin Roosevelt, 1933-41)
“Standby equipment” Nelson Rockefeller (Gerald Ford, 1975)
THANKS, BUT NO THANKS (2004 CAMPAIGN) : THANKS, BUT NO THANKS (2004 CAMPAIGN) “I spent several years in a North Viet Nam prison camp, in the dark, fed with scraps. Do you think I want to do that all over again as Vice President?” John McCain, Senator, Arizona
“I would not accept it at gunpoint.” Bill Richardson, Governor, New Mexico
THE VICE PRESIDENT : THE VICE PRESIDENT Constitutional provision
Evolution of the position
History’s notables
THEN AND NOW : THEN AND NOW 19th century-balancing the ticket, gathering votes, closely aligned to congress
Early 20th century, attending meetings, working with congress, liaison to foreign governments
Late 20th century to the present, capable, involved, active meaningful roles
WHY? : WHY? Growth of government
Influence of television
Influence of the Internet
Need for a qualified stand by
Need for partnership
ACCOMPLISHED VPs : ACCOMPLISHED VPs
Walter Mondale (relations with congress, Washington expertise) Carter
Al Gore (Bureaucracy revamping (Washington expertise) Clinton
Dick Cheney (Foreign and Washington expertise) Bush
THE LAUNCHING PAD? : THE LAUNCHING PAD? 14 vice presidents have advanced from their positions to the presidency…….
John Adams, 1796
Thomas Jefferson, 1800
Teddy Roosevelt, 1904
Lyndon Johnson, 1963
Richard Nixon, 1968
Gerald Ford, 1974
George Bush, 1988
THE FIRST LADY* : THE FIRST LADY*
Constitutional provision
Evolution of the title
History’s notables
* James Buchanan did not marry.
FROM HOMEMAKERS TO POLICY MAKERS : FROM HOMEMAKERS TO POLICY MAKERS No constitutional authority
Non-elected, no salary
Up until Eleanor Roosevelt most first ladies were confined to raising children, hosting White House functions, maintaining the White House and supporting their husbands.
THE MODERN FIRST LADY : THE MODERN FIRST LADY First ladies have taken a more active, visible role in their husbands’ presidencies.
Each develops their own sense of style and often adopt “projects” to promote.
Office in the East and West Wing with a staff of approximately 20 aides.
NOTABLE FIRST LADIES : NOTABLE FIRST LADIES Edith Wilson: ran White House during husband’s illness
Eleanor Roosevelt: civil rights, women’s rights
Jackie Kennedy: the arts and glamour
Lady Bird Johnson: first presidential candidate’s wife to campaign alone
Rosalynn Carter: sat in on White House meetings
Nancy Reagan: close confident of President, “Just say no”
Barbara Bush: literacy promotion
Hillary Clinton: health care, first first lady to be elected to congress
LAURA BUSH : LAURA BUSH
Today’s First Lady
Roles
CABINET ADVISORS : CABINET ADVISORS Departments: State (1789), Treasury (1789), Defense (1947, War, 1789, Navy 1798), Justice (1789), Interior (1849), Agriculture (1889), Commerce (1889), Labor (1913), Health & Human Resources (1953), Housing & Urban Development (1965), Transportation (1966), Energy (1977), Education (1979), Veterans Affairs (1989) and
Homeland Security (2003)
NATIONAL SECURITY COUNCIL : NATIONAL SECURITY COUNCIL
Purpose: Advise and assist President on National and Foreign security matters
NATIONAL SECURITY COUNCIL : NATIONAL SECURITY COUNCIL Chair?
Membership: Vice President, Department of Justice, Department of Defense, Department of State, National Security Advisor, Central Intelligence Agency Director, National Intelligence Director, Joint Chiefs of Staff, Homeland Security Director and Secretary of the Treasury.
Who are they?
NATIONAL SECURITY COUNCIL : NATIONAL SECURITY COUNCIL President: George W. Bush (chair)
Vice President: Dick Cheney
Dept. of Justice: Alberto Gonzales
Dept. of Defense: Robert Gates
Dept. of State: Condoleeza Rice
Dept. of Treasury: John W. Snow
Nat. Security Advisor: Stephen Hadley
Central Intel. Agency: Gen. Michael Hayden
National Intelligence Director: John Negroponte
Joint Chiefs of Staff: Admiral Mike Mullen (Navy)
Dept. of Homeland Security: Michael Chertoff
NATIONAL SECURITY AGENCY : NATIONAL SECURITY AGENCY
Established by Truman executive order
Largest intelligence gathering organization
Run by Director of National Intelligence (John Negroponte) in the Department of Defense
Domestic wire-tapping
THE INTELLIGENCE COMMUNITY : THE INTELLIGENCE COMMUNITY National Security Agency/Central Security Service (NSA/CSS)
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA)
Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)
Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA)
National Reconnaissance Office (NRO)
Department of Energy (DoE)
Army Intelligence
Air Force Intelligence (AIA)
Navy Intelligence (ONI)
Marine Corps Intelligence
Department of Treasury (OIS)
Department of State (INR)
Coast Guard and
Department of Homeland Security (DHS)
PRESIDENTIAL DAILY BRIEFINGS : PRESIDENTIAL DAILY BRIEFINGS National and international security discussion points
Who contributes
Who coordinates
FOREIGN INTELLIGENCE SURVEILLANCE ACT (1978) : FOREIGN INTELLIGENCE SURVEILLANCE ACT (1978)
FBI and NSA requests permission to wiretap or search
Department of Justice applies for authorization to obtain foreign intelligence information (national security)
May appeal to a panel of three and the Supreme Court
Court has seven federal district court judges (staggered terms) appointed by Chief Justice of the Supreme Court serving in various circuits.
Records are sealed even to those being investigated.
Powers expanded by President Clinton to include physical searches and information gathered may be used in criminal trials (1995)
Since 1978 almost 9000 warrants issued, five denied
Emergency provision allows for 72 hr. taps with retroactive notification to the court
Current negotiations between president and congress to revise
FISA CASES/TERROR ACTICS : FISA CASES/TERROR ACTICS Cases Terrorist attacks
Clinton 1993 World Trade Center
1997 749 apps, 748 approved 1993 Plot to assassinate Pres. Bush
1998 796 apps, 796 approved 1998 Embassy bombings in Kenya
1999 886 apps, 880 approved and Tanzania
2000 1005 apps, 1003 approved 2000 Ramming of USS Cole
Bush 2001 September 11th attacks
2001 932 apps, 934 approved Throughout the 90’s a series of
(2 amended and resubmitted from 2000) terrorist attacks by kidnapping
2002 1228 apps, 1226 approved and killing particularly in South
2003 1727 apps, 1727 approved America and the Middle East
2004 1758 apps, 1758 approved
PRESIDENTIAL POWERS : PRESIDENTIAL POWERS Bush and the National Security Agency
Wiretaps ordered without FISA approval
Domestic spying
Presidential prerogative? Constitutional abuse/
CHECKS AND BALANCES : CHECKS AND BALANCES
CHECKS : CHECKS By Congress
Senate confirmation of appointments (i.e.: cabinet secretaries, ambassadors, judicial)
Senate confirmation of treaties
Congressional veto over-ride
Independent counsel
Budget development and oversight
Restricting legislation (i.e.: Case Act, War Powers Act, Budget and Impoundment Act)
Impeachment proceedings
CONGRESSIONAL CHECKS : CONGRESSIONAL CHECKS War Powers Act (1974) President may send troops into hostile action for 60 days notifying Congress within 48 hours
Case Act (Executive Agreements) President must notify Congress within sixty days
The Budget and Impoundment Control Act (1974)
President may delay spending unless forbidden by Congress
To terminate a program he must seek congressional approval within 45 days
CHECKS : CHECKS By the judicial branch:
Judicial Review
Impeachment proceedings
By the Media
By the Party
By the People
By World Leaders
JUST HOW POWERFUL IS THE PRESIDENT? : JUST HOW POWERFUL IS THE PRESIDENT?
Checks and balances
Other world leaders (democratic prime ministers)
OTHER HIGH CRIMES AND MISDEMEANORS? : OTHER HIGH CRIMES AND MISDEMEANORS? Watergate and President Nixon-eventual retirement
Iran-Contra-uncertainty and no formal charges
Whitewater-the tip of the iceberg
IMPEACHMENTS : IMPEACHMENTS
IMPEACHMENT, THE PROCESS : IMPEACHMENT, THE PROCESS
House member/committee requests an impeachment inquiry
Judicial Committee investigates to determine if evidence is sufficient
Judicial Committee conducts investigation, develops and votes on articles
House of Representatives considers and votes on Articles of Impeachment (majority vote)
Senate tries the accused as a jury of 100 with a team of House members prosecuting.
President is represented by his/her own legal team
Chief Justice presides
2/3 vote for conviction by the Senate and removal from office
The president, members of congress and judges may be impeached
THE INFAMOUS 2.5 : THE INFAMOUS 2.5
1868 Andrew Johnson
1975 Richard Nixon*
1998 Bill Clinton
*Impeached by the House and resigned.
ANDREW JOHNSON : ANDREW JOHNSON VP to Lincoln
Non supporter of Reconstruction and rights of freed slaves
Veto power
Fired Secretary of War
Impeached (11 articles) and survived by one vote
RICHARD M. NIXON : RICHARD M. NIXON Watergate scandal-the break-in and subsequent cover-up
Executive privilege-maintaining the tapes
House articles-three approved for impeachment (summer, 1974)
Obstruction of justice, abuse of power, contempt of congress
Within weeks Nixon’s resignation
NIXON LEGACY : NIXON LEGACY
US and China, no diplomatic relations since 1949
Fought a proxy war in Korea and another in Viet Nam
Nixon sought out partnership with China to ally against the USSR
Nixon trip 1972
WILLIAM JEFFERSON CLINTON : WILLIAM JEFFERSON CLINTON Paula Jones suit and Monica Lewinsky affair
Four articles regarding perjury (lying to federal judge and grand jury) about relatinship
Two articles approved and forwarded to the Senate
ASSASSINATIONS & ATTEMPTS : ASSASSINATIONS & ATTEMPTS
ASSASSINATIONS : ASSASSINATIONS 1865 Abraham Lincoln
1881 James Garfield
1901 William McKinley
1963 John Kennedy
ATTEMPTS+ : ATTEMPTS+ 1835 Andrew Jackson
1912 Teddy Roosevelt
1950 Harry Truman
1975 Gerald Ford (twice)
1981 Ronald Reagan*
+Teddy & Franklin Roosevelt
*The only President shot that survived.
RANKINGS : RANKINGS Ridings & McIver, Murray, CSPAN etal.
Lincoln: preservation of the Union
FDR: recession and world war
Washington: establishing a national gov.
Jefferson: Declaration of Independence
T. Roosevelt: environmental protections
FROM FIRST TO WORST : FROM FIRST TO WORST
Warren Harding, 1920, infeffectual, financial scandals in Treasury
Ulysses Grant, 1868, graft and corruption
James Buchanan, 1856, failure to halt the growth/spread of slavery and slave states
Franklin Pierce, 1852, expansion of the country resulting in additional slave states
Andrew Johnson, 1865, opposition to Reconstruction
NOBEL PEACE PRIZE : NOBEL PEACE PRIZE Theodore Roosevelt (1906) various peace treaties
Woodrow Wilson (1919) League of Nations
Jimmy Carter (2002) international peace work
THE PROCESS : THE PROCESS Consideration
Exploration
Decision
Friend and fund raising
Primaries
Convention
Campaign
The Prize
SO MANY CANDIDATES, SO LITTLE TIME…. : SO MANY CANDIDATES, SO LITTLE TIME…. Democrats: Senator Joe Biden, Senator Hillary
Clinton, Senator Chris Dodd, former Senator John
Edwards, Congressman Dennis Kucinich, Senator
Barak Obama, Governor Bill Richardson and
Governor Tom Vilsack
Republicans: Senator Sam Brownback, former
Mayor Rudy Giuliani, Governor Mike Huckabee,
Congressman Duncan Hunter, Senator John
McCain, Congressman Ron Paul, former Governor
Mitt Romney, Congressman Tom Tancredo and
former Governor Tommy Thompson
AFRICAN AMERICAN CANDIDATES : AFRICAN AMERICAN CANDIDATES
Shirley Chisholm
Dick Gregory (write-in)
Jesse Jackson
Carol Moseley Braun
Al Sharpton
Alan Keyes
Barrack Obama
THE LAST TEN (1953-present) : THE LAST TEN (1953-present) Dwight Eisenhower-retired general
John Kennedy-House/Senate
Lyndon Johnson-House/Senate/VP
Richard Nixon-House/VP
Gerald Ford-House/VP
Jimmy Carter-Governor
Ronald Reagan-Governor
George Bush-House/VP
Bill Clinton-Governor
George W. Bush-Governor
CLINTON VS. RICE? : CLINTON VS. RICE?
ARE WE READY? : ARE WE READY?
WHITE HOUSE PROJECT : WHITE HOUSE PROJECT
Non-partisan
Non-profit
Purpose: advance women’s political leadership Hillary Clinton D, Senator, New York
Susan Collins R, Senator, Maine
Shirley Franklin D, Mayor, Atlanta, Georgia
Kay Hutchison R, Senator, Texas
Janet Napolitano D, Governor, Arizona
Condoleezza Rice R, Secretary of State
Kathleen Sebelius D, Governor, Kansas
Olympia Snowe R, Senator, Maine
EMILY’S LIST : EMILY’S LIST EMILY’S LIST-early money is like yeast, it makes the dough rise.
Grassroots political organization formed in 1985 to elect women Democrats to local, state and national office
WHY NOT US? Women leaders throughout the world: : WHY NOT US? Women leaders throughout the world: Michelle Bachelet, President, Chile, 2006-
Angela Merkel, Chancellor, Germany (1st woman) 2005-
Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf, President, Liberia, 2005-
Tarja Kaarina Halonen, President, Finland, 2000-
Helen Clark, President, New Zealand, 1999-
Mary McAleese, Ireland, Prime Minister, 1997-
Mary Robinson, Ireland, President, 1990-1997
Violeta Barrios de Chamorro, Nicaragua, (1st female president in the western hemisphere) 1990-1997 Gro Harlem Brundtland, Norway, Prime Minister, 1986-89 & 1990-96
Benazir Bhutto, Pakistan, Prime Minister, 1988-90, 1993-96
Mary Eugenia Charles, Dominica, Prime Minister, 1978-1995
Vigdis Finnbogadottir, Ireland (1st woman president in Europe), 1980-1996
Margaret Thatcher, Great Britain, Prime Minister, 1979-1990
Golda Meir, Israel, Prime Minister, 1969-74
Indira Gandhi, India, Prime Minister, 1966-77 and 1980-84
FEMALE FIRSTS IN THE UNITED STATES : FEMALE FIRSTS IN THE UNITED STATES
1872 Victoria Woodhull, the first woman to run for President
1917 Jeannette Rankin, the first woman elected to Congress
1925 Nellie Tayloe Ross, the first female Governor
1932 Hattie Wyatt Caraway, the first woman elected to the U.S. Senate
1965 Patsy Takemoto Mink, the first Congresswoman of color and first of Asian-Pacific Islander descent
1968 Shirley Chisholm, the first African-American woman elected to Congress
AND…….. : AND…….. 1981 Sandra Day O'Connor, the first woman appointed to the U.S. Supreme Court
1984 Geraldine A. Ferraro, the first woman to run on a major party's national ticket when she is selected to be the Democratic vice-presidential candidate
1989 Ileana Ros-Lehtinen, the first Hispanic woman elected to Congress
2000 Hillary Clinton, the first First Lady to be elected to public office
2002 Nancy Pelosi, the first woman to head her party in Congress as House Democratic Leader
Source: Center for American Women and Politics
AMERICAN WOMEN IN POLITICS : AMERICAN WOMEN IN POLITICS 1916 Jeannette Rankin of Montana, first woman elected to Congress
1920 19th amendment, women’s right to vote
1924 Nellie Tayloe Ross elected governor of Wyoming succeeding her husband
1932 Hattie Caraway of Arkansas, first woman elected to Senate
1933 FDR appoints Frances Perkins Secretary of Labor (1st woman cabinet member)
1945 Truman appoints Eleanor Roosevelt to head up a US delegation to the UN to draft Universal Declaration of Human Rights
1964 Republican Senator Margaret Chase Smith of Maine first woman to be nominated for president at a party convention
1978 Diane Feinstein of SF becomes one of the first female mayors of a big city
1981 Sandra Day O’Connor appointed as the first woman to the Supreme Court
1984 Democrat Geraldine Ferraro becomes the first woman nominated for vice president
1992 Democrat senators Barbara Boxer and Diane Feinstein become the first two women elected to the Senate from the same state in the same year
1997 Madeleine Albright is appointed by President Clinton as the first female Secretary of State
2001 Democrat Nancy Pelosi of SF, first woman elected Whip of a party’s House caucus
2002 Pelosi elected as first woman to serve as House Minority Leader
2006 Pelosi could become first woman to serve as Speaker of the House
HMMMMMMMMM….. : HMMMMMMMMM….. Where is the Executive Branch found in the Constitution?
What are the major powers of the president?
What is the bureaucracy and how does it relate to the president?
What are the qualifications to become president?
What about the vice-president?
How many years can one serve?
What is succession and how does it work?
Describe the process that is used to elect a president.
HMMMM…part II : HMMMM…part II What role does the president play in foreign affairs? Domestic affairs? Lawmaking? War? Party leadership?
What is the president’s relationship to the other two branches?
Who are the most significant advisors to the president?
What are the major organizations within the Executive Branch?
Describe the impeachment process
Checks and balances
WHAT’S UP NEXT? THE BUREUCRAC