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State-of-the-ArtAdvanced Technology Vehicles: 

State-of-the-Art Advanced Technology Vehicles Ed Wall, PNGV Coordinator Office of Advanced Automotive Technologies

The Challenges Facing Us…: 

The Challenges Facing Us…

U.S. Transportation Uses More Oil Than Is Produced Domestically: 

U.S. Transportation Uses More Oil Than Is Produced Domestically 1990 2000 2010 2020 325 384 455 507 Highway Carbon Emissions (million metric tons) Source: Transportation Energy Data Book: Edition 20, DOE/ORNL-6959, October 2000, and EIA Annual Energy Outlook 2001, DOE/EIA-0383(2001), December 2001 Millions of Barrels per Day Domestic Oil Production Heavy Trucks Automobiles Light Trucks Passenger Vehicles Actual Projected Commercial Vehicles

Headlines Reflect Growing Concern Over Energy Supplies: 

Headlines Reflect Growing Concern Over Energy Supplies

“Sustainable Development” Approach Required: 

“Sustainable Development” Approach Required “Sustainable development” is broadly defined as economic growth that will benefit present and future generations without detrimentally affecting the resources or biological systems of the planet.* Government and Industry share responsibility. *Page 149, Linking Science and Technology to Society’s Environmental Goals, Policy Division National Research Council, National Academy Press, Washington D.C. 1996 We must approach the transportation challenge from a “sustainable development” perspective.

What are we doing to meet the challenge?: 

What are we doing to meet the challenge? Working with industry to pursue a broad range of advanced vehicle technologies California Fuel Cell Partnership Advanced Clean Diesel Engine

Aggressive Timetable Established for PNGV: 

Candidates for Development: Hybrid Vehicles Fuel Cells, Fuel Reformers CIDI Engines, Turbines Low Emissions Technologies New Materials Advanced Design Simulations Efficient Electronics and Electrical Devices Advanced Batteries Ultra-Capacitors and Flywheels Three Concept Cars 1993 2004 2000 1997 Three Production Prototype Cars Aggressive Timetable Established for PNGV Focus and Accelerate

Technology Portfolio Continues to Evolve: 

Technology Portfolio Continues to Evolve Systems Development Aerodynamics Rolling Resistance – Tires Accessory Loads – HVAC Powertrain Configuration Parallel HEV Series HEV Engine/Power Sources Advanced Heat Engines DI Engines HCCI VCR Combustion and Aftertreatment Lean NOx Catalyst EGR Traps Fuel Cell Batteries NiMH Battery Lithium Battery Pneumatic/Hydraulic Storage Power Electronics Invertors/Controllers Motors Ultracapacitors – Electric Advanced Materials Lightweight Materials Aluminum/Composite BIW Composite BIW Propulsion Materials Fuels Utilization Gasoline Diesel Fuels and Blends (<15 ppm sulfur) Natural Gas Methanol Fischer-Tropsch Ethanol Hydrogen

Why is CIDI of Interest for Hybrid Vehicles?: 

Why is CIDI of Interest for Hybrid Vehicles? High peak thermal efficiency (greater than 40% for light-duty engines) and wide operating map at good thermal efficiency. Low cold-start/restart emissions and rapid restart capability (key issue for hybrid powertrains with frequent restarts). Wide operating range appropriate for direct-drive, parallel-hybrid, and series-hybrid powertrains. Demonstrated affordability (but higher cost than conventional gasoline engines). High-volume manufacturing technology well understood. Maturity consistent with PNGV program schedule.

Fuel Cells: 

Single Fuel Cell Cathode + Anode - Electrolyte HYDROGEN OXYGEN Platinum Catalyst Electrodes Fuel Cell Benefits Efficiency Emissions Economic Fuel Cells

Technology Research Status: 

Technology Research Status Hybrid Systems: Parallel configuration offers best option to meet 80 mpg. Series configuration may be used with fuel cells. Cost, weight, and packaging remain as challenges. CIDI Engines: Mature technology with 44% efficiency, but NOx and particulate emissions remain as challenges. Fuel Cells: Lowest onboard emissions and potential for highest efficiency, but cost, systems integration, and fueling infrastructure are major challenges. Energy Storage: Considerable progress in developing high-power battery; focus now on cost and cycle life. Power Electronics: Progress on cost, power-to-weight ratios, and efficiencies continues Light Materials: Significant weight reductions achieved. Major issues are cost, manufacturability, joining, recycling, and repair. Fuels: Next generation of clean fuels is needed. Implications on infrastructure must be addressed. Evaluation continues on the effects of fuel composition and physical properties on engine performance and exhaust gas emission control efficiencies.

2000 PNGV Concept Vehicles: 

2000 PNGV Concept Vehicles Ford Prodigy GM Precept DaimlerChrysler ESX3 Body system weighs 46% less* Efficient diesel engine, motor, and battery projected at 72 mpg (gasoline equivalent)* Cost penalty halved to $7500 Vehicle body weight reduced 45% * World’s most energy efficient vehicle lighting system Lowest drag coefficient ever recorded for a 5-p sedan Dual-axle parallel hybrid achieves 79.6 mpg (gasoline equivalent) Lightweight materials reduce vehicle body structure weight 50%* Integrated starter/alternator* 33% reduction in aerodynamic drag Advanced diesel engine with 35% efficiency improvement projected to exceed 70 mpg (gasoline equivalent)* High-power battery * *Government supported technologies

Notable PNGV Technology Migration: 

Notable PNGV Technology Migration Hybrid-electric drives scheduled for Dodge Durango in 2003, Ford Escape in 2003, Chevrolet Silverado in 2004, Ford Explorer in 2005 412 pounds of lightweight aluminum in the 2000 Lincoln LS Aluminum used for door, deck, and hood panels for Cadillac, Oldsmobile, and Chevrolet vehicles 50-pounds lighter composite pickup truck box on the 2001 Chevrolet Silverado Production of a new, lighter, recyclable thermoplastic hardtop for the Jeep Wrangler in 2001

PNGV Technologies Are Near To Market: 

PNGV Technologies Are Near To Market GM has announced that it will offer hybrid-electric drives using its hybrid ParadiGM system on cars and SUVs beginning in 2004. GM says it could be selling over 100,000 such HEVs by 2010 depending on consumer acceptance. USCAR Mileposts magazine stated that the trend of alternatively powered vehicles, although slow, will continue with “hybrid electrics seizing almost seven percent (of the marketplace) by 2020”. J.D. Powers provided the following estimates at the 2001 North American International Auto Show: By 2004, at least 8 different HEV models will be available in the U,S. (both car, truck and SUV). By 2005, as many as 10-15 HEV models will be available in the U.S (again cars are included)

Standard & Poor's Forecast of Global Production of Vehicleswith 42-V Systems: 

Standard & Poor's Forecast of Global Production of Vehicles with 42-V Systems

Slide16: 

Source: USCAR Mileposts, Winter 2001

International Landscape of Advanced Vehicle Technologies: 

International Landscape of Advanced Vehicle Technologies PNGV has spurred the development of advanced automotive transportation worldwide. These advanced technologies are being developed with government support. Both Honda and Toyota have received considerable Japanese tax credits and subsidies for the Prius and Insight Manufacturers pursuing different technologies and approaches – conventional engines with flexible fuel capability to advanced diesels and fuel cells. Over 30 concepts have been displayed worldwide. Honda Insight 2-passenger Fuel economy: 64 mpg (combined) -- 1.8x improvement over the 1997 del Sol (manual) Toyota Prius 4-passenger (Corolla sized) Fuel economy: 48 mpg (combined) – 1.3x improvement over the Corolla Toyota Concept HV-M4 Subaru Concept Elten Custom Announced New Fuel Cell Effort $720 million USD (1/17/01 date of exchange) over 5 years Nissan Fuel Cell Effort

Average Annual Government Clean Energy Vehicle* Investment Per Million Gross Domestic Product**: 

Average Annual Government Clean Energy Vehicle* Investment Per Million Gross Domestic Product** * Clean Energy Vehicles are vehicles that have increased fuel efficiency, use alternative fuels, or have reduced emissions. ** All GDP’s used were from 1997. *** Federal Government PNGV plus EV funding Source: Analysis of International Automotive Research and Development, Summary Report, CSMI, January 2001 $/million GDP

Criteria for Ultimate Successof the PNGV Program : 

The vehicles must be economically viable and marketable without long-term subsidies from government or industry. Large volume sales of advanced technology vehicles. PNGV technology needs to proliferate throughout the entire range of vehicles, particularly in those segments with the greatest sales opportunity. The technology should have global application. Pursuit of revolutionary advances in technology for fuel-efficient vehicles must continue to drive the R&D program. Criteria for Ultimate Success of the PNGV Program Maintaining the Partnership remains the path for accelerated improvements in technology and their introduction into the market

What Is a Hybrid Vehicle?: 

What Is a Hybrid Vehicle? A vehicle that uses two power sources: energy conversion device and energy storage device Fuel cells, diesels, lean burn gasoline engines, or traditional gasoline engines can be used as the energy conversion device Batteries, flywheels, or ultracapacitors can be used for energy storage Parallel Configuration Series Configuration