Chapter 4 Ancient Greece,1900-133 B.C.: Chapter 4 Ancient Greece, 1900-133 B.C.


Ancient Greek World: Ancient Greek World


Ancient Greece & eastern Mediterranean Sea: Ancient Greece & eastern Mediterranean Sea


Ancient Greece & western Asia Minor: Ancient Greece & western Asia Minor


Chapter 4.1The First Greek Civilizations: Chapter 4.1 The First Greek Civilizations Minoans (2700-1450 B.C.) named after King Minos located on island of Crete palace of Knossos demise: tidal wave vs. Mycenaean invasion? Mycenaeans (1600-1100 B.C.) located on Peloponnesus peninsula Warriors (Homer’s Iliad) demise: lots of fighting & earthquakes


Minoans vs. Mycenaeans: Minoans vs. Mycenaeans -island culture -bronze weapons -sea trade with Greece & Egypt -paintings show sporting and nature scenes -Indo-European -fortified palaces -warrior people -murals show war and hunting scenes -monarchies -extensive trade with other civilizations -created paintings that reflected values


Greek Dark Ages: Greek Dark Ages 1100-750 B.C. Period of population decline; drop in food production ; very few written records Many Greeks left the mainland for - Ionians: Ionia Aeolians: island of Lesbos & mainland Dorians: southwestern Greece, especially the Peloponnesus At the end of the period, the Greeks adopted the Phoenician alphabet and began to write literature (Example – Homer’s Iliad)


Chapter 4.2 The Greek City-States: Chapter 4.2 The Greek City-States Polis – Greek city-state central focus of Greek life Acropolis – a fortified area that served as a place of refuge during an attack and sometimes came to be a religious center Agora – below the acropolis, an open area that served as a place where people could assemble and as a market


Example of a City-State: Example of a City-State


Athens vs. Sparta =Democracy vs. Oligarchy: Athens vs. Sparta = Democracy vs. Oligarchy Athens = Democracy government by the people or rule of the many tyrants, seized power by force from the aristocrats, arose sometimes Sparta = Oligarchy rule by the few ephors, a group of five men, controlled the education of the youth and conduct of all citizens


Greek Women: Greek Women Athenian women - participated in religious festivals excluded from public life couldn’t own property no formal education always had a male guardian married by the age of 14 or 15 strictly a wife and mother (baby-maker) Spartan women - received a similar education as boys underwent physical training, including running, wrestling, and throwing the javelin


Greek Military: Greek Military Hoplites – heavily armed infantry soldiers carried a round shield, a short sword, a thrusting spear ~9 feet long Phalanx – hoplites went into battle as a unit, marching shoulder to shoulder in a rectangular formation


Chapter 4.3 Classical Greece: Chapter 4.3 Classical Greece Persian Wars (as told by Herodotus) 499-479 B.C. the Persian leader, Darius, sought revenge for Athenian interference in Ionian uprisings an out-numbered Athenian army defeated the Persians at the Battle of Marathon Darius’ son Xerxes planned revenge with another invasion of Greece Spartan soldiers held them off for a short time at the Battle of Thermopylae (300) the Persians sack and destroy Athens Athenian navy defeated the Persians at the Battle of Salamis at sea Ultimately defeated Persians at the Battle of Plataea


War between the Greeks: War between the Greeks After the defeat of the Persians, Athens took over the leadership of the Greek world through the Delian League Age of Pericles – the height of Athenian power and brilliance direct democracy ostracism Peloponnesian War (as told by Thucydides) = Sparta vs. Athens, 431-404 B.C. Athenians ultimately lost their empire, walls, and navy


Chapter 4.4 - Greek Religion: Chapter 4.4 - Greek Religion Religion and the gods and goddesses played a part in everyday life and events 12 chief gods/goddesses were thought to live on Mount Olympus (but there are many more) Zeus, Hera, Athena, Apollo, Ares, Aphrodite, Poseidon, Hades, Artemis, Hermes, Demeter, Hestia Celebrated their gods through rituals Oracles were used to reveal the future gods and goddesses had ordained through a priest or priestess


Greek Drama: Greek Drama The Greeks created modern drama Tragedies were the first dramas presented as a trilogy to audiences centrally themed Aeschylus’ Oresteia is the only extant and complete trilogy Sophocles’ Oedipus Rex and Antigone are the most famous of the Greek tragedies Comedies later developed to criticize politicians and intellectuals Aristophanes is the most famous comedy playwright


Greek Philosophy: Greek Philosophy Philosophy – an organized system of thought “love of wisdom” Pythagorus geometrical the equation Pythagorean theorem thought that the essence of the universe could be found in music and numbers Sophists rejected speculation humans can’t understand the universe more important to improve ourselves encouraged rhetoric (persuasive speech) because they pursued their own goals, they were viewed as dangers of society


Greek Philosophy: Greek Philosophy Socrates left no writings, so we only know about him through his pupils rejected the Sophists the goal of education was simply to improve one’s self Socratic Method: a question-and-answer format of learning “the unexamined life is not worth living” found guilty of corrupting the youth of Athens and sentenced to death (hemlock)


Greek Philosophy: Greek Philosophy Plato pupil of Socrates prolific writer questioned reality what we perceive with our senses is only a reflection of the ideal (“treeness”) reality is only found in the form itself The Republic: created an ideal government feared democracy society divided into philosopher kings, warriors, and the masses believed women should have equal education


Greek Philosophy: Greek Philosophy Aristotle Student of Plato (theories disagree) By examining individual objects, we can perceive their form Example: we know what trees are by examining trees very interested in classifying and organizing things based on observation and investigation Politics – found three good forms of government monarchy, aristocracy, and constitutional government teacher of Alexander the Great


Classical Greek Art: Classical Greek Art set the standard for Western art concerned with expressing eternal ideals which civilized emotions reason, moderation, balance, and harmony human beings were the subject matter presented as an object of beauty expressionless faces


Site Plan of the Acropolis of Athens: Parthenon Old Temple of Athena Erechtheum Statue of Athena Promachos Propylaea Temple of Athena Nike Eleusinion Sanctuary of Artemis Brauronia or Brauroneion Chalkotheke Pandroseion Arrephorion Altar of Athena Sanctuary of Zeus Polieus Sanctuary of Pandion Odeon of Herodes Atticus Stoa of Eumenes Sanctuary of Asclepius or Asclepieion Theatre of Dionysus Eleuthereus Odeon of Pericles Temenos of Dionysus Eleuthereus Aglaureion Site Plan of the Acropolis of Athens


Classical Greek Art: Classical Greek Art Parthenon in Athens


Classical Greek Art: Classical Greek Art Only exact replica of Parthenon in Nashville, Tennessee


Classical Greek Art: Classical Greek Art Athena Parthenos


Classical Greek Art: Classical Greek Art Dionysus Aphrodite Apollo


Classical Greek Art: Classical Greek Art bronzes


Classical Greek Art: Classical Greek Art Attic red-figured calyx heater Attic black-figure hydria


Chapter 4.5 - Macedonia: Chapter 4.5 - Macedonia Macedonia – Greece ignored the threat of their northern “barbarian” neighbors Philip II came to the throne in 359 B.C. longed to united all of Greece under Macedonia father of Alexander the Great along with his 16 year old, Philip and his troops defeated the Greeks and the Sacred Band of Thebes (150 homosexual couples) at the Battle of Chaeronea Philip II forced the Greeks into an alliance to defeat the Persians Phillip II was assassinated (who dun it?), leaving the kingdom to his 20 year old son


Alexander the Great: Alexander the Great moved quickly to complete his father’s dream of defeating Persia (revenge for the burning of Athens) from 334 B.C. to 323 B.C., Alexander’s army trekked across Asia Minor, Egypt, and northern India, conquering anyone and everything in their way founds Alexandria in Egypt Battle of Issus Battle of Gaugamela dangerous trek back ‘home’ in the desert died in 323 B.C. in Babylon at the age of 32 (?)


Battle of Issus: Battle of Issus


Alexander’s Legacy: Alexander’s Legacy Hellenistic – “to imitate Greeks” Hellenistic Kingdoms Macedonia Egypt Syria Pergamum Spread of Greek Culture language architecture literature art


Hellenistic Culture: Hellenistic Culture Art – very dramatic, emotional, and realistic Architecture – kings willing to spend lots of money on extravagant structures Literature – though a lot was written not much exists Appolonius of Rhodes’ Argonautica Science Aristarchus: sun is the center of the universe and the Earth rotates around it Eratosthenes: found that the Earth was round and measured it’s circumference Euclid: his book Elements on plane geometry is still used today Archimedes: worked on spheres and cylinders, created pi and invented the Archimedes screw Philosophy Epicureanism: (Epicurus) happiness is the goal of life through pursuit of pleasure and self-interests Stoicism: (Zeno) can only gain inner peace by living in harmony with the will of god; should be good citizens


Hellenistic Art: Hellenistic Art The Dying Gaul


Hellenistic Art: Hellenistic Art Lacoon